# syndication_item

link: https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krull-dimensie&diff=64570938&oldid=36077675
read: False
type: Atom
title: Krull-dimensie
authors: ChristiaanPR
description:
&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"&gt;
				&lt;col class="diff-marker" /&gt;
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				&lt;tr class="diff-title" lang="nl"&gt;
				&lt;td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;"&gt;← Oudere versie&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;"&gt;Versie van 25 jun 2023 21:50&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno"&gt;Regel 1:&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno"&gt;Regel 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;In de [[commutatieve algebra]], is de '''Krull-dimensie''' van een [[&lt;del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;ring&lt;/del&gt; (wiskunde)|ring]] &lt;del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;''&lt;/del&gt;R&lt;del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;'', vernoemd naar [[Wolfgang Krull]] (1899 - 1971),&lt;/del&gt; het aantal strikte inclusies in een maximale keten van [[Priemideaal|priemidealen]]. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;In de [[commutatieve algebra]], is de '''Krull-dimensie''' van een [[&lt;ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Ring&lt;/ins&gt; (wiskunde)|ring]] &lt;ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;R&lt;ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt; het aantal strikte inclusies in een maximale keten van [[Priemideaal|priemidealen]]. &lt;ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;De Krull-dimensie is naar [[Wolfgang Krull]] 1899-1971 genoemd.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;De Krull-dimensie hoeft zelfs voor een [[Noetherse ring]] niet [[eindige verzameling|eindig]] te zijn.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;De Krull-dimensie hoeft zelfs voor een [[Noetherse ring]] niet [[eindige verzameling|eindig]] te zijn.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;Een [[&lt;del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;veld&lt;/del&gt; (&lt;del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;wiskunde&lt;/del&gt;)|veld]] &lt;del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;''K''&lt;/del&gt; heeft Krull-dimensie 0&lt;del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;; meer in het algemeen heeft&lt;/del&gt; &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;k[x_1, ..., x_n]&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; Krull-dimensie &lt;del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;''&lt;/del&gt;n&lt;del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;''&lt;/del&gt;. Een [[hoofdideaaldomein]] dat geen veld is heeft Krull-dimensie 1.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;Een [[&lt;ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Lichaam&lt;/ins&gt; (&lt;ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Ned) / Veld (Be&lt;/ins&gt;)|&lt;ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;lichaam (Ned) / &lt;/ins&gt;veld&lt;ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt; (Be)&lt;/ins&gt;]] &lt;ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;k&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt; heeft Krull-dimensie 0&lt;ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;.&lt;/ins&gt; &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;k[x_1, ..., x_n]&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt; heeft meer in het algemeen&lt;/ins&gt; Krull-dimensie &lt;ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;n&lt;ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;. Een [[hoofdideaaldomein]] dat geen&lt;ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt; lichaam /&lt;/ins&gt; veld is heeft Krull-dimensie 1.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
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  &lt;td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;==Bibliografie==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;* {{aut|[[Irving Kaplansky]]}}&lt;del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;,&lt;/del&gt; &lt;del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;''&lt;/del&gt;Commutative rings &lt;del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;(revised&lt;/del&gt; &lt;del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;ed&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;)'',&lt;/del&gt; &lt;del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;[[University&lt;/del&gt; &lt;del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;of Chicago Press]], 1974,&lt;/del&gt; ISBN 0-226-42454-5&lt;del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;.  Page 32.&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;* {{aut|[[Irving&lt;ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt; Kaplansky|I&lt;/ins&gt; Kaplansky]]}}&lt;ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;. [https://www.maths.ed.ac.uk/~v1ranick/papers/kaprings.pdf&lt;/ins&gt; Commutative rings&lt;ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;],&lt;/ins&gt; &lt;ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;september&lt;/ins&gt; &lt;ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;1974&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;blz&lt;/ins&gt; &lt;ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;32&lt;/ins&gt; ISBN 0-226-42454-5&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Categorie:Commutatieve algebra]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Categorie:Commutatieve algebra]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
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read: False
type: Atom
title: Overleg gebruiker:Piet.Wijker
authors: Japiot
link:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Overleg_gebruiker:Piet.Wijker&diff=64570937&oldid=64570723

description:
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir="auto"&gt;&lt;span class="autocomment"&gt;Hanna Vandenbussche&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"&gt;
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				&lt;col class="diff-content" /&gt;
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				&lt;tr class="diff-title" lang="nl"&gt;
				&lt;td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;"&gt;← Oudere versie&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;"&gt;Versie van 25 jun 2023 21:50&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno"&gt;Regel 743:&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno"&gt;Regel 743:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;Ik neem aan dat de wedstrijd waar [[Hanna Vandenbussche]] aan deelnam in het Nederlandse Soest is gehouden, maar is dat wel zo? Er is er ook een Soest in Duitsland! [[Gebruiker:Japiot|Japiot]] ([[Overleg gebruiker:Japiot|overleg]]) 25 jun 2023 20:49 (CEST)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;Ik neem aan dat de wedstrijd waar [[Hanna Vandenbussche]] aan deelnam in het Nederlandse Soest is gehouden, maar is dat wel zo? Er is er ook een Soest in Duitsland! [[Gebruiker:Japiot|Japiot]] ([[Overleg gebruiker:Japiot|overleg]]) 25 jun 2023 20:49 (CEST)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;:Dank voor je oplettendheid, want het moet inderdaad Soest in Duitsland zijn. Mijn fout. Ik heb het al gecorrigeerd. Groet, [[Gebruiker:Piet.Wijker|Piet.Wijker]] ([[Overleg gebruiker:Piet.Wijker#top|overleg]]) 25 jun 2023 21:15 (CEST)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;:Dank voor je oplettendheid, want het moet inderdaad Soest in Duitsland zijn. Mijn fout. Ik heb het al gecorrigeerd. Groet, [[Gebruiker:Piet.Wijker|Piet.Wijker]] ([[Overleg gebruiker:Piet.Wijker#top|overleg]]) 25 jun 2023 21:15 (CEST)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;::dank :) [[Gebruiker:Japiot|Japiot]] ([[Overleg gebruiker:Japiot|overleg]]) 25 jun 2023 21:50 (CEST)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
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link: https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UFO_(Britse_televisieserie)&diff=64570936&oldid=64570931
read: False
type: Atom
title: UFO (Britse televisieserie)
authors: DannyCaes
description:
&lt;p&gt;S.H.A.D.O. cursief&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"&gt;
				&lt;col class="diff-marker" /&gt;
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				&lt;tr class="diff-title" lang="nl"&gt;
				&lt;td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;"&gt;← Oudere versie&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;"&gt;Versie van 25 jun 2023 21:50&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno"&gt;Regel 32:&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno"&gt;Regel 32:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== Wetenschappelijk aanvaardbare feiten ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== Wetenschappelijk aanvaardbare feiten ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;In de serie ''UFO'' komen enkele wetenschappelijk aanvaardbare feiten voor, zoals in de episode ''Survival'' waarin een (fictief) buitenaards wezen een schot lost richting ėėn der glazen patrijspoorten van de maanbasis. In het betreffende half-bolvormige vertrek zitten Paul Foster en een collega wat te praten. De luchtdruk in dit vertrek valt langzaam weg en Foster merkt op dat een opgehangen feestballonnetje langzaam begint te groeien, wat Foster meteen begrijpt als zijnde een zeer alarmerende situatie. Weinige seconden later breekt de glazen patrijspoort en valt de luchtdruk in het vertrek helemaal weg. Foster kan zich nog op tijd redden maar voor zijn collega is het te laat. In dezelfde aflevering komt het thema ''Uitvallen van de radiocommunicatie'' aan bod, en tracht een medewerker van de maanbasis van S.H.A.D.O. Paul Foster te begrijpen door in het luchtledige diens helm tegen deze van Foster te plaatsen, teneinde de overdracht van geluid mogelijk te maken.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;In de serie ''UFO'' komen enkele wetenschappelijk aanvaardbare feiten voor, zoals in de episode ''Survival'' waarin een (fictief) buitenaards wezen een schot lost richting ėėn der glazen patrijspoorten van de maanbasis. In het betreffende half-bolvormige vertrek zitten Paul Foster en een collega wat te praten. De luchtdruk in dit vertrek valt langzaam weg en Foster merkt op dat een opgehangen feestballonnetje langzaam begint te groeien, wat Foster meteen begrijpt als zijnde een zeer alarmerende situatie. Weinige seconden later breekt de glazen patrijspoort en valt de luchtdruk in het vertrek helemaal weg. Foster kan zich nog op tijd redden maar voor zijn collega is het te laat. In dezelfde aflevering komt het thema ''Uitvallen van de radiocommunicatie'' aan bod, en tracht een medewerker van de maanbasis van &lt;ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;''&lt;/ins&gt;S.H.A.D.O.&lt;ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;''&lt;/ins&gt; Paul Foster te begrijpen door in het luchtledige diens helm tegen deze van Foster te plaatsen, teneinde de overdracht van geluid mogelijk te maken.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== Roken was toen nog geen probleem ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== Roken was toen nog geen probleem ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;!-- diff cache key nlwiki:diff:wikidiff2:1.12:old-64570931:rev-64570936:1.13.0 --&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;


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type: Rss
title: Ongenaakbare Verstappen boekt in Oostenrijk zevende zege van seizoen
categories: Algemeen|Sport|GP Oostenrijk
link:
https://www.nu.nl/formule-1/6270542/ongenaakbare-verstappen-boekt-in-oostenrijk-zevende-zege-van-seizoen.html

description:
Max Verstappen heeft zondag de Grand Prix van Oostenrijk op zijn naam geschreven. De Nederlander hield Charles Leclerc (tweede) en Sergio Pérez (derde) achter zich op de Red Bull Ring en boekte zo zijn zevende zege van het seizoen.


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type: Rss
title: Vriendin Mikky Kiemeney van voetballer Frenkie de Jong is zwanger
categories: Algemeen|Achterklap
link:
https://www.nu.nl/achterklap/6270564/vriendin-mikky-kiemeney-van-voetballer-frenkie-de-jong-is-zwanger.html

description:
Mikky Kiemeney, de vriendin van voetballer Frenkie de Jong, is zwanger. Dat kondigde ze zondag aan in een video op Instagram.


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type: Rss
title: Piloten stellen verkeerde radiofrequentie in, F-16's schieten te hulp
categories: Algemeen|Binnenland
link:
https://www.nu.nl/binnenland/6270549/piloten-stellen-verkeerde-radiofrequentie-in-f-16s-schieten-te-hulp.html

description:
Twee F-16's van de Koninklijke Luchtmacht moesten zondag kort de lucht in om een passagiersvliegtuig te begeleiden. De piloten hadden een verkeerde radiofrequentie ingesteld, waardoor ze geen verbinding kregen met de luchtverkeersleiding.


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type: Rss
title: Lafay verrast favorieten in spectaculaire Tour-rit, Pogacar loopt uit op Vingegaard
categories: Algemeen|Sport|Tour de France|Wielrennen
link:
https://www.nu.nl/tour-de-france/6270550/lafay-verrast-favorieten-in-spectaculaire-tour-rit-pogacar-loopt-uit-op-vingegaard.html

description:
Victor Lafay heeft zondag verrassend de tweede etappe in de Tour de France gewonnen. De Fransman overrompelde een favorietengroep in een spectaculaire heuvelrit door Baskenland. Tadej Pogacar liep in het algemeen klassement iets uit op Jonas Vingegaard.


link: https://www.nu.nl/algemeen/6270021/hoe-wagner-de-spanning-tussen-poetin-en-lukashenko-opvoert.html
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type: Rss
title: Explainer | Hoe Wagner de spanning tussen Poetin en Lukashenko opvoert
categories: Algemeen
description:
De Belarussische president Lukashenko trad tot verrassing van veel analisten op als bemiddelaar tussen de Russische president Poetin en Wagner-baas Prigozhin. NU.nl-buitenlandverslaggever Matthijs le Loux legt uit waarom dit de spanning tussen Poetin en Lukashenko vergroot.


link: https://www.nu.nl/goed-nieuws/6270314/dit-was-het-positieve-en-vrolijke-nieuws-van-deze-week.html
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type: Rss
title: Dit was het positieve en vrolijke nieuws van deze week
categories: Algemeen|Goed nieuws
description:
Doordat het negatieve nieuws NU.nl vaak domineert, sneeuwt het positieve nieuws soms onder. Daarom zetten we vrolijk stemmende berichten op een rij. Met deze week: De loonstijging deze maand was een record en een zeventienjarige breakdancer uit Den Haag gaat naar de Olympische Spelen.


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type: Rss
title: Filipijnen in de fout: promo voor toerisme bevat beelden van andere landen
categories: Algemeen|Buitenland|Binnen- en buitenland
link:
https://www.nu.nl/buitenland/6270535/filipijnen-in-de-fout-promo-voor-toerisme-bevat-beelden-van-andere-landen.html

description:
De Filipijnen presenteerden deze week vol trots een nieuwe campagne om toeristen te lokken, maar het bijbehorende reclamefilmpje levert vooral kritiek op. Het bedrijf achter de video heeft namelijk beelden van andere landen gebruikt.


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type: Rss
title: NU+ | Wat betekent de verkoop van bijna 7.000 huurwoningen voor Nederland?
categories: Economie|Algemeen
link:
https://www.nu.nl/economie/6270134/wat-betekent-de-verkoop-van-bijna-7000-huurwoningen-voor-nederland.html

description:
Een Canadese vastgoedbelegger heeft eerder deze week 6.900 huurwoningen in Nederland te koop gezet. Wat betekent dit voor de huurders, en voor de Nederlandse huizenmarkt?


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type: Rss
title: Weekweerbericht: Alleen aan het begin van de week heb je een paraplu nodig
categories: Algemeen|Binnenland|Binnen- en buitenland
link:
https://www.nu.nl/binnenland/6270529/weekweerbericht-alleen-aan-het-begin-van-de-week-heb-je-een-paraplu-nodig.html

description:
Aan het begin van de week is het wat wisselvallig, met regen en sterke wind. Richting het weekend maakt de regen plaats voor zonneschijn en loopt de temperatuur ook op, meldt <a href="https://www.weerplaza.nl/weerinhetnieuws/eerst-wisselvalig-en-vrij-koel-zomerweer-later-flink-warmer/8342/" target="_blank">Weerplaza</a>.


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type: Rss
title: Andriy (22) verloor ledematen op het slagveld: 'Moest Oekraïne verdedigen'
categories: Algemeen|Buitenland|Instagram|Veel bekeken|Oorlog in Oekraïne|Binnen- en buitenland
link:
https://www.nu.nl/spanningen-oekraine/6270188/andriy-22-verloor-ledematen-op-het-slagveld-moest-oekraine-verdedigen.html

description:
De Oekraïense militair Andriy Siromakha (22) raakte ernstig gewond in de strijd tegen de Russen. In zijn tijdelijke woning in Utrecht vertelt de gedreven jongeman hoe hij zich naar binnen blufte bij een gevechtseenheid, zijn land verdedigde en daarvoor een hoge prijs betaalde.


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type: Rss
title: Nederlander omgekomen bij hardloopevenement in Oostenrijkse Alpen
categories: Algemeen|Buitenland|Veel bekeken|Binnen- en buitenland
link:
https://www.nu.nl/buitenland/6270508/nederlander-omgekomen-bij-hardloopevenement-in-oostenrijkse-alpen.html

description:
Een 47-jarige Nederlander is zaterdag omgekomen bij een hardloopevenement in de Oostenrijkse Alpen. Hij zakte in elkaar en viel daarna zo'n dertig meter naar beneden, schrijft de Oostenrijkse <em>Kleine Zeitung</em>.


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type: Rss
title: NU+ | Dreigt een kernramp in Oekraïne? Zelfs bij aanslag geen tweede Tsjernobyl
categories: Algemeen|Klimaat|Veel bekeken|login-vereist|Oorlog in Oekraïne
link:
https://www.nu.nl/klimaat/6270178/dreigt-een-kernramp-in-oekraine-zelfs-bij-aanslag-geen-tweede-tsjernobyl.html

description:
Europa's grootste kerncentrale ligt in Oekraïne. Het strijdtoneel komt dichterbij en er zouden explosieven geplaatst zijn. Maar zelfs bij een doelbewuste terreuraanslag zal Oekraïne herhaling van de kernramp van Tsjernobyl bespaard blijven, zeggen experts tegen NU.nl.


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type: Rss
title: ASML in de verdrukking door geopolitieke strijd tussen grootmachten China en VS
categories: Economie|Algemeen
link:
https://www.nu.nl/economie/6270309/asml-in-de-verdrukking-door-geopolitieke-strijd-tussen-grootmachten-china-en-vs.html

description:
Toonaangevend zijn kan ook nadelen hebben. Dat heeft chipmachinefabrikant ASML de afgelopen tijd gemerkt. Het Veldhovense bedrijf mag al een tijdje zijn geavanceerdste machines niet meer verkopen aan China en daar komen in september extra beperkingen bij.


link: https://www.nu.nl/nujij/6270463/lezers-over-doxing-zou-strafbaar-mogen-zijn.html
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type: Rss
title: Lezers over doxing: 'Zou strafbaar mogen zijn'
categories: Algemeen|Praat mee op NUjij
description:
Op ons reactieplatform NUjij kunnen bezoekers over het nieuws discussiëren en de redactie vragen stellen. We krijgen tienduizenden reacties per week binnen en wekelijks zorgen jullie bijdragen voor actuele stellingen, nieuwe artikelen en interessante vragen. In deze rubriek zetten we de beste reacties en vragen op een rij.


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type: Rss
title: Formule 1 staat vlak voor start GP Oostenrijk stil bij overlijden Van 't Hoff
categories: Algemeen|Sport|GP Oostenrijk|Sport Overig
link:
https://www.nu.nl/formule-1/6270520/formule-1-staat-vlak-voor-start-gp-oostenrijk-stil-bij-overlijden-van-t-hoff.html

description:
Zondag wordt voorafgaand aan de Grand Prix van Oostenrijk een minuut stilte in acht genomen naar aanleiding van het overlijden van Dilano van 't Hoff. Het achttienjarige racetalent kwam zaterdag om bij een ongeval op het Circuit Spa-Francorchamps in België.


link: https://www.nu.nl/videos/6270517/oekrainer-herbouwt-gebombardeerd-huis-met-oorlogsmateriaal.html
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read: False
type: Rss
title: Video | Oekraïner herbouwt gebombardeerd huis met oorlogsmateriaal
categories: Algemeen|Video's|Oorlog in Oekraïne
description:
Van het huis van de Oekraïense boer Igor Knyazev uit het dorpje Dovhenke is weinig meer over. Hij gebruikt achtergelaten oorlogsmateriaal om zijn huis weer op te bouwen.


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type: Rss
title: Liveblog | Reacties na interessante ontknoping in tweede Tour de France-rit
categories: Algemeen|Sport|Tour de France|Wielrennen
link:
https://www.nu.nl/tour-de-france/6270511/reacties-na-interessante-ontknoping-in-tweede-tour-de-france-rit.html


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type: Rss
title: Vooruitblik GP Oostenrijk: Verstappen hoeft alleen Ferrari te verslaan
categories: Algemeen|Sport|GP Oostenrijk
link:
https://www.nu.nl/formule-1/6270513/vooruitblik-gp-oostenrijk-verstappen-hoeft-alleen-ferrari-te-verslaan.html

description:
In een weekend dat al uiterst succesvol verloopt voor Max Verstappen wacht zondag de laatste opgave: het winnen van de Grand Prix van Oostenrijk. Dat lukte de Nederlander een jaar geleden niet, ondanks tribunes vol Oranjefans. Zondag is Ferrari opnieuw het enige gevaar.


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type: Rss
title: Ambassade van Belarus in Den Haag vernield en beklad met graffiti
categories: Algemeen|Binnenland|Binnen- en buitenland
link:
https://www.nu.nl/binnenland/6270506/ambassade-van-belarus-in-den-haag-vernield-en-beklad-met-graffiti.html

description:
Bij de ambassade van Belarus in Den Haag zijn in de nacht van zaterdag op zondag vernielingen aangericht. De vermoedelijke dader is daarbij aangehouden, zo meldt de politie zondagochtend aan NU.nl.


link: https://www.nu.nl/blog/6270406/snelheid-is-geen-doel-op-zich.html
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type: Rss
title: Van de hoofdredactie | Snelheid is geen doel op zich
categories: Algemeen|Van de hoofdredactie|Media en Cultuur
description:
Eén keer per maand beantwoorden we jullie belangrijkste vragen. Deze keer vertelt waarnemend hoofdredacteur Lindsay Mossink over het vertrek van hoofdredacteur Gert-Jaap Hoekman, de eerste of de beste willen zijn en het belang van sportnieuws op een prominente plek.


link: https://www.nu.nl/algemeen/6270504/politie-gooit-traangas-naar-relschoppers-in-marseille.html
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type: Rss
title: Video | Politie gooit traangas naar relschoppers in Marseille
categories: Algemeen|Video's
description:
In de Zuid-Franse stad Marseille liep het zaterdagavond uit op een confrontatie tussen de politie en demonstranten. Politie zette traangas in om relschoppers uiteen te drijven.


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type: Rss
title: Weerbericht: Mix van zon en wolken en aangename temperaturen
categories: Algemeen|Binnenland
link:
https://www.nu.nl/binnenland/6270501/weerbericht-mix-van-zon-en-wolken-en-aangename-temperaturen.html

description:
Zon en wolken wisselen elkaar vandaag af. Het blijft vrijwel overal droog en het wordt 20 tot 23 graden.


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type: Rss
title: Relschoppers naar huis Franse burgemeester, echtgenote raakt gewond
categories: Algemeen|Buitenland|Veel bekeken|Binnen- en buitenland
link:
https://www.nu.nl/buitenland/6270500/relschoppers-naar-huis-franse-burgemeester-echtgenote-raakt-gewond.html

description:
De echtgenote van de burgemeester van de Franse plaats L'Hay-les-Roses is gewond geraakt toen ze op de vlucht sloeg voor relschoppers. Volgens Franse media liep ook een van haar kinderen verwondingen op. Sinds dinsdag zijn er in meerdere steden rellen nadat een politieagent de zeventienjarige Nahel doodschoot.


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type: Rss
title: Oranje baalt van late tijdstip voor uitzwaaiduel: 'Wij moeten meisjes inspireren'
categories: Algemeen|Sport|Voetbal
link:
https://www.nu.nl/voetbal/6270482/oranje-baalt-van-late-tijdstip-voor-uitzwaaiduel-wij-moeten-meisjes-inspireren.html

description:
De Oranjevrouwen balen van het late tijdstip van de uitzwaaiwedstrijd tegen België. De ploeg van bondscoach Andries Jonker speelt zondag pas om 20.45 uur in Kerkrade, waardoor veel kinderen thuisblijven en het stadion voor nog geen drie kwart gevuld is.


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type: Rss
title: NU+ | Hoe Hans de Booij met een hit op zak toch in financieel zwaar weer raakte
categories: Algemeen|Muziek|Media en Cultuur|Veel bekeken|login-vereist
link:
https://www.nu.nl/muziek/6270285/hoe-hans-de-booij-met-een-hit-op-zak-toch-in-financieel-zwaar-weer-raakte.html

description:
De naam Hans de Booij is onlosmakelijk verbonden met de hit <em>Annabel</em>. Maar hij heeft niet lang op dit succes kunnen teren. De zanger luidde onlangs de noodklok, omdat hij door financiële problemen geen woning meer had.


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type: Rss
title: Het jongensboek van Adam en Simon Yates: 'Onze ouders zullen heel blij zijn'
categories: Algemeen|Sport|Tour de France|Achtergronden|Wielrennen
link:
https://www.nu.nl/tour-de-france/6270489/het-jongensboek-van-adam-en-simon-yates-onze-ouders-zullen-heel-blij-zijn.html

description:
Adam en Simon Yates schreven zaterdag een fraai jongensboek in de openingsetappe van de Tour de France. De tweelingbroers streden in Bilbao tegen elkaar om de ritzege en de eerste gele trui. "Ze gingen elkaar niks cadeau geven."


link: https://www.nu.nl/economie/6269992/wat-doet-en-verdient-een-klimaatactivist.html
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type: Rss
title: NU+ | Wat doet en verdient een klimaatactivist?
categories: Economie|Algemeen|Achtergronden|login-vereist
description:
We kennen Extinction Rebellion vooral van de <a href="https://www.nu.nl/binnenland/6268820/extinction-rebellion-dreigt-vanaf-9-september-elke-dag-a12-te-blokkeren.html" target="_blank">blokkades op de A12</a>. De naar schatting tienduizend klimaatactivisten zijn overwegend vrijwilligers en combineren hun hart voor de klimaatzaak veelal met een betaalde - vaak parttime - baan.


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type: Rss
title: Opnieuw onrustig in Franse steden na begrafenis van doodgeschoten tiener
categories: Algemeen|Buitenland|Binnen- en buitenland
link:
https://www.nu.nl/buitenland/6270496/opnieuw-onrustig-in-franse-steden-na-begrafenis-van-doodgeschoten-tiener.html

description:
Het was zaterdag voor de vijfde avond op rij onrustig in Franse steden, nadat de zeventienjarige Nahel uit een voorstad van Parijs dinsdag werd doodgeschoten door de politie. Opnieuw moesten zo'n 45.000 politieagenten worden ingezet vanwege de rellen.


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type: Rss
title: Coalitieakkoord tussen Groenlinks, VVD, D66, CDA en PvdA in Utrecht
categories: Algemeen|Binnenland|Politiek|Binnen- en buitenland
link:
https://www.nu.nl/politiek/6270495/coalitieakkoord-tussen-groenlinks-vvd-d66-cda-en-pvda-in-utrecht.html

description:
In de provincie Utrecht is een coalitieakkoord bereikt tussen GroenLinks, VVD, D66, CDA en PvdA. De vijf partijen gaan zich inzetten voor een "duurzame, gezonde, groene en ondernemende provincie Utrecht waar huidige én toekomstige generaties gelukkig kunnen leven".


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type: Rss
authors: The Best Social / Flore Hoogendoorn
link:
https://www.ad.nl/gezond/familie-van-daan-richtte-eigen-revalidatiecentrum-op-jongeren-met-hersenletsel-verdienen-toekomst~ac39cf4a/

title:
Familie van Daan richtte eigen revalidatiecentrum op: ‘Jongeren met hersenletsel verdienen toekomst’

description:
Door een ernstig scooterongeluk zou de toen 23-jarige Daan Theeuwes voor de rest van zijn leven in een verpleeghuis moeten doorbrengen. Maar de familie Theeuwes gaf niet op en zocht hulp in Amerika. Hij leerde opnieuw lopen en praten. Terug in Nederland werd een soortgelijke eigen revalidatiekliniek opgericht, het Daan Theeuwes Centrum, dat zich focust op het maximaal haalbare herstel van jongeren met hersenletsel.


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type: Rss
title: Lekke band voor Calmejane door punaises op parkoers Tour de France: ‘Idioten’
authors: Sportredactie
link:
https://www.ad.nl/tour-de-france/lekke-band-voor-calmejane-door-punaises-op-parkoers-tour-de-france-idioten~a046a921/

description:
De start van de Tour de France in het Baskenland is een groot wielerfeest, maar voor in ieder geval één renner heeft het een zure nasmaak. Tussen alle juichende fans blijken er namelijk ook punaises op het parkoers van de tweede etappe te hebben gelegen, waar Lilian Calmejane overheen is gereden.


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type: Rss
title: Zo loodsen deze leraren ‘hun’ kinderen door de laatste schoolweek heen
authors: Carla van der Wal
link:
https://www.ad.nl/binnenland/zo-loodsen-deze-leraren-hun-kinderen-door-de-laatste-schoolweek-heen~a3e99173/

description:
Op school en werk moet nog even worden gepiekt, nu de vakantie bijna voor de deur staat. Hoe dat nog even kan lukken, weten leraren als geen ander. Wiskundeleraar Siep de Haan en basisschoolleraar Quincy van Dijk delen de wijsheid waar we allemaal wat van kunnen opsteken.


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type: Rss
title: LIVE | Oranje Leeuwinnen in uitzwaaiduel tegen België met Pelova en Brugts als wingbacks
authors: Sportredactie
link:
https://www.ad.nl/nederlands-voetbal/live-oranje-leeuwinnen-in-uitzwaaiduel-tegen-belgie-met-pelova-en-brugts-als-wingbacks~a7d0c569/

description:
De Nederlandse voetbalvrouwen komen vanavond in de uitzwaaiwedstrijd tegen België in actie voor de stichting Spieren voor Spieren. De internationals stellen, op initiatief van bondscoach Andries Jonker en verdedigster Dominique Janssen, hun shirts ter beschikking voor het goede doel. Daarnaast bieden de speelsters ook een gedragen shirt van hun club aan voor de veiling.


link: https://www.ad.nl/show/frenkie-de-jong-en-mikky-kiemeney-krijgen-eerste-kindje~af7b5847/
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type: Rss
title: Frenkie de Jong en Mikky Kiemeney krijgen eerste kindje
authors: Showredactie
description:
Frenkie de Jong (26) en zijn verloofde Mikky Kiemeney (25) verwachten hun eerste kindje. Dat maakt het stel zondag bekend met een video op Instagram. Het stel is al een jaar verloofd, maar nog niet getrouwd.


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type: Rss
title: Personeel Bijenkorf mag niet meer reageren op interne nieuwsberichten: ‘We worden monddood gemaakt’
authors: David Bremmer
link:
https://www.ad.nl/binnenland/personeel-bijenkorf-mag-niet-meer-reageren-op-interne-nieuwsberichten-we-worden-monddood-gemaakt~a5471d03/

description:
De Bijenkorf-directie blijft op ramkoers liggen met het eigen personeel. Laatste ontwikkeling is dat medewerkers van het chique warenhuis niet meer op interne nieuwsberichten mogen reageren.


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read: False
type: Rss
authors: Sportredactie
link:
https://www.ad.nl/tour-de-france/podcast-in-het-wiel-jonas-vingegaard-is-hier-om-de-tour-te-winnen-niet-om-wout-van-aert-te-helpen~a2d36182/

title:
Podcast In Het Wiel | 'Jonas Vingegaard is hier om de Tour te winnen, niet om Wout van Aert te helpen’

description:
Elke dag tijdens de Tour de France blikken Thijs Zonneveld en Hidde van Warmerdam vooruit op de etappe van de dag. De tweede etappe van de Tour ging in Baskenland van Vitoria-Gasteiz naar San Sebastián, met 208 kilometer de langste van deze Tour.


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type: Rss
authors: Arjan Schouten
link:
https://www.ad.nl/formule-1/max-verstappen-luistert-aan-slot-van-extreem-dominant-weekeinde-even-niet-naar-teamleiding-voelde-niet-als-een-risico~a3d5b12f/

title:
Max Verstappen luistert aan slot van extreem dominant weekeinde even niet naar teamleiding: ‘Voelde niet als een risico’

description:
Spelend met de concurrentie denderde Max Verstappen in Oostenrijk voor 70.000 oranje fans door richting wereldtitel nummer drie. Hij stopte zelfs even om één extra puntje op te rapen. ,,De auto is goed, veel gaat goed, en nu door naar de volgende.”


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type: Rss
title: Om te zien hoe oude patronen doorwerken in de hedendaagse maatschappij is kennis nodig
authors: Rennie Rijpma
link:
https://www.ad.nl/commentaar/om-te-zien-hoe-oude-patronen-doorwerken-in-de-hedendaagse-maatschappij-is-kennis-nodig~ac1bf253/

description:
Koning Willem-Alexander bood excuses aan voor het slavernijverleden en vroeg vergiffenis voor de nalatigheid van zijn voorouders. Hij verdiepte zich serieus in het onderwerp, een verdieping die veel landgenoten nog missen door jarenlang te eenzijdig geschiedenisonderwijs, schrijft onze hoofdredacteur Rennie Rijpma.


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type: Rss
title: Jessica Schilder pakt ticket Olympische Spelen dankzij beste kogelstoot van het seizoen
authors: Sportredactie
link:
https://www.ad.nl/andere-sporten/jessica-schilder-pakt-ticket-olympische-spelen-dankzij-beste-kogelstoot-van-het-seizoen~a1f5bf16/

description:
Europees kampioene kogelstoten Jessica Schilder heeft zich bij de wedstrijd in de Diamond League in Stockholm geplaatst voor de Olympische Spelen van 2024 in Parijs. De Volendamse atlete stootte in de regen de kogel naar 19,03 meter, ruim over de vereiste 18,80 meter voor een rechtstreeks ticket naar Parijs. Atleten kunnen zich vanaf zaterdag kwalificeren voor de Spelen van volgend jaar.


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type: Rss
title: Jonas Vingegaard legt uit waarom hij geen kopwerk deed voor Wout van Aert
authors: Sportredactie
link:
https://www.ad.nl/tour-de-france/jonas-vingegaard-legt-uit-waarom-hij-geen-kopwerk-deed-voor-wout-van-aert~adb1ca8f/

description:
Jonas Vingegaard kijkt tevreden terug op zijn vorm in de eerste twee heuvelachtige etappes in de Tour de France in het Spaanse Baskenland. De Deense titelverdediger van Jumbo-Visma is echter teleurgesteld dat het niet is gelukt om met Wout van Aert de tweede etappe te winnen.


link: https://www.ad.nl/voorne-aan-zee/willem-83-bereikt-top-van-mont-ventoux-niet-te-bevatten~a3aaba94/
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type: Rss
title: Willem (83) bereikt top van Mont Ventoux: ‘Niet te bevatten’
authors: Theo Teitsma
description:
De 83-jarige Willem Schotsman, die lijdt aan Parkinson, is het zondag gelukt naar de top van de Mont Ventoux te wandelen. ,,Het is bijna niet te bevatten, ik weet niet goed wat er is gebeurd”, aldus Willem tijdens een fotosessie op de top van de berg, met zijn dochter Vivi, schoonzoon Dirk en zijn andere dochter Monique. Zij hebben Willem begeleid.


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type: Rss
title: Nyck de Vries blijft ook na ‘solide race’ puntloos: ‘Iedereen mag op wonderen hopen’
authors: Arjan Schouten
link:
https://www.ad.nl/formule-1/nyck-de-vries-blijft-ook-na-solide-race-puntloos-iedereen-mag-op-wonderen-hopen~ac03f36b/

description:
Zwaar onder vuur en daar zal zijn vijftiende plaats in Oostenrijk weinig aan veranderen. Nyck de Vries weet het, maar blijft ook realistisch. ,,Iedereen mag op wonderen hopen, maar als je realistisch bent is dit onze positie, min of meer”, besloot De Vries, die een dag voor de hoofdrace al voorspeld had dat hij ‘ergens rond plaats vijftien’ uit zou komen.


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type: Rss
authors: Amy van den Berg
link:
https://www.ad.nl/binnenland/bledar-42-zat-in-huis-met-honderden-kilo-s-cocaine-ik-ben-opgesloten-mishandeld-en-als-slaaf-gebruikt~ae178047/

title:
Bledar (42) zat in huis met honderden kilo's cocaïne: ‘Ik ben opgesloten, mishandeld en als slaaf gebruikt’

description:
Een man genaamd Bledar (42) die onlangs is opgepakt in een huis vol met honderden kilo's drugs in Dordrecht, beweert dat hij daar is ‘opgesloten, mishandeld, als slaaf gebruikt en met de dood bedreigd’. Het OM gelooft vooralsnog niks van dat verhaal en ziet ‘onvoldoende aanknopingspunten’ dat de man slachtoffer zou zijn van keiharde criminelen. Zijn advocaat is woest: ‘Alles wijst erop dat hij gelijk heeft.’


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read: False
type: Rss
authors: Rik Spekenbrink
link:
https://www.ad.nl/tennis/raemon-sluiter-is-weer-full-time-tenniscoach-ik-lag-heerlijk-op-het-bankie-maar-toen-belde-elina~a49ed9fb/

title:
Raemon Sluiter is weer full-time tenniscoach: 'Ik lag heerlijk op het bankie, maar toen belde Elina’

description:
De partij tussen Venus Williams (43) en Elina Svitolina (28) vormt maandagmiddag de hoofdact op de openingsdag van Wimbledon. Coach Raemon Sluiter ziet dagelijks hoe de oorlog zijn Oekraïense speelster in de greep houdt.


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type: Rss
title: In deze Duitse steden kun je een boete krijgen als je je autodeur te hard dichtslaat
authors: Erik Kouwenhoven
link:
https://www.ad.nl/auto/in-deze-duitse-steden-kun-je-een-boete-krijgen-als-je-je-autodeur-te-hard-dichtslaat~a9303f6b/

description:
Wie in de Duitse stad Erdmannhausen zijn autodeur te hard dichtslaat, kan rekenen op een boete van maximaal 80 euro. Niet alle inwoners zijn gecharmeerd van de nieuwe maatregelen.


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type: Rss
title: Uitslag en klassementen Tour de France 2023 | Tadej Pogacar wint opnieuw tijd op Jonas Vingegaard
authors: Sportredactie
link:
https://www.ad.nl/tour-de-france/uitslag-en-klassementen-tour-de-france-2023-tadej-pogacar-wint-opnieuw-tijd-op-jonas-vingegaard~a864e4bd/

description:
Adam Yates blijft leider in de Tour de France, maar ploeggenoot Tadej Pogacar deed zondag in de rit naar San Sebastián goede zaken door in totaal twaalf bonificatieseconden te verdienen. Hierdoor heeft hij al een voorsprong van elf tellen op grootste concurrent Jonas Vingegaard. Bekijk hieronder de rituitslag én alle klassementen.


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type: Rss
title: TransferTalk | Liverpool legt 70 miljoen neer voor Szoboszlai, Schaars gaat Bosz assisteren bij PSV
authors: Sportredactie
link:
https://www.ad.nl/transfer-talk/transfertalk-liverpool-legt-70-miljoen-neer-voor-szoboszlai-schaars-gaat-bosz-assisteren-bij-psv~a133c567/

description:
De internationale transferwindow is geopend. Dat betekent weer een zomer lang potentiële transfers, geruchten en done deals. Welke spelers worden gekocht of verkocht? En welke trainers zijn gewild? Volg de laatste ontwikkelingen in onze rubriek TransferTalk.


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type: Rss
authors: Stéphan Reket
link:
https://www.ad.nl/goeree-overflakkee/bewoners-blij-met-overstap-op-groene-waterstof-maar-er-klinkt-ook-kritiek-dit-wordt-ons-opgedrongen~ae41c1a6/

title:
Bewoners blij met overstap op groene waterstof, maar er klinkt ook kritiek: ‘Dit wordt ons opgedrongen’

description:
Een heel dorp dat van het gas af gaat en overstapt op groene waterstof. Stad aan ’t Haringvliet, goed voor 637 woningen en bedrijven, gaat dat toch maar mooi doen. Een Nederlandse én Europese primeur.


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type: Rss
title: Dolly Parton ziet hologram van zichzelf na dood niet zitten: ‘Maar ik zal niet verdwijnen’
authors: Showredactie
link:
https://www.ad.nl/show/dolly-parton-ziet-hologram-van-zichzelf-na-dood-niet-zitten-maar-ik-zal-niet-verdwijnen~a1038ff5/

description:
Dolly Parton ziet een hologram van zichzelf niet zitten. Dat vertelde de Amerikaanse volgens Britse media tijdens een persconferentie in Londen. ,,Alle intelligentie die ik heb is al kunstmatig”, grapte de inmiddels 77-jarige zangeres op een vraag of ze het na haar dood leuk zou vinden als er door kunstmatige intelligentie een hologram van haar gemaakt zou worden.


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type: Rss
title: Max Verstappen na ‘grand slam’ in Oostenrijk: ‘Ik geniet vooral van het moment’
authors: Sportredactie
link:
https://www.ad.nl/formule-1/max-verstappen-na-grand-slam-in-oostenrijk-ik-geniet-vooral-van-het-moment~a6875f09/

description:
Max Verstappen onderstreepte in Oostenrijk nog maar eens dat hij dit seizoen op eenzame hoogte staat. De wereldkampioen scoorde in Spielberg een ‘grand slam’. Hij won de sprintrace, veroverde poleposition, zegevierde in de race en reed de snelste raceronde.


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read: False
type: Rss
authors: Vincent de Vries
link:
https://www.ad.nl/andere-sporten/kas-haverkort-zag-racetalent-dilano-van-t-hoff-verongelukken-dan-weet-je-dat-er-een-hele-grote-klap-gaat-komen~a277fe73/

title:
Kas Haverkort zag racetalent Dilano van ’t Hoff verongelukken: ‘Dan weet je dat er een hele grote klap gaat komen’

description:
Verslagenheid, ongeloof. Autocoureur Kas Haverkort, die zaterdag zijn collega Dilano van ’t Hoff (18) zag verongelukken op het circuit van Spa-Francorchamps, kan nog maar nauwelijks bevatten wat er is gebeurd. ,,Ik wist meteen: dit is foute boel.”


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read: False
type: Rss
authors: Francisca Muller
link:
https://www.ad.nl/binnenland/rutger-opent-voor-een-keer-alle-verborgen-vakjes-van-de-ambulance-dit-hoop-ik-nooit-te-hoeven-gebruiken~a66a905f/

title:
Rutger opent voor één keer alle verborgen vakjes van de ambulance: ‘Dit hoop ik nooit te hoeven gebruiken’

description:
Veertig jaar geleden zag een ambulance eruit als een kruising tussen een taxi en een rouwauto. Nu rijdt er een mini-ziekenhuisje op vier wielen rond. Verpleegkundige Rutger van der Pijl werkt op de ambulance in IJsselland en opent voor één keer alle vakjes en laatjes van de spoedambulance. ,,Kijk, dit is de terrorisme-tas.’’


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type: Rss
title: Jumbo-Visma en Wout van Aert laten zich in Tour de France verrassen door Victor Lafay
authors: Sportredactie
link:
https://www.ad.nl/tour-de-france/jumbo-visma-en-wout-van-aert-laten-zich-in-tour-de-france-verrassen-door-victor-lafay~a4bc2cc5/

description:
Een boze topfavoriet Wout van Aert heeft in San Sebastián net naast de winst gegrepen in de tweede etappe van de Tour de France. De Belg van Jumbo-Visma beschikte over de beste papieren om de rit te winnen, maar de Fransman Victor Lafay stak daar een stokje.


link: https://www.ad.nl/binnenland/passagiersvliegtuig-communiceert-niet-f16-s-moeten-ingrijpen~a18816e5/
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read: False
type: Rss
title: Passagiersvliegtuig communiceert niet: F16's moeten ingrijpen
authors: Binnenlandredactie
description:
Twee F16's van de Koninklijke Luchtmacht moesten zondag korte tijd de lucht in vanaf vliegbasis Volkel voor een interceptie van een verkeersvliegtuig dat geen verbinding wist te krijgen met de luchtverkeersleiding.


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type: Rss
title: Wie slavernij-excuses ‘onzin’ vindt heeft pech: ‘Gemeenschappelijk proces’ start nu pas
authors: Carla van der Wal
link:
https://www.ad.nl/binnenland/wie-slavernij-excuses-onzin-vindt-heeft-pech-gemeenschappelijk-proces-start-nu-pas~a01e7a05/

description:
‘Onzin’ en: ‘Ik wil er nu niks meer over horen’. Dat zijn óók reacties op de excuses van de koning voor het slavernijverleden. Maar wie nu al klaar is met de discussie heeft pech: het begint pas.


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read: False
type: Rss
title: Oppermachtige Max Verstappen bezorgt concurrentie in Oostenrijk weekend om van te gruwelen
authors: Arjan Schouten
link:
https://www.ad.nl/formule-1/oppermachtige-max-verstappen-bezorgt-concurrentie-in-oostenrijk-weekend-om-van-te-gruwelen~a87d50d3/

description:
Na winst in de sprintrace was Max Verstappen ook dé man van het hoofdnummer in de grand prix van Oostenrijk. Gestart van pole in de snelste auto, had de concurrentie weer geen antwoord. Zijn vijfde zege op rij en ook nog een extra WK-punt voor de snelste ronde. Het kan allemaal in dat extreem dominante seizoen, waarin Verstappen speelt met de concurrentie.


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read: False
type: Rss
authors: Buitenlandredactie
link:
https://www.ad.nl/buitenland/oma-doodgeschoten-nahel-17-roept-frankrijk-op-tot-kalmte-mensen-die-alles-kapotmaken-moeten-stoppen~a9966ac5/

title:
Oma doodgeschoten Nahel (17) roept Frankrijk op tot kalmte: ‘Mensen die alles kapotmaken, moeten stoppen’

description:
De grootmoeder van de in Frankrijk tijdens een verkeerscontrole doodgeschoten Nahel (17) roept het land na enkele dagen van rellen op tot kalmte. ,,Ik ben zo moe. Die mensen die alles nu kapot maken, zeg ik te stoppen! Dat ze niet de scholen en bussen vernielen’’


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read: False
type: Rss
authors: Anne Kompagnie
link:
https://www.ad.nl/binnenland/ratje-jacky-17-ging-twee-jaar-niet-naar-school-nu-staat-hij-in-de-keuken-van-tophotel-des-indes~a3779460/

title:
‘Ratje’ Jacky (17) ging twee jaar niet naar school, nu staat hij in de keuken van tophotel Des Indes

description:
Twee jaar lang zat Jacky Groos (17) voltijds thuis. Na een akkefietje op zijn middelbare school stopte hij abrupt en zorgde hij vooral voor zijn zieke vader. Maar dankzij wat hulp en een hoop bravoure staat hij nu in de keuken van Des Indes, het bekendste luxehotel van Den Haag. ,,Ik dacht: waarom zou ik het niet gewoon proberen?”


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read: False
type: Rss
title: Kraantje Pappie neemt dochtertje mee op podium en Jandino kan carrière vaarwel zeggen
authors: Denise de Koning
link:
https://www.ad.nl/show/kraantje-pappie-neemt-dochtertje-mee-op-podium-en-jandino-kan-carriere-vaarwel-zeggen~ac4dca97/


link: http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-hosts-osiris-rex-sample-lab-media-day-in-houston
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title: NASA Hosts OSIRIS-REx Sample Lab Media Day in Houston
description:
Ahead of the first asteroid sample collected by the U.S. arriving on Earth in September, media are invited on Monday, July 24, to see NASA’s newly-built OSIRIS-REx Sample Curation Laboratory where the agency will study the sample at its Johnson Space Center in Houston.


link: http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-offers-media-interviews-in-utah-on-asteroid-sample-return
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title: NASA Offers Media Interviews in Utah on Asteroid Sample Return
description:
NASA invites media to the U.S. Army’s Dugway Proving Ground about 80 miles southwest of Salt Lake City on Thursday, July 20, before the agency’s first asteroid sample collected in space is returned to Earth.


link: http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-to-provide-coverage-as-dragon-departs-station-with-science
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type: Rss
title: NASA to Provide Coverage as Dragon Departs Station with Science
description:
NASA is set to receive scientific research samples and hardware as a SpaceX Dragon cargo resupply spacecraft departs the International Space Station on Thursday, June 29.


link: http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-to-provide-coverage-for-launch-of-esa-dark-universe-mission
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type: Rss
title: NASA to Provide Coverage for Launch of ESA ‘Dark Universe’ Mission
description:
The ESA (European Space Agency) and SpaceX are targeting no earlier than 11:11 a.m. EDT Saturday, July 1, to launch the Euclid spacecraft. Euclid is an ESA mission with contributions from NASA that will shed light on the nature of dark matter and dark energy, two of the biggest modern mysteries about the universe.


link: http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-welcomes-india-as-27th-artemis-accords-signatory
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type: Rss
title: NASA Welcomes India as 27th Artemis Accords Signatory
description:
During a ceremony at the Willard InterContinental Hotel in Washington on Wednesday, June 21, India became the 27th country to sign the Artemis Accords. NASA Administrator Bill Nelson participated in the signing ceremony for the agency and Taranjit Singh Sandhu, India’s ambassador to the United States, signed on behalf of India.


link: http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-awards-millions-in-stem-research-grants
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type: Rss
title: NASA Awards Millions in STEM Research Grants
description:
NASA announced the recipients of its annual STEM grants, providing nearly $4 million in total funding, to support scientific and technical research that aligns with the agency’s strategic research and technology development priorities. By providing resources to support cutting-edge research in STEM, NASA helps create a stronger and more vibrant sci


link: http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-invites-media-to-cover-asteroid-sample-return-logistics-call
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type: Rss
title: NASA Invites Media to Cover Asteroid Sample Return, Logistics Call
description:
NASA’s OSIRIS-REx (Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification and Security – Regolith Explorer) mission will deliver the agency’s first asteroid sample collected in space to Earth on Sept. 24, 2023. Media interested in covering the landing, as well as mission activities leading up to and following the return, are invited to register


link: http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-awards-contract-for-earth-radar-data-operations-management
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type: Rss
title: NASA Awards Contract for Earth Radar Data Operations, Management
description:
NASA has awarded a contract to the University of Alaska at Fairbanks, Alaska, for the continued development and operation of the Synthetic Aperture Radar Distributed Active Archive Center for NASA’s Earth Observing System Data and Information System.


link: http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-to-host-x-57-maxwell-project-update
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type: Rss
title: NASA to Host X-57 Maxwell Project Update
description:
NASA will hold a media teleconference to discuss its X-57 Maxwell all-electric aircraft project at 12 p.m. EDT on Friday, June 23.


link: http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-department-of-agriculture-advance-exploration-science
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title: NASA, Department of Agriculture Advance Exploration, Science
description:
NASA and the USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture) signed a memorandum of understanding Wednesday strengthening the collaboration between the two agencies, including efforts to improve agricultural and Earth science research, technology, agricultural management, and the application of science data and models to agricultural decision making.


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title: How Colleges Admissions Might Diversify Without Affirmative Action - The New York Times
link:
https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2k3NHYyVkNCRkp0a0h0QUltdnpTZ0FQAQ?oc=5

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<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiXGh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm55dGltZXMuY29tLzIwMjMvMDcvMDIvdXMvYWZmaXJtYXRpdmUtYWN0aW9uLXVuaXZlcnNpdHktb2YtY2FsaWZvcm5pYS1kYXZpcy5odG1s0gEA?oc=5" target="_blank">How Colleges Admissions Might Diversify Without Affirmative Action</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The New York Times</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiZmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lndhc2hpbmd0b25wb3N0LmNvbS9vcGluaW9ucy8yMDIzLzA3LzAxL2xhd3JlbmNlLXN1bW1lcnMtYWZmaXJtYXRpdmUtYWN0aW9uLWVsaXRlLWNvbGxlZ2VzL9IBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">Opinion | Lawrence Summers: How colleges should respond after affirmative action</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The Washington Post</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiaWh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm55ZGFpbHluZXdzLmNvbS9vcGluaW9uL255LW9wZWQtcm9zcy1yb3NlbmZlbGQtMjAyMzA3MDItenpvbGFhNW5lNWZ6N2Y0aXkzZWsycXVqeHUtc3RvcnkuaHRtbNIBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">Colleges without affirmative action: It was a bad fit for liberals</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">New York Daily News</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiamh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LnN0YXJhZHZlcnRpc2VyLmNvbS8yMDIzLzA3LzAyL2VkaXRvcmlhbC9sZXR0ZXJzL2xldHRlci1hZmZpcm1hdGl2ZS1hY3Rpb24tZGVjaXNpb24tYS1kaXNncmFjZS_SAW5odHRwczovL3d3dy5zdGFyYWR2ZXJ0aXNlci5jb20vMjAyMy8wNy8wMi9lZGl0b3JpYWwvbGV0dGVycy9sZXR0ZXItYWZmaXJtYXRpdmUtYWN0aW9uLWRlY2lzaW9uLWEtZGlzZ3JhY2UvYW1wLw?oc=5" target="_blank">Letter: Affirmative action decision a disgrace</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Honolulu Star-Advertiser</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2k3NHYyVkNCRkp0a0h0QUltdnpTZ0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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link:
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title:
2 people are dead and 28 people were injured in mass shooting at a Baltimore block party, officials say - CNN

content:
<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiRmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmNubi5jb20vMjAyMy8wNy8wMi91cy9iYWx0aW1vcmUtc2hvb3Rpbmctc3VuZGF5L2luZGV4Lmh0bWzSAUpodHRwczovL2FtcC5jbm4uY29tL2Nubi8yMDIzLzA3LzAyL3VzL2JhbHRpbW9yZS1zaG9vdGluZy1zdW5kYXkvaW5kZXguaHRtbA?oc=5" target="_blank">2 people are dead and 28 people were injured in mass shooting at a Baltimore block party, officials say</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">CNN</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CCAiCzBUM2YzSlNmQkM4mAEB?oc=5" target="_blank">BREAKING: At least 2 dead, dozens wounded after mass shooting in Baltimore</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">NBC News</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiWmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LndtYXIybmV3cy5jb20vbG9jYWwvbWFyeWxhbmQtbGVhZGVycy1yZWFjdC10by1kZWFkbHktbWFzcy1zaG9vdGluZy1pbi1icm9va2x5btIBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">Maryland leaders react to deadly mass shooting in Brooklyn</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">wmar2news.com</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMieGh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmJhbHRpbW9yZXN1bi5jb20vbmV3cy9jcmltZS9iYWwtYnJvb2tseW4tbWFzcy1zaG9vdGluZy0yMDIzMDcwMi1vcXVlZ2tmZ3JmZnJ4ZDN6YXFxc3B1cWRlZS1waG90b2dhbGxlcnkuaHRtbNIBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">Thirty people shot in South Baltimore</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Baltimore Sun</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CCAiC1pVN3lpdWNtWVc0mAEB?oc=5" target="_blank">30 people shot in Baltimore, violence continues in France, and more | LiveNOW from FOX</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">LiveNOW from FOX</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2psOGJ5WUNCR3RBSURWd2JPVW1DZ0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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title: New laws took effect July 1 in states across the country. What to know - USA TODAY
link:
https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2pIek4yTENCRlhLYU5vOUJFU3NTZ0FQAQ?oc=5

content:
<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiYGh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LnVzYXRvZGF5LmNvbS9zdG9yeS9uZXdzL3BvbGl0aWNzLzIwMjMvMDcvMDIvbmV3LWxhd3MtdG9vay1lZmZlY3QtanVseS0xLzcwMzcyMjQ3MDA3L9IBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">New laws took effect July 1 in states across the country. What to know</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">USA TODAY</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiV2h0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmZveDRub3cuY29tL25ld3Mvc3RhdGUvd2hhdC1mbG9yaWRhcy1uZXctcGVybWl0bGVzcy1jYXJyeS1sYXctbWVhbnMtZm9yLXlvddIBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">What Florida's new permitless carry law means for you</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">FOX 4 News Fort Myers WFTX</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiY2h0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmxvY2FsMTAuY29tL25ld3MvbG9jYWwvMjAyMy8wNy8wMS9zZXZlcmFsLWNvbnRyb3ZlcnNpYWwtbmV3LWZsb3JpZGEtbGF3cy1ub3ctaW4tZWZmZWN0L9IBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">Several controversial new Florida laws now in effect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">WPLG Local 10</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CCAiC3RRQ2xUYWFXRTFjmAEB?oc=5" target="_blank">Concealed carry: No permit needed in Florida to legally carry firearm | LiveNOW from FOX</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">LiveNOW from FOX</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2pIek4yTENCRlhLYU5vOUJFU3NTZ0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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title: French PM slams 'particularly shocking' attack on mayor's home - FRANCE 24 English
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https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2lBdUlTVUNCRURsTlVmNHdQbjhpZ0FQAQ?oc=5

content:
<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMifWh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmZyYW5jZTI0LmNvbS9lbi9mcmFuY2UvMjAyMzA3MDItYXR0ZW1wdGVkLW11cmRlci1pbnZlc3RpZ2F0aW9uLW9wZW5lZC1pbnRvLXJhbW1pbmctYXR0YWNrLW9uLWZyZW5jaC1tYXlvci1zLWhvdXNl0gF9aHR0cHM6Ly9hbXAuZnJhbmNlMjQuY29tL2VuL2ZyYW5jZS8yMDIzMDcwMi1hdHRlbXB0ZWQtbXVyZGVyLWludmVzdGlnYXRpb24tb3BlbmVkLWludG8tcmFtbWluZy1hdHRhY2stb24tZnJlbmNoLW1heW9yLXMtaG91c2U?oc=5" target="_blank">French PM slams 'particularly shocking' attack on mayor's home</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">FRANCE 24 English</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiLmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmJiYy5jb20vbmV3cy93b3JsZC1ldXJvcGUtNjYwNzg3MjPSATJodHRwczovL3d3dy5iYmMuY29tL25ld3Mvd29ybGQtZXVyb3BlLTY2MDc4NzIzLmFtcA?oc=5" target="_blank">France shooting: Calmer night despite protests over Nahel M's murder, minister says</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">BBC</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CCAiC0dfejdzU1RVUGlBmAEB?oc=5" target="_blank">Violent protests erupt in France for 5th straight night following police shooting of 17-year-old</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">NBC News</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiZmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LnRoZWxvY2FsLmZyLzIwMjMwNzAyL2ZyYW5jZXMtZmlmdGgtbmlnaHQtb2YtcmlvdGluZy1zZWVzLWxvb3RpbmctYW5kLWF0dGFjay1vbi1tYXlvcnMtaG9tZdIBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">France's fifth night of rioting sees looting and attack on mayor's home</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The Local France</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiZWh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmNubi5jb20vMjAyMy8wNy8wMi93b3JsZC9mcmFuY2UtcHJvdGVzdHMtdmlvbGVuY2UtbWF5b3JzLWhvdXNlLWF0dGFjay1pbnRsLWhuay9pbmRleC5odG1s0gFpaHR0cHM6Ly9hbXAuY25uLmNvbS9jbm4vMjAyMy8wNy8wMi93b3JsZC9mcmFuY2UtcHJvdGVzdHMtdmlvbGVuY2UtbWF5b3JzLWhvdXNlLWF0dGFjay1pbnRsLWhuay9pbmRleC5odG1s?oc=5" target="_blank">Grandmother of teen killed in police stop calls for calm, as France prepares for sixth night of violence</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">CNN</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2lBdUlTVUNCRURsTlVmNHdQbjhpZ0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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link:
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title:
Khanna claims Supreme Court overruled Congress on student loan forgiveness, lauds Biden's Plan B - ABC News

content:
<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMibGh0dHBzOi8vYWJjbmV3cy5nby5jb20vUG9saXRpY3Mva2hhbm5hLWxhdWRzLWJpZGVucy1wbGFuLXN0dWRlbnQtbG9hbi1jYW5jZWxsYXRpb24tY2xhaW1zL3N0b3J5P2lkPTEwMDU4MDg3MNIBcGh0dHBzOi8vYWJjbmV3cy5nby5jb20vYW1wL1BvbGl0aWNzL2toYW5uYS1sYXVkcy1iaWRlbnMtcGxhbi1zdHVkZW50LWxvYW4tY2FuY2VsbGF0aW9uLWNsYWltcy9zdG9yeT9pZD0xMDA1ODA4NzA?oc=5" target="_blank">Khanna claims Supreme Court overruled Congress on student loan forgiveness, lauds Biden's Plan B</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">ABC News</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CCAiC01mWWRmekdwT3NBmAEB?oc=5" target="_blank">TN borrowers figuring out next steps after SCOTUS decision</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">WATE 6 On Your Side</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiTWh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmF4aW9zLmNvbS8yMDIzLzA3LzAxL2JpZGVuLXN0dWRlbnQtbG9hbi1mb3JnaXZlbmVzcy1zdXByZW1lLWNvdXJ00gEA?oc=5" target="_blank">After Supreme Court ruling, Biden finalizes a backdoor student loan forgiveness plan</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Axios</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiZmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmNubi5jb20vMjAyMy8wNi8zMC9vcGluaW9ucy9zdXByZW1lLWNvdXJ0LWRlY2lzaW9uLXN0dWRlbnQtbG9hbi13YXMtcmlnaHQtc29taW4vaW5kZXguaHRtbNIBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">Opinion: Why the Supreme Court got it right on student loans</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">CNN</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMibWh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmNubi5jb20vMjAyMy8wNi8zMC9vcGluaW9ucy9zdHVkZW50LWxvYW4tcnVsaW5nLXNob3dzLXRydW1wcy1zdXByZW1lLWNvdXJ0LXBsYW4tbGl0bWFuL2luZGV4Lmh0bWzSAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">Opinion: This Supreme Court decision just isn’t how government is supposed to work</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">CNN</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2lfeXJXVkNCRnFpdUVGNW1jb1NpZ0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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title: ‘Who are you trying to help?’: Buttigieg slams DeSantis over LGBTQ-focused ad - Yahoo News
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https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2pla3RpTUNCSHJzbGVhVlcwX0RTZ0FQAQ?oc=5

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<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiSmh0dHBzOi8vbmV3cy55YWhvby5jb20vdHJ5aW5nLWhlbHAtYnV0dGlnaWVnLXNsYW1zLWRlc2FudGlzLTE0MDUyNDE3OC5odG1s0gFSaHR0cHM6Ly9uZXdzLnlhaG9vLmNvbS9hbXBodG1sL3RyeWluZy1oZWxwLWJ1dHRpZ2llZy1zbGFtcy1kZXNhbnRpcy0xNDA1MjQxNzguaHRtbA?oc=5" target="_blank">‘Who are you trying to help?’: Buttigieg slams DeSantis over LGBTQ-focused ad</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Yahoo News</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiTmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm55dGltZXMuY29tLzIwMjMvMDcvMDEvdXMvcG9saXRpY3MvZGVzYW50aXMtdmlkZW8tbGdidHEtdHJ1bXAuaHRtbNIBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">DeSantis Uses L.G.B.T.Q Issues to Attack Trump in Twitter Video</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The New York Times</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiVWh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LnRoZWRhaWx5YmVhc3QuY29tL2Rlc2FudGlzLWp1c3QtcHJvdmVkLWhlLW1heS1iZS13b3JzZS1mb3ItZ29wLXRoYW4tdHJ1bXDSAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">DeSantis' Gross Anti-Gay Ad Proves He's Way Worse Than Trump</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The Daily Beast</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CCAiC0k2Vk50VHEyUS1FmAEB?oc=5" target="_blank">Presidential candidate DeSantis' campaign releases video on LGBTQ | Latest World News | WION</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">WION</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2pla3RpTUNCSHJzbGVhVlcwX0RTZ0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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Carowinds roller coaster shut down days after a crack appeared while people were riding - Charlotte Observer

content:
<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiUWh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmNoYXJsb3R0ZW9ic2VydmVyLmNvbS9uZXdzL3N0YXRlL25vcnRoLWNhcm9saW5hL2FydGljbGUyNzY5Mjg2ODMuaHRtbNIBUWh0dHBzOi8vYW1wLmNoYXJsb3R0ZW9ic2VydmVyLmNvbS9uZXdzL3N0YXRlL25vcnRoLWNhcm9saW5hL2FydGljbGUyNzY5Mjg2ODMuaHRtbA?oc=5" target="_blank">Carowinds roller coaster shut down days after a crack appeared while people were riding</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Charlotte Observer</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CCAiC0tqQnVRSkZqaGJFmAEB?oc=5" target="_blank">See cracked support pillar sway as roller coaster car goes by</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">CNN</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiT2h0dHBzOi8vd2FjaC5jb20vbmV3cy9sb2NhbC9jYXJvd2luZHMtc2h1dHMtZG93bi1jb2FzdGVyLWFmdGVyLWZhdWx0LWRpc2NvdmVyZWTSAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">Carowinds shuts down coaster after fault discovered</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">WACH.com</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiWmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LndidHYuY29tLzIwMjMvMDcvMDIvZnVyeS0zMjUtc2h1dC1kb3duLXZpc3RvcnMtbm90aWNlZC1jcmFjay1mYW1vdXMtcGFyay1yaWRlL9IBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">Fury 325 Shut down, visitors noticed crack on famous park ride</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">WBTV</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CCAiC0VsaFNOSUJQdllrmAEB?oc=5" target="_blank">Carowinds shuts down rollercoaster after large crack on support beam reported</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">WXII 12 News</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2pLd0tXYUNCRVFjWVNjdmlTV1VpZ0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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Man named in Supreme Court's LGBTQ rights ruling says he never requested a wedding website - USA TODAY

content:
<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMihgFodHRwczovL3d3dy51c2F0b2RheS5jb20vc3RvcnkvbmV3cy9wb2xpdGljcy8yMDIzLzA3LzAyL21hbi1uYW1lZC1pbi1zdXByZW1lLWNvdXJ0LWxnYnRxLXJpZ2h0cy1ydWxpbmctbmV2ZXItbWFkZS1yZXF1ZXN0LzcwMzc2OTg3MDA3L9IBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">Man named in Supreme Court's LGBTQ rights ruling says he never requested a wedding website</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">USA TODAY</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiUmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lndhc2hpbmd0b25wb3N0LmNvbS9wb2xpdGljcy8yMDIzLzA3LzAxL3N1cHJlbWUtY291cnQtY29sb3JhZG8td2Vic2l0ZS_SAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">'Stewart' cited in SCOTUS gay rights case says he never requested a website</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The Washington Post</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CCAiCzVGcXRMVzdtUXhFmAEB?oc=5" target="_blank">Supreme Court ruling a defeat for LGBTQ+ rights</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">WLOS News 13</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMikgFodHRwczovL3d3dy5kZXNlcmV0LmNvbS9vcGluaW9uLzIwMjMvNy8xLzIzNzgxNDA0LzMwMy1jcmVhdGl2ZS13ZWItZGVzaWduZXItY2FzZS1pcy1hLWZyZWUtc3BlZWNoLWRlY2lzaW9uLXRoYXQtcHJvdGVjdHMtbGdidHEtYW5kLXN0cmFpZ2h0LXBlb3BsZdIBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">303 Creative v. Elenis decision protects gay and straight | Opinion</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Deseret News</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiTmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm55dGltZXMuY29tLzIwMjMvMDcvMDEvb3Bpbmlvbi9zdXByZW1lLWNvdXJ0LWdheS0zMDMtY3JlYXRpdmUuaHRtbNIBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">Opinion | The Supreme Court Has Opened the Door to Discrimination. Here's How States Can Slam It Shut.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The New York Times</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2llcUxDV0NCR05LRGtoTk5zZmxTZ0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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title: Pence confirms calling Arizona governor at Trump's request about 2020 - USA TODAY
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title: Here's where personal fireworks are allowed or banned this 4th of July - FOX 13 News Utah
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content:
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title: Tesla Sales Surge as Tax Credits Fuel Demand - The New York Times
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<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiSmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm55dGltZXMuY29tLzIwMjMvMDcvMDIvYnVzaW5lc3MvdGVzbGEtcTItc2FsZXMtZGVsaXZlcmllcy5odG1s0gEA?oc=5" target="_blank">Tesla Sales Surge as Tax Credits Fuel Demand</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The New York Times</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiTWh0dHBzOi8vZWxlY3RyZWsuY28vMjAyMy8wNy8wMi90ZXNsYS10c2xhLWNydXNoZXMtZXhwZWN0YXRpb25zLWRlbGl2ZXJpZXMtcTIv0gEA?oc=5" target="_blank">Tesla (TSLA) crushes expectations with deliveries of 466000 EVs</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Electrek</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiYGh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lndzai5jb20vYXJ0aWNsZXMvdGVzbGEtZGVsaXZlcmllcy10by1zaG93LXdoZXRoZXItcHJpY2UtY3V0cy1hcmUtcGF5aW5nLW9mZi0yZjJhYWM5M9IBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">Tesla Deliveries Rose 83% in the Latest Quarter</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The Wall Street Journal</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMihwFodHRwczovL3d3dy53YXNoaW5ndG9ucG9zdC5jb20vYnVzaW5lc3MvMjAyMy8wNy8wMi90ZXNsYS1lbG9uLW11c2stZXYtZWxlY3RyaWMtdmVoaWNsZXMvMzZiMWI2ZjItMThmYy0xMWVlLWJlNDEtYTAzNmY0YjA5OGVjX3N0b3J5Lmh0bWzSAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">Tesla sales jump 83% from a year ago as tax credits, broader adoption drive sales</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The Washington Post</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiVGh0dHBzOi8vY2xlYW50ZWNobmljYS5jb20vMjAyMy8wNy8wMS90ZXNsYS1xdWFydGVyLWVuZC1pbnZlbnRvcnktdXAtaXMtaXQtYS1wcm9ibGVtL9IBWGh0dHBzOi8vY2xlYW50ZWNobmljYS5jb20vMjAyMy8wNy8wMS90ZXNsYS1xdWFydGVyLWVuZC1pbnZlbnRvcnktdXAtaXMtaXQtYS1wcm9ibGVtL2FtcC8?oc=5" target="_blank">Tesla Quarter-End Inventory Up — Is It A Problem?</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">CleanTechnica</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2l3dy11U0NCSDZHRFI1cWN6bDVTZ0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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title: What's open July 4th 2023? Walmart, Starbucks open; Costco closed - USA TODAY
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https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2pnaXUyTUNCRXZJTlcydlVrc2RpZ0FQAQ?oc=5

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<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiYmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LnVzYXRvZGF5LmNvbS9zdG9yeS9tb25leS8yMDIzLzA3LzAyL3N0b3Jlcy1yZXN0YXVyYW50cy1vcGVuLWp1bHktNHRoLTIwMjMvNzAzNjE1MTQwMDcv0gEA?oc=5" target="_blank">What's open July 4th 2023? Walmart, Starbucks open; Costco closed</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">USA TODAY</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiigFodHRwczovL2xhbmNhc3Rlcm9ubGluZS5jb20vbmV3cy9sb2NhbC9sYW5jYXN0ZXItY291bnR5LWNsb3NpbmdzLWZvci1mb3VydGgtb2YtanVseS0yMDIzL2FydGljbGVfZjdmMjA3OTgtMTFlNy0xMWVlLTg0ZmUtNmIzYTBmZGM5NGRlLmh0bWzSAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">Lancaster County closings for Fourth of July 2023 | Local News | lancasteronline.com</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">LNP | LancasterOnline</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiOmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmVhdHRoaXMuY29tL2dyb2Nlcnktc3RvcmVzLW9wZW4tanVseS00dGgtMjAyMy_SAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">20 Grocery Stores That Will Be Open on July 4th</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Eat This, Not That</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiQGh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmFwYXJ0bWVudHRoZXJhcHkuY29tL2lrZWEtaG91cnMtanVseS00LTIwMjMtMzcyNzI0MDbSAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">Is IKEA Open on July 4th?</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Apartment Therapy</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMimAFodHRwczovL3d3dy50YXBpbnRvLm5ldC90b3ducy9oYW1pbHRvbi1zbGFzaC1yb2JiaW5zdmlsbGUvc2VjdGlvbnMvY29tbXVuaXR5LWFubm91bmNlbWVudHMvYXJ0aWNsZXMvd2hhdC1zLW9wZW4tYW5kLWNsb3NlZC1mb3ItanVseS00dGgtaW5kZXBlbmRlbmNlLWRhedIBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">What's Open and Closed for July 4th Independence Day?</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">TAPinto.net</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2pnaXUyTUNCRXZJTlcydlVrc2RpZ0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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title: Elon Musk limits Twitter access for non-subscribers - MSNBC
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title: New Uncensored Chatbots Ignite a Free-Speech Fracas - The New York Times
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title: Nvidia's New Budget Graphics Card Won't Change Anything - The Motley Fool
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title: The Full List Of New Xbox Games Releasing In July 2023 - Pure Xbox
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title:
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title: Xbox vs FTC: 12 Surprising Reveals From the Trial - IGN
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title:
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title: Top moments from Money in the Bank 2023: WWE Top 10, July 2, 2023 - WWE
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title: Shania Twain Falls Onstage During Performance in Chicago - TMZ
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title: Horoscope for Sunday, July 2, 2023 - Chicago Sun-Times
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title:
NASCAR Cup Series EXTENDED HIGHLIGHTS: Grant Park 220 qualifying | 7/1/23 | Motorsports on NBC - Motorsports on NBC

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title: All the NBA Teams Rumored to Want Trail Blazers Star Damian Lillard in Trade - Blazer's Edge
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title: After a Mental Health Break, Caeleb Dressel Returns to the Pool - The New York Times
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Scientists have finally 'heard' the chorus of gravitational waves that ripple through the universe - Phys.org

content:
<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiT2h0dHBzOi8vcGh5cy5vcmcvbmV3cy8yMDIzLTA2LXNjaWVudGlzdHMtaGVhcmQtY2hvcnVzLWdyYXZpdGF0aW9uYWwtcmlwcGxlLmh0bWzSAU5odHRwczovL3BoeXMub3JnL25ld3MvMjAyMy0wNi1zY2llbnRpc3RzLWhlYXJkLWNob3J1cy1ncmF2aXRhdGlvbmFsLXJpcHBsZS5hbXA?oc=5" target="_blank">Scientists have finally 'heard' the chorus of gravitational waves that ripple through the universe</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Phys.org</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CCAiCzdwNlZXRFpOVHE0mAEB?oc=5" target="_blank">Scientists pick up shock waves from colliding galaxies - BBC News</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">BBC News</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiqwFodHRwczovL3d3dy5iZW5kYnVsbGV0aW4uY29tL2xvY2Fsc3RhdGUvdHdvLWJlbmQtb3N1LXN0dWRlbnRzLXBhcnRpY2lwYXRlZC1pbi1ncm91bmRicmVha2luZy1ncmF2aXRhdGlvbmFsLXdhdmVzLXJlc2VhcmNoL2FydGljbGVfZmJiN2JkYmUtMTZiZi0xMWVlLThjM2YtMDMwYWQxOWY3YzY4Lmh0bWzSAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">Gravitational waves: How two Bend OSU students helped | Local&State</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The Bulletin</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CCAiC0Qzd3JHb3Q2Z19jmAEB?oc=5" target="_blank">Latest discovery by Chinese scientists paves way for better knowledge about the universe</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">CGTN Africa</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMihwFodHRwczovL2phcGFudG9kYXkuY29tL2NhdGVnb3J5L3RlY2gvc2NpZW50aXN0cy1oYXZlLWZpbmFsbHktJ2hlYXJkJy10aGUtY2hvcnVzLW9mLWdyYXZpdGF0aW9uYWwtd2F2ZXMtdGhhdC1yaXBwbGUtdGhyb3VnaC10aGUtdW5pdmVyc2XSAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">Scientists have finally 'heard' chorus of gravitational waves that ripple through universe</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Japan Today</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2oxOHZxVkNCR2FCWG1yOC1WVVNDZ0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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title: What's next for Europe's Euclid 'dark universe' telescope after stunning SpaceX launch? - Space.com
link:
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title: July’s supermoon will be 14,000 miles closer to Earth than a typical full moon event - CNN
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https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2o3aU9pSkNCRS16Rmw4aFl5SEVpZ0FQAQ?oc=5

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<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiTGh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmNubi5jb20vMjAyMy8wNy8wMi93b3JsZC9qdWx5LWJ1Y2stc3VwZXJtb29uLTIwMjMtc2NuL2luZGV4Lmh0bWzSAVBodHRwczovL2FtcC5jbm4uY29tL2Nubi8yMDIzLzA3LzAyL3dvcmxkL2p1bHktYnVjay1zdXBlcm1vb24tMjAyMy1zY24vaW5kZXguaHRtbA?oc=5" target="_blank">July’s supermoon will be 14,000 miles closer to Earth than a typical full moon event</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">CNN</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiVmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmVhcnRoLmNvbS9uZXdzL2p1bHlzLXN1cGVyLWJ1Y2stbW9vbi13aWxsLXNoaW5lLWJyaWdodC1pbi10aGUtc2t5LXRvbmlnaHQv0gEA?oc=5" target="_blank">Tonight's Buck Moon will be the first of four ultra-bright supermoons</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Earth.com</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiTWh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmZveHdlYXRoZXIuY29tL2VhcnRoLXNwYWNlL2J1Y2stbW9vbi1maXJzdC1zdXBlcm1vb24tb2YtMjAyMy1qdWx50gFRaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZm94d2VhdGhlci5jb20vZWFydGgtc3BhY2UvYnVjay1tb29uLWZpcnN0LXN1cGVybW9vbi1vZi0yMDIzLWp1bHkuYW1w?oc=5" target="_blank">Buck Moon: First Supermoon of 2023 rises before Fourth of July</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Fox Weather </font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMibGh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmNvdXJpZXItam91cm5hbC5jb20vc3RvcnkvbmV3cy8yMDIzLzA3LzAxL3N1cGVyLW1vb24tc3VuZGF5LWhvdy10by1zZWUtaXQtd2hlbi1iZXN0LzcwMzczNDA1MDA3L9IBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">Supermoon on Sunday: Here is how, when to see it best</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Courier Journal</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CCAiC1Y2bFBvUlRJdzRvmAEB?oc=5" target="_blank">Full Buck Supermoon</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">WKRG</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2o3aU9pSkNCRS16Rmw4aFl5SEVpZ0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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title: 2 leading theories of consciousness square off - The Seattle Times
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content:
<a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiYWh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LnNlYXR0bGV0aW1lcy5jb20vc2VhdHRsZS1uZXdzL3NjaWVuY2UvMi1sZWFkaW5nLXRoZW9yaWVzLW9mLWNvbnNjaW91c25lc3Mtc3F1YXJlLW9mZi_SAWdodHRwczovL3d3dy5zZWF0dGxldGltZXMuY29tL3NlYXR0bGUtbmV3cy9zY2llbmNlLzItbGVhZGluZy10aGVvcmllcy1vZi1jb25zY2lvdXNuZXNzLXNxdWFyZS1vZmYvP2FtcD0x?oc=5" target="_blank">2 leading theories of consciousness square off</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The Seattle Times</font><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2pYNW82UENCSG1abWYzMENfeHdTZ0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong>


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title: Experts say there's a 'slim chance' malaria cases spread to Utah - KSL.com
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content:
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New study disentangles the influence of depression and anxiety on spontaneous neural activity - PsyPost

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title: GLP-1 Agonists Help in Type 2 Diabetes With Liver Cirrhosis - Medscape
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King County’s overdose crisis continues. Here’s how the county is trying to fix it - The Seattle Times

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link: https://itsfoss.com/remove-software-repositories-ubuntu/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
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title: How to Remove Software Repositories from Ubuntu
categories: Ubuntu
description:
From apt-add-repository to Software & Updates tool, here are several ways to remove software repositories from Ubuntu.

content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/how-to-remove-software-repos-in-ubuntu.png" alt="How to Remove Software Repositories from Ubuntu"><p>You can <a href="https://itsfoss.com/adding-external-repositories-ubuntu/">add external repositories in Ubuntu</a> to access packages unavailable in the official repositories.</p><p>For example, if you <a href="https://itsfoss.com/brave-web-browser/">install Brave browser in Ubuntu</a>, you add its repository to your system. If you add a PPA, that is added as an external repository too. </p><p>When you don&apos;t need the specific software, you remove it. However, the external repository is still added. You can, and you should also remove it to keep your system pristine.</p><p>Ubuntu lets you remove a software repository easily. There are different ways to do that:</p><ol><li><strong>Using apt-add-repository command to remove the repository </strong></li><li><strong>Using GUI to remove the repository (for desktop users)</strong></li><li><strong>By modifying the file contents of the /etc/apt/sources.list file (for experts)</strong></li></ol><p>But before that, I highly advise <a href="https://itsfoss.com/package-manager/">getting familiar with the concept of package managers</a> and repositories if you are new to this concept.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/package-manager/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">What is a Package Manager in Linux?</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Learn about packaging system and package managers in Linux. You&#x2019;ll learn how do they work and what kind of package managers available.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="How to Remove Software Repositories from Ubuntu"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2020/10/linux-package-manager-explanation.png" alt="How to Remove Software Repositories from Ubuntu"></div></a></figure><h2 id="method-1-remove-the-repository-using-apt-%F0%9F%A4%96">Method 1. Remove the repository using apt &#x1F916;</h2><p>Did you know you can also use the <a href="https://itsfoss.com/apt-command-guide/">apt command</a> to remove repositories? Well, technically, it&apos;s not part of the core apt command but it works in similar fashion.</p><p>You can use the <code>add-apt-repository</code> or <code>apt-add-repository</code> commands (both represent the same command) while dealing with external repositories. </p><p>First, list the added repositories using the following command:</p><pre><code>apt-add-repository --list</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/list-enabled-repositories-in-Ubuntu.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Remove Software Repositories from Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="973" height="249" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/list-enabled-repositories-in-Ubuntu.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/list-enabled-repositories-in-Ubuntu.png 973w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>Once done, you can use the apt-add-repository command with the <code>-r</code> flag in shown manner to remove the directory:</p><pre><code>sudo apt-add-repository -r repo_name</code></pre><p>For example, if I want to remove the <strong>yarn</strong> repository, I would have to use the following command:</p><pre><code>sudo add-apt-repository -r deb https://dl.yarnpkg.com/debian/ stable main</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/Remove-repository-using-the-apt-add-repository-command-in-Ubuntu.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Remove Software Repositories from Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="1011" height="213" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/Remove-repository-using-the-apt-add-repository-command-in-Ubuntu.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/Remove-repository-using-the-apt-add-repository-command-in-Ubuntu.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/Remove-repository-using-the-apt-add-repository-command-in-Ubuntu.png 1011w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>Press the <strong>Enter</strong> key for confirmation.</p><p>Next, update the repositories using the following:</p><pre><code>sudo apt update</code></pre><p>And now, if you list enabled repositories, you won&apos;t find the removed repository here:</p><pre><code>apt-add-repository --list</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/confirm-repository-removal-process-by-listing-enabled-repositories-in-Ubuntu.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Remove Software Repositories from Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="950" height="226" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/confirm-repository-removal-process-by-listing-enabled-repositories-in-Ubuntu.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/confirm-repository-removal-process-by-listing-enabled-repositories-in-Ubuntu.png 950w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>There you have it!</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/apt-command-guide/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Using apt Commands in Linux [Ultimate Guide]</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">This guide shows you how to use apt commands in Linux with examples so that you can manage packages effectively.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="How to Remove Software Repositories from Ubuntu"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2017/07/apt-commands-example.png" alt="How to Remove Software Repositories from Ubuntu"></div></a></figure><h2 id="method-2-remove-the-software-repository-in-ubuntu-using-gui-%F0%9F%96%A5%EF%B8%8F">Method 2. Remove the software repository in Ubuntu using GUI &#x1F5A5;&#xFE0F;</h2><div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-red"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F6A7;</div><div class="kg-callout-text">Removing a repository you know nothing about is not recommended as it may restrict you from installing your favorite package in the future, so make sure you know what you are up to.</div></div><p>Being <a href="https://itsfoss.com/best-linux-beginners/">one of the best distros for beginners,</a> You can use GUI to remove the repository without needing the terminal.</p><p>To do so, first, open the software and updates the app from the system menu:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/search-for-software-and-updates-from-the-system-menu.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Remove Software Repositories from Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="891" height="273" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/search-for-software-and-updates-from-the-system-menu.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/search-for-software-and-updates-from-the-system-menu.png 891w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>Now, click on <code>Other Software</code> section, and it will list PPAs and external repositories in your system.</p><p>The ones listed as checked &#x2705; are enabled ones.</p><p>To remove a repository, you&apos;d have to follow <strong>three simple steps</strong>:</p><ul><li><strong>Select a repository that needs to be removed </strong></li><li><strong>Click on the remove button</strong></li><li><strong>And finally, hit the close button</strong></li></ul><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/remove-the-repository-from-Ubuntu-using-GUI-1.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Remove Software Repositories from Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="912" height="517" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/remove-the-repository-from-Ubuntu-using-GUI-1.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/remove-the-repository-from-Ubuntu-using-GUI-1.png 912w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>Once you click on the close button, it will open a prompt asking you to update the information as you make changes.</p><p>Simply click on the <code>Reload</code> button:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/Click-on-reload-to-after-removing-repository-from-Ubuntu-and-save-changes.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Remove Software Repositories from Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="698" height="283" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/Click-on-reload-to-after-removing-repository-from-Ubuntu-and-save-changes.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/Click-on-reload-to-after-removing-repository-from-Ubuntu-and-save-changes.png 698w"></figure><p>Alternatively, you can update the repository from the command line to take effect from the changes:</p><pre><code>sudo apt update</code></pre><h2 id="method-3-remove-the-repository-by-removing-its-directory-for-experts-%F0%9F%A7%91%E2%80%8D%F0%9F%92%BB">Method 3. Remove the repository by removing its directory (for experts &#x1F9D1;&#x200D;&#x1F4BB;)</h2><p>Previously, I explained how you could use tools (GUI and CLI) to remove a repository; here, you will modify the system directory (<strong>/etc/apt/sources.list.d</strong>) responsible for managing repositories.</p><p>So first, change your working directory to <code>sources.list.d</code> and list its contents:</p><pre><code>cd /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ &amp;&amp; ls</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/list-contents-of-sources.list.d-directory.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Remove Software Repositories from Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="789" height="266" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/list-contents-of-sources.list.d-directory.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/list-contents-of-sources.list.d-directory.png 789w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>Here, you will find the list of all the repositories. </p><p>If you notice carefully, there will be two files for one repo. Once with the <code>.list</code> extension and one with the <code>.save</code> extension.</p><p>You will have to remove the one having the <code>.list</code> extension:</p><pre><code>sudo rm Repo_name.list</code></pre><p>For example, here, I removed the <strong>node repo</strong> using the command below:</p><pre><code>sudo rm nodesource.list</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/remove-repository-by-removing-the-repository-directory-in-Ubuntu.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Remove Software Repositories from Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="789" height="119" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/remove-repository-by-removing-the-repository-directory-in-Ubuntu.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/remove-repository-by-removing-the-repository-directory-in-Ubuntu.png 789w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>To take effect from the changes, update the repository index with:</p><pre><code>sudo apt update</code></pre><p>Want to know more about the <a href="https://itsfoss.com/sources-list-ubuntu/">sources.list</a>? Read this article.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/sources-list-ubuntu/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">What is the Use of sources.list File in Ubuntu Linux?</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Understanding the concept of sources.list in Ubuntu will help you understand and fix common update errors in Ubuntu.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="How to Remove Software Repositories from Ubuntu"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2022/12/sources-lits-file-ubuntu.png" alt="How to Remove Software Repositories from Ubuntu"></div></a></figure><h2 id="additional-step-remove-gpg-keys-after-removing-the-repository-for-advanced-users">Additional Step: Remove GPG keys after removing the repository (for advanced users)</h2><p>If you wish to remove the GPG keys after removing the repository, here&apos;s how you do it.</p><p>First, list the existing GPG keys using the following command:</p><pre><code>apt-key list</code></pre><p>Now, the output may seem confusing to some users.</p><p>Here&apos;s what to remember:</p><ul><li>The GPG key name will be placed above the dashed line (----)</li><li>The public key is in the second line</li></ul><p>For example, here&apos;s the relevant data of the Chrome GPG key:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/list-GPG-keys-in-Ubuntu.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Remove Software Repositories from Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="813" height="260" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/list-GPG-keys-in-Ubuntu.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/list-GPG-keys-in-Ubuntu.png 813w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>To remove the GPG key, you can use the last two strings of the public key (without any space).</p><p>For example, here&apos;s how I will remove the GPG key of the Chrome browser using the last two strings of its public key (D38B 4796):</p><pre><code>sudo apt-key del D38B4796</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/remove-GPG-key-in-Ubuntu.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Remove Software Repositories from Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="813" height="175" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/remove-GPG-key-in-Ubuntu.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/remove-GPG-key-in-Ubuntu.png 813w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>Similarly, you can also use the entire public key. But this time, you have to include spaces between two strings, as shown:</p><pre><code>sudo apt-key del &quot;72EC F46A 56B4 AD39 C907  BBB7 1646 B01B 86E5 0310&quot;</code></pre><h2 id="careful-with-what-you-add-and-what-you-remove">Careful with what you add and what you remove</h2><p>Especially when you are a new Linux user, you will encounter many exciting things and repositories you will add and remove.</p><p>While it is good to experiment, you should always be careful about anything you add/remove to your system. You should keep some things in mind, like: <em>Does it include updated packages? Is it a trusted or maintained repository?</em> </p><p>Being cautious will keep your system free from unnecessary repositories and packages.</p><p><strong>I hope this guide helps you remove the repository you do not want! </strong></p><p><em>Feel free to let me know if you face any issues in the comments below, and consider joining our <a href="https://itsfoss.community/?ref=itsfoss.com">It&apos;s FOSS Community forum</a> to get faster help! </em></p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/install-wine-ubuntu/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: How to Install Wine in Ubuntu
categories: Installation|Ubuntu
description:
Looking to run Windows-only software on Ubuntu? Wine is your friend. Learn to install Wine in Ubuntu Linux.

content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/install-wine-on-ubuntu.png" alt="How to Install Wine in Ubuntu"><p>With some effort, you can <a href="https://itsfoss.com/use-windows-applications-linux/">run Windows applications on Linux</a> using Wine. Wine is a tool you can try when must use an Windows-only application on Linux. </p><p>Please note that <strong>you CANNOT run any Windows games or software with Wine</strong>. Please go through the <a href="https://appdb.winehq.org/?ref=itsfoss.com">database of supported applications</a>. The software rated platinum or gold have a higher chance of running smoothly with Wine.</p><p>If you have found a Windows-only software that <a href="https://www.winehq.org/?ref=itsfoss.com">Wine</a> supports well and now looking to use it, this tutorial will help you with the Wine installation on Ubuntu.</p><div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-green"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4A1;</div><div class="kg-callout-text">If you have Wine installed before, you should remove it completely to avoid any conflict. Also, you should refer to its <a href="https://wiki.winehq.org/Download?ref=itsfoss.com" rel="noopener noreferrer">download page</a> for additional instructions for specific Linux distributions.</div></div><h2 id="installing-wine-on-ubuntu">Installing Wine on Ubuntu</h2><p>There are various ways to install Wine on your system. Almost all the Linux distros come with Wine in their package repository. </p><p>Most of the time, the latest stable version of Wine is available via the package repository.</p><ol><li><strong>Install WINE from Ubuntu&#x2019;s repository (easy but may not be the latest version)</strong></li><li><strong>Install WINE from Wine&#x2019;s repository (slightly more complicated but gives the latest version)</strong></li></ol><p>Please be patient and follow the steps one by one to install and use Wine. There are several steps involved here.</p><div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-red"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F6A7;</div><div class="kg-callout-text">Keep in mind that Wine installs too many packages. You will see a massive list of packages and install sizes of around 1.3 GB.</div></div><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/01/WINE-download-and-install-size.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Install Wine in Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="1304" height="682" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/01/WINE-download-and-install-size.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/01/WINE-download-and-install-size.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/01/WINE-download-and-install-size.png 1304w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption><em>Wine download and installed size</em></figcaption></figure><h3 id="method-1-install-wine-from-ubuntu-easy">Method 1. Install WINE from Ubuntu (easy)</h3><p>Wine is available in Ubuntu&apos;s Official repositories, where you can easily install it. However, the version available this way may not be the latest.</p><p>Even if you are using a 64-bit installation of Ubuntu, you will need to add 32-bit architecture support on your distro, which will benefit you in installing specific software.</p><p>Type in the commands below:</p><pre><code>sudo dpkg --add-architecture i386</code></pre><p>Then install Wine using:</p><pre><code>sudo apt update
sudo apt install wine</code></pre><h3 id="method-2-install-the-latest-version-from-wine%E2%80%99s-repository">Method 2: Install the latest version from Wine&#x2019;s repository </h3><p>Wine is one such program that receives heavy developments in a short period. So, it is always recommended to install the latest stable version of Wine to get more software support.</p><p><strong>First, remove any existing Wine installation</strong>. </p><p><strong>Step 1</strong>: Make sure to add 32-bit architecture support:</p><pre><code>sudo dpkg --add-architecture i386</code></pre><p><strong>Step 2</strong>: Download and add the repository key:</p><pre><code>sudo mkdir -pm755 /etc/apt/keyrings
sudo wget -O /etc/apt/keyrings/winehq-archive.key https://dl.winehq.org/wine-builds/winehq.key</code></pre><p><strong>Step 3</strong>: Now download the WineHQ sources file. </p><div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-red"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F6A7;</div><div class="kg-callout-text">This step depends on the Ubuntu or Mint version you are using. Please <a href="https://itsfoss.com/how-to-know-ubuntu-unity-version/">check your Ubuntu version</a> or <a href="https://itsfoss.com/check-linux-mint-version/">Mint version</a>. Once you have that information, use the commands for your respective versions.</div></div><p>For <strong>Ubuntu 23.04 Lunar Lobster</strong>, use the command below:</p><pre><code>sudo wget -NP /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ https://dl.winehq.org/wine-builds/ubuntu/dists/lunar/winehq-lunar.sources</code></pre><p>If you have <strong>Ubuntu 22.04 or Linux Mint 21.X series</strong>, use the command below:</p><pre><code>sudo wget -NP /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ https://dl.winehq.org/wine-builds/ubuntu/dists/jammy/winehq-jammy.sources</code></pre><p>If you are running <strong>Ubuntu 20.04 or Linux Mint 20.X series</strong>, use:</p><pre><code>sudo wget -NP /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ https://dl.winehq.org/wine-builds/ubuntu/dists/focal/winehq-focal.sources</code></pre><p><strong>Ubuntu 18.04 or Linux Mint 19.X series</strong> users can use the command below to add the sources file:</p><pre><code>sudo wget -NP /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ https://dl.winehq.org/wine-builds/ubuntu/dists/bionic/winehq-bionic.sources</code></pre><p>Once done, update the package information and install the wine-stable package.</p><pre><code>sudo apt install --install-recommends winehq-stable</code></pre><p>If you want the development or staging version, use <code>winehq-devel</code> or <code>winehq-staging</code> respectively.</p><h2 id="initial-wine-configuration">Initial Wine configuration</h2><p>Once Wine is installed, run the following:</p><pre><code>winecfg</code></pre><p>This will create the <strong>virtual C: Drive</strong> for installing Windows applications.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/01/CDrive-in-nautilus.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Install Wine in Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="1246" height="614" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/01/CDrive-in-nautilus.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/01/CDrive-in-nautilus.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/01/CDrive-in-nautilus.png 1246w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption><em>C: Drive in Nautilus File Manager</em></figcaption></figure><p>While following these steps, sometimes, you may not find the &#x201C;<strong>Open With Wine Windows Program Loader</strong>&#x201D; option in Nautilus right-click menu.</p><p>In that case, fix it by <a href="https://learnubuntu.com/ln-command/?ref=itsfoss.com">creating a soft link</a> to appropriate directory:</p><pre><code>sudo ln -s /usr/share/doc/wine/examples/wine.desktop /usr/share/applications/</code></pre><p>And restart your system to get the change.</p><h2 id="using-wine-to-run-windows-applications">Using Wine to run Windows applications</h2><p>Once you have installed Wine and configured it by running <code>winecfg</code>, now is the time to install Windows apps. </p><p>Here, the 7Zip.exe file is used for demonstration purposes. I know I should have used a better example, as 7Zip is available on Linux. Still, the process remains the same for other applications.</p><p>Firstly, download the 7Zip .exe file from their <a href="https://www.7-zip.org/download.html?ref=itsfoss.com">official downloads page</a>.</p><p>Now, right-click on the file and select &quot;Open With Wine Windows Program Loader&quot; option:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/01/open-exe-file-with-wine.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Install Wine in Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="1343" height="804" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/01/open-exe-file-with-wine.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/01/open-exe-file-with-wine.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/01/open-exe-file-with-wine.png 1343w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption><em>Open EXE file with Wine Program loader</em></figcaption></figure><p>This will prompt us to install the file. Click <strong>Install</strong> and let it complete. Once done, you can open the 7zip like any other native app.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/01/7-zip-in-Ubuntu-activities-overview.webp" class="kg-image" alt="How to Install Wine in Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="968" height="347" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/01/7-zip-in-Ubuntu-activities-overview.webp 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/01/7-zip-in-Ubuntu-activities-overview.webp 968w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption><em>7Zip in Ubuntu Activities Overview</em></figcaption></figure><p>You can use <code>wine uninstaller</code> command to uninstall any installed application. </p><p>Here&apos;s a dedicated tutorial on <a href="https://itsfoss.com/use-windows-applications-linux/">using Wine to run Windows software</a> on Linux:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/use-windows-applications-linux/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Run Windows Applications on Linux [Beginners Guide]</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Here&#x2019;s a detailed step-by-step guide with screenshots to show how you can run Windows software on Linux using Wine.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="How to Install Wine in Ubuntu"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/run-windows-apps-on-linux.png" alt="How to Install Wine in Ubuntu"></div></a></figure><h2 id="remove-wine-from-ubuntu">Remove Wine from Ubuntu</h2><p>If you don&apos;t find Wine interesting or if Wine doesn&apos;t run the application you want properly, you may need to uninstall Wine. To do this, follow the below steps.</p><p><strong>Remove Wine installed through the Ubuntu repository</strong></p><p>To remove wine installed through repositories, first run:</p><pre><code>sudo apt remove --purge wine</code></pre><p>Update your package information:</p><pre><code>sudo apt update</code></pre><p>Now, use the <code>autoclean</code> command to clear the local repository of retrieved package files that are virtually useless.</p><pre><code>sudo apt-get autoclean
sudo apt-get clean</code></pre><p>Remove those packages that are installed but no longer required using:</p><pre><code>sudo apt autoremove</code></pre><p>Now reboot the system.</p><p><strong>Remove Wine installed through the Wine repository</strong></p><p>Remove the installed <code>wine-stable</code> package.</p><pre><code>sudo apt remove --purge wine-stable</code></pre><p>Update your package information:</p><pre><code>sudo apt update</code></pre><p>Now, use the <code>autoclean</code> and <code>clean</code> command to clear the local repository of retrieved package files that are virtually useless.</p><pre><code>sudo apt-get autoclean
sudo apt-get clean</code></pre><p>Now remove the sources file added earlier. Use your respective distribution folder. Here, Ubuntu 22.04 is used.</p><pre><code>sudo rm /etc/apt/sources.list.d/winehq-jammy.sources</code></pre><p>Once this is removed, update your system package information:</p><pre><code>sudo apt update</code></pre><p>Optionally, remove the key file you had added earlier if you want.</p><pre><code>sudo rm /etc/apt/keyrings/winehq-archive.key</code></pre><p>Now remove any residual files manually.</p><h2 id="still-have-questions-about-using-wine">Still have questions about using Wine?</h2><p>You may also go through our tutorial on using Wine. It should answer some more questions you might have.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/use-windows-applications-linux/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Run Windows Applications on Linux [Beginners Guide]</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Here&#x2019;s a detailed step-by-step guide with screenshots to show how you can run Windows software on Linux using Wine.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="How to Install Wine in Ubuntu"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/run-windows-apps-on-linux.png" alt="How to Install Wine in Ubuntu"></div></a></figure><p>There is no place better than the Wine Project website. They have a dedicated FAQ (frequently asked questions) page:</p><div class="kg-card kg-button-card kg-align-center"><a href="https://wiki.winehq.org/FAQ?ref=itsfoss.com" class="kg-btn kg-btn-accent">Wine FAQs</a></div><p>If you still have questions, you can browse through <a href="https://wiki.winehq.org/Main_Page?ref=itsfoss.com">their wiki</a> for detailed <a href="https://www.winehq.org/documentation?ref=itsfoss.com">documentation</a> or ask your doubts in <a href="https://forum.winehq.org/?ref=itsfoss.com">their forum</a>. </p><p>Alternatively, if you don&apos;t mind spending some money, you can opt for CrossOver. It&apos;s basically Wine but with premium support. You can also contact their team for your questions.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card kg-card-hascaption"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://www.codeweavers.com/store?ad=838&amp;ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Purchase CrossOver Through the CodeWeavers Store Today!</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Buy CrossOver Mac and CrossOver Linux through the CodeWeavers store. Choose from 12 month and lifetime license plans. Renewals are also available for purchase.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://media.codeweavers.com/pub/crossover/website/images/cw_logo_128.png" alt="How to Install Wine in Ubuntu"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">CodeWeavers</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://www.codeweavers.com/images/og-images/og-default.png" alt="How to Install Wine in Ubuntu"></div></a><figcaption>Wine with support, your purchase supports wine development (affiliate link)</figcaption></figure><p>In my opinion, you should resort to Wine only when you cannot find an alternative to the software you must use. Even in that case, it&apos;s not guaranteed to work with Wine.</p><p>And yet, Wine provides some hope for Windows migrants to Linux.</p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/newsletter/foss-weekly-23-26/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More
description: Red Hat's upsetting trend continues. Among other things, learn about Exodia OS, a new Linux distro.
categories: Newsletter
content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/foss-weekly-23-26.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More"><p><a href="https://news.itsfoss.com/red-hat-restricts-source-code/?ref=itsfoss.com">Red Hat made a decision to restrict access to its source code</a> for paying customers only. This move is likely to &apos;kill&apos; projects like Rocky Linux and Alma Linux that have filled the void left by CentOS (<a href="https://itsfoss.com/centos-stream-fiasco/">also killed by Red Hat</a>).</p><p>The reason, in my opinion, is that Red Hat doesn&apos;t want paying (enterprise) clients to go for its clones like Rocky and Alma Linux. From CentOS discontinuation to this, the move is money-inspired.</p><p><strong>&#x1F4AC; Let&apos;s see what else you get in this edition of FOSS Weekly:</strong></p><ul><li>Continuation of our Bash Basics series</li><li>Exodia OS, an alternative to Kali Linux</li><li>A new non-LTS Linux Kernel was released recently</li><li>And other Linux news, videos, and, of course, memes!</li></ul><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%93%B0-linux-news">&#x1F4F0; Linux news</h2><ul><li><strong>Big News</strong>: <a href="https://news.itsfoss.com/red-hat-restricts-source-code/?ref=itsfoss.com">Red Hat&apos;s source code lockout</a> will affect many CentOS alternatives.</li><li><a href="https://news.itsfoss.com/fedora-workstation-39-webui/?ref=itsfoss.com">Fedora&apos;s Anaconda WebUI installer</a> is now closer to implementation than ever before.</li><li>A <a href="https://cassidyjames.com/blog/freedesktop-accent-colors-gnome-proposal/?ref=itsfoss.com">new proposal has been floated</a> that might see GNOME have support for accent colors in the future.</li><li>Zorin OS is finally <a href="https://news.itsfoss.com/zorin-os-upgrader/?ref=itsfoss.com">providing a tool to upgrade</a> to newer version releases.</li></ul><p>Linux Kernel 6.4 was recently released as a non-LTS release with many upgrades.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://news.itsfoss.com/linux-kernel-6-4/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Linux Kernel 6.4 Released: Embracing Apple M2, New Hardware, and More Rust Code</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">It&#x2019;s a new Linux Kernel release day! Hardware enthusiast? Dive in to learn more what Linux Kernel 6.4 brings in.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/08/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS News</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Sourav Rudra</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/linux-kernel-6-4-release.jpg" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A7%A0-what-we%E2%80%99re-thinking-about">&#x1F9E0; What we&#x2019;re thinking about</h2><p>Software Freedom Conservancy thinks that Red Hat&apos;s decision to restrict access to source code for paying customers may have violated GPL.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://sfconservancy.org/blog/2023/jun/23/rhel-gpl-analysis/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">A Comprehensive Analysis of the GPL Issues With the Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) Business Model</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">This article was originally published primarily as a response to IBM&#x2019;s Red Hat&#x2019;s change to no longer publish complete, corresponding source (CCS) for RHEL and the prior discontinuation of CentOS Linux (which are related events, as described below). We hope that this will serve as a compre&#x2026;</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://sfconservancy.org/favicon.ico" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">Software Freedom Conservancy</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Bradley M. Kuhn</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://sfconservancy.org/img/conservancy-logo.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A7%AE-tutorials">&#x1F9EE; Tutorials</h2><p>In the third installment of our Bash Basics series, you will learn how to pass arguments to bash scripts and make them interactive.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/bash-pass-arguments/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Bash Basics #3: Pass Arguments and Accept User Inputs</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Learn how to pass arguments to bash scripts and make them interactive in this chapter of the Bash Basics series.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/bash-series-3-passing-args-user-inputs.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More"></div></a></figure><p>The Terminal Tuesday continues with the <a href="https://itsfoss.com/cat-command/">cat command</a>.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/cat-command/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Using cat Command in Linux</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Cat command can be used for more than just displaying file contents.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Sagar Sharma</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cat-command.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More"></div></a></figure><p>Xfce user? Here are some theme suggestions for you.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/best-xfce-themes/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">11 Themes to Make Xfce Look Modern and Beautiful</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Xfce desktop looks outdated? No worries. Here are some of the best themes to make your Xfce desktop look beautiful.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Community</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2022/05/best-xfce-themes.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More"></div></a></figure><h2 id="%F0%9F%93%B9-what-we-are-watching">&#x1F4F9; What we are watching</h2><p>Gedit can be turned into Gedit++ with some simple tips and tweaks.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-embed-card"><iframe width="200" height="113" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/NOreqPuX9Sg?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen title="11 Tips and Tweaks to Get More Out of Gedit Editor in Linux"></iframe></figure><hr><h2 id="%E2%9C%A8-project-highlights">&#x2728; Project highlights</h2><p>We recently tested out a Kali Linux alternative that can be used for pen testing purposes.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://news.itsfoss.com/exodia-os/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Exodia OS is a Linux Distro for Cybersecurity Enthusiasts</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">A new alternative to Kali Linux fans. What do you think?</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/08/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS News</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Sourav Rudra</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/exodia-os-first-look.jpg" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More"></div></a></figure><p>Reddit&apos;s controversial API changes have resulted in the rise of alternative platforms, one such undertaking is Lemmy.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://news.itsfoss.com/lemmy/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Lemmy: A Decentralized Open-Source Reddit Alternative To Explore</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Are you looking for an open-source Reddit alternative? Well, this is something!</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/08/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS News</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Sourav Rudra</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/lemmy-reddit-alternative.jpg" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A7%A9-puzzle-for-pro-members-only">&#x1F9E9; Puzzle (for Pro members only)</h2><p>Uncover the names of various Linux distributions that offer alternatives to the systemd init system.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/puzzle/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Puzzle of The Week: Word Search #3: Systemd-free Linux Distributions</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Exercise those &#x2018;little gray cells&#x2019; of yours and solve this puzzle.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/puzzle-of-the-week.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%9B%8D%EF%B8%8F-interesting-deal-for-you">&#x1F6CD;&#xFE0F; Interesting deal for you</h2><p>Internxt is offering 2 TB cloud storage for a mere &#x20AC;10.79 a year as part of their summer sale. (<strong>WILL BE OVER IN 2 DAYS!</strong>)</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://internxt.sjv.io/c/1995707/1296883/14378?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Internxt Pricing &#x2013; Get Up To 10GB Free!</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Sign up for an Internxt secure cloud storage subscription and get access to our monthly newsletter filled with the latest tech news and updates.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://internxt.sjv.io/favicon.ico" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More"></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://internxt.com/images/previewLink/PreviewGenericEN.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%92%A1-quick-handy-tip">&#x1F4A1; Quick handy tip</h2><p>You can enable autosave feature in Gedit from <strong>Preferences -&gt; Editor</strong>. By default, it autosaves every 10 minutes but you can change the duration to your liking.</p><p>It won&apos;t work with a brand new text file that has never been saved before.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/image-8.png" class="kg-image" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More" loading="lazy" width="1231" height="648" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/image-8.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/image-8.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/image-8.png 1231w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A4%A3-meme-of-the-week">&#x1F923; Meme of the week</h2><p>Why fight among ourselves when we can unite against close-source operating systems?</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/meme.png" class="kg-image" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More" loading="lazy" width="1080" height="1300" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/meme.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/meme.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/meme.png 1080w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%97%93%EF%B8%8F-tech-trivia">&#x1F5D3;&#xFE0F; Tech Trivia</h2><p>The iconic video game company, Atari, was founded by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney on June 27, 1972. Their first and hugely successful game, Pong, led to the start of the video game industry.</p><p>Did you own an Atari?</p><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A7%91%E2%80%8D%F0%9F%A4%9D%E2%80%8D%F0%9F%A7%91-fossverse-corner">&#x1F9D1;&#x200D;&#x1F91D;&#x200D;&#x1F9D1; FOSSverse corner</h2><p>An interesting thread where Community members share why they switched to Linux. </p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.community/t/windows-refugees-why-have-you-changed-to-linux/10656/12?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Windows refugees, why have you changed to Linux?</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">The difference is, in Linux one can fix things. Linux may have more things to fix, but at least you are not powerless.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.community/uploads/default/optimized/1X/f274f9749e3fd8b4d6fbae1cf90c5c186d2f699c_2_180x180.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS Community</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">kovacslt</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.community/uploads/default/original/1X/f274f9749e3fd8b4d6fbae1cf90c5c186d2f699c.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More"></div></a></figure><p>Come, share your thoughts, too.</p><hr><h2 id="%E2%9D%A4%EF%B8%8F-enjoying-foss-weekly">&#x2764;&#xFE0F; Enjoying FOSS Weekly?</h2><p><strong>Forward it to Linux-using friends</strong> and encourage them to subscribe (hint: <a href="https://itsfoss.com/signup/">it&apos;s here</a>).</p><p><a href="https://itsfoss.com/11th-anniversary-offer">Become a Pro member</a> and show your support &#x1F64F;</p><p>Share your views and opinion on 11 years of It&apos;s FOSS (I may include it on It&apos;s FOSS testimonial pages).</p><p><strong>Something else?</strong> Share it with me by pressing the reply button.</p><p>Don&apos;t stop loving It&apos;s FOSS :)</p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/cat-command/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: Using cat Command in Linux
description: Cat command can be used for more than just displaying file contents.
categories: Linux Commands
content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cat-command.png" alt="Using cat Command in Linux"><p>The cat command is used to print the file contents of text files. </p>
<p>At least, that&apos;s what most Linux users use it for and there is nothing wrong with it.</p>
<p>Cat actually stands for &apos;concatenate&apos; and was created to <a href="https://linuxhandbook.com/merge-files/?ref=itsfoss.com">merge text files</a>. But withsingle argument, it prints the file contents. And for that reason, it is a go-to choice for users to read files in the terminal without any additional options.</p>
<h2 id="using-the-cat-command-in-linux">Using the cat command in Linux</h2>
<p>To use the cat command, you&apos;d have to follow the given command syntax:</p>
<pre><code>cat [options] Filename(s)</code></pre>
<p>Here,</p>
<ul><li><code>[options]</code> are used to modify the default behavior of the cat command such as using the <code>-n</code> option to get numbers for each line.</li><li><code>Filename</code> is where you&apos;ll enter the filename of the file that you want to work with.</li></ul>
<p>To make things easy, I will be using a text file named <code>Haruki.txt</code> throughout this guide which contains the following text lines:</p>
<pre><code>Hear the Wind Sing (1979)
Pinball, 1973 (1980)
A Wild Sheep Chase (1982)
Hard-Boiled Wonderland and the End of the World (1985)
Norwegian Wood (1987)
Dance Dance Dance (1990)
South of the Border, West of the Sun (1992)
The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle (1994)
Sputnik Sweetheart (1999)
Kafka on the Shore (2002)
After Dark (2004)
1Q84 (2009-2010)
Colorless Tsukuru Tazaki and His Years of Pilgrimage (2013)
Men Without Women (2014)
Killing Commendatore (2017)</code></pre>
<p>So, what will be the output when used without any options? Well, let&apos;s have a look:</p>
<pre><code>cat Haruki.txt</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/use-cat-command-in-Linux.png" alt="Using cat Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="836" height="401" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/use-cat-command-in-Linux.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/use-cat-command-in-Linux.png 836w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>As you can see, it printed the whole text file! </p>
<p>But you can do a lot more than just this. Let me show you some practical examples.</p>
<h3 id="1-create-new-files">1. Create new files </h3>
<p>Most Linux users use the touch command to <a href="https://itsfoss.com/create-files/">create new files</a> but the same can be done using the cat command too!</p>
<p>The cat command has one advantage over the touch command in this case, as you can add text to the file while creating. Sounds cool. Isn&apos;t it?</p>
<p>To do so, you&apos;d have to use the cat command by appending the filename to the <code>&gt;</code> as shown:</p>
<pre><code>cat &gt; Filename</code></pre>
<p>For example, here, I created a file named <code>NewFile.txt</code>:</p>
<pre><code>cat &gt; NewFile.txt</code></pre>
<p>Once you do that, there&apos;ll be a blinking cursor asking you to write something and finally, you can use  <code>Ctrl + d</code> to save the changes.</p>
<p><strong>If you wish to create an empty file, then just press the <code>Ctrl + d</code> without making any changes.</strong></p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/Cat.svg" alt="Using cat Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="840" height="407"></figure>
<p>That&apos;s it! Now, you can use the ls command to show the <a href="https://itsfoss.com/list-directory-content/">contents of the current working directory</a>:</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/use-the-ls-command-to-list-the-contents-of-the-current-working-directory.png" alt="Using cat Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="836" height="191" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/use-the-ls-command-to-list-the-contents-of-the-current-working-directory.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/use-the-ls-command-to-list-the-contents-of-the-current-working-directory.png 836w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<h3 id="2-copy-the-file-contents-to-a-different-file">2. Copy the file contents to a different file</h3>
<p>Think of a scenario where you want to redirect the file content of <strong>FileA</strong> to the <strong>FileB</strong></p>
<p>Sure, you can copy and paste. But what if there are hundreds or thousands of lines?</p>
<p>Simple. You use the cat command with the redirection of data flow. To do so, you&apos;d have to follow the given command syntax:</p>
<pre><code>cat FileA &gt; FileB</code></pre>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-red"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F6A7;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>If you use the above syntax to redirect file contents, it will erase the file contents of the FileB and then will redirect the file contents of the FileA.</span></p></div></div>
<p>For example, I will be using two text files FileA and FileB which contains the following:</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/check-the-file-contents-using-the-cat-command.png" alt="Using cat Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="836" height="179" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/check-the-file-contents-using-the-cat-command.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/check-the-file-contents-using-the-cat-command.png 836w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>And now, if I use the redirection from FileA to FileB, it will remove the data of FileB and then redirect the data of FileA:</p>
<pre><code>cat FileA &gt; FileB</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/redirect-the-file-content-using-the-cat-command.png" alt="Using cat Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="836" height="158" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/redirect-the-file-content-using-the-cat-command.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/redirect-the-file-content-using-the-cat-command.png 836w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>Similarly, you can do the same with multiple files:</p>
<pre><code>cat FileA FileB &gt; FileC</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/redirect-file-content-of-multiple-files-using-the-cat-command.png" alt="Using cat Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="836" height="290" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/redirect-file-content-of-multiple-files-using-the-cat-command.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/redirect-file-content-of-multiple-files-using-the-cat-command.png 836w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>As you can see, the above command removed the data of FileC and then redirected the data of FileA and FileB.</p>
<h3 id="append-the-content-of-one-file-to-another">Append the content of one file to another</h3>
<p>There are times when you want to append data to the existing data and in that case, you&apos;ll have to use the <code>&gt;&gt;</code> instead of single <code>&gt;</code>:</p>
<pre><code>cat FileA &gt;&gt; FileB</code></pre>
<p>For example, here, I will be redirecting two files <code>FileA</code> and <code>FileB</code> to the <code>FileC</code>:</p>
<pre><code>cat FileA.txt FileB.txt &gt;&gt; FileC.txt</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/redirect-file-content-without-overriding-using-the-cat-command.png" alt="Using cat Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="836" height="310" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/redirect-file-content-without-overriding-using-the-cat-command.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/redirect-file-content-without-overriding-using-the-cat-command.png 836w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>As you can see, it preserved the data of the <code>FileC.txt</code> and the data was appended at the end of it.</p>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-green"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4A1;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>You can use the </span><code><span>&gt;&gt;</span></code><span> to add new lines to an existing file. Use </span><code><span>cat &gt;&gt; filename</span></code><span> and start adding the text you want and finally save the changes with </span><code><span>Ctrl+D</span></code><span>.</span></p></div></div>
<h3 id="4-show-the-numbers-of-line">4. Show the numbers of line</h3>
<p>You may encounter such scenarios where you want to see the number of lines, and that can be achieved using the <code>-n</code> option:</p>
<pre><code>cat -n File</code></pre>
<p>For example, here, I used the <code>-n</code> option with the <code>Haruki.txt</code>:</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/get-the-number-of-the-lines-in-the-cat-command.png" alt="Using cat Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="836" height="410" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/get-the-number-of-the-lines-in-the-cat-command.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/get-the-number-of-the-lines-in-the-cat-command.png 836w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<h3 id="5-remove-the-blank-lines">5. Remove the blank lines </h3>
<p>Left multiple blank lines in your text document? The cat command will fix it for you!</p>
<p>To do so, all you have to do is use the <code>-s</code> flag.</p>
<p>But there&apos;s one downside of using the <code>-s</code> flag. You&apos;re still left with one blank space:</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/remove-blank-lines-with-the-cat-command.png" alt="Using cat Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1250" height="454" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/remove-blank-lines-with-the-cat-command.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/remove-blank-lines-with-the-cat-command.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/remove-blank-lines-with-the-cat-command.png 1250w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>As you can see, it works but the results are close to the expectations.</p>
<p>So how would you remove all the empty lines? By piping it to the grep command:</p>
<pre><code>cat File | grep -v &apos;^$&apos;</code></pre>
<p>Here, the <code>-v</code> flag will filter out the results as per <code>the </code>specified pattern and  <code>&apos;^$&apos;</code> is a regular expression that matches the empty lines.</p>
<p>And here are the results when I used it over the <code>Haruki.txt</code>:</p>
<pre><code>cat Haruki.txt | grep -v &apos;^$&apos;</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/remove-all-the-blank-lines-in-text-files-using-the-cat-command-piped-with-grep-regular-expression.png" alt="Using cat Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1210" height="454" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/remove-all-the-blank-lines-in-text-files-using-the-cat-command-piped-with-grep-regular-expression.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/remove-all-the-blank-lines-in-text-files-using-the-cat-command-piped-with-grep-regular-expression.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/remove-all-the-blank-lines-in-text-files-using-the-cat-command-piped-with-grep-regular-expression.png 1210w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>Once you have the perfect output, you can redirect it to a file to save the output:</p>
<pre><code>cat Haruki.txt | grep -v &apos;^$&apos; &gt; File</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/save-output-of-cat-command-by-redirection.png" alt="Using cat Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="836" height="248" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/save-output-of-cat-command-by-redirection.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/save-output-of-cat-command-by-redirection.png 836w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<h2 id="thats-what-youve-learned-so-far">That&apos;s what you&apos;ve learned so far</h2>
<p>Here&apos;s a quick summary of what I explained in this tutorial:</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Command</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>cat &lt;Filename&gt;</code></td>
<td>Prints the file content to the terminal.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>cat &gt;File</code></td>
<td>Create a new file.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>cat FileA &gt; FileB</code></td>
<td>File contents of the <code>FileB</code> will be overridden by the <code>FileA</code>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>cat FileA &gt;&gt; FileB</code></td>
<td>File contents of the <code>FileA</code> will be appended at the end of the <code>FileB</code>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>cat -n File</code></td>
<td>Shows the number of lines while omitting the file contents of the File.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>cat File | more</code></td>
<td>Piping the cat command to the more command to deal with large files. Remember, it won&apos;t let you scroll up!</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>cat File | less</code></td>
<td>Piping the cat command to the less command, which is similar to above, but it allows you to scroll both ways.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>cat File | grep -v &apos;^$&apos;</code></td>
<td>Removes all the empty lines from the file.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

<h2 id="%F0%9F%8F%8B%EF%B8%8Fits-time-to-exercise">&#x1F3CB;&#xFE0F;It&apos;s time to exercise</h2>
<p>If you learned something new, executing it with different possibilities is the best way to remember.</p>
<p>And for that purpose, here are some simple exercises you can do with the cat command. They will be super basic as cat too is<a href="https://learnubuntu.com/top-ubuntu-commands/?ref=itsfoss.com"> one of the most basic commands</a>.</p>
<p>For practice purposes, you can <a href="https://github.com/itsfoss/text-files?ref=itsfoss.com">use our text files from GitHub.</a></p>
<ol><li>How would you create an empty file using the cat command?</li><li>Redirect output produced by the cat command to a new file <code>IF.txt</code></li><li>Can you redirect three or more file inputs to one file? If yes, then how?</li></ol>


link: https://itsfoss.com/bash-pass-arguments/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: Bash Basics Series #3: Passing Arguments and Accepting User Inputs
categories: Bash Basics
description:
Learn how to pass arguments to bash scripts and make them interactive in this chapter of the Bash Basics series.

content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/bash-series-3-passing-args-user-inputs.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #3: Passing Arguments and Accepting User Inputs"><p>Let&apos;s have arguments... with your bash scripts &#x1F609;</p>
<p>You can make your bash script more useful and interactive by passing variables to it.</p>
<p>Let me show you this in detail with examples.</p>
<h2 id="pass-arguments-to-a-shell-script">Pass arguments to a shell script</h2>
<p>When you run a shell script, you can add additional variables to it in the following fashion:</p>
<pre><code>./my_script.sh var1 var2</code></pre>
<p>Inside the script, you can use $1 for the 1st argument, $2 for the 2nd argument and so on.</p>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-green"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4A1;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>$0 is a special variable that holds the name of the script being executed.</span></p></div></div>
<p>Let&apos;s see it with an actual example. Switch to the directory where you keep your practice bash scripts.</p>
<pre><code>mkdir -p bash_scripts &amp;&amp; cd bash_scripts
</code></pre>
<p>Now, create a new shell script named <code>arguments.sh</code> (I could not think of any better names) and add the following lines to it:</p>
<pre><code>#!/bin/bash

echo &quot;Script name is: $0&quot;
echo &quot;First argument is: $1&quot;
echo &quot;Second argument is: $2&quot;</code></pre>
<p>Save the file and make it executable. Now run the script like you always do but this time add any two strings to it. You&apos;ll see the details printed on the screen.</p>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-red"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F6A7;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>Arguments are separated by a white space (space, tab). If you have an argument with space in it, use double quotes around it otherwise it will be counted as separate arguments.</span></p></div></div>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/run-bash-script-with-arguments.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #3: Passing Arguments and Accepting User Inputs" loading="lazy" width="846" height="399" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/run-bash-script-with-arguments.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/run-bash-script-with-arguments.png 846w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-green"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4A1;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p dir="ltr"><span>Bash scripts support up to 255 arguments. But for arguments 10 and above, you have to use curly braces ${10}, ${11}...${n}.</span></p></div></div>
<p>As you can see, the $0 represents the script name while the rest of the arguments are stored in the numbered variables. There are some other special variables that you may use in your scripts.</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Special Variable</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>$0</td>
<td>Script name</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$1, $2...$9</td>
<td>Script arguments</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>${n}</td>
<td>Script arguments from 10 to 255</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$#</td>
<td>Number of arguments</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$@</td>
<td>All arguments together</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$$</td>
<td>Process id of the current shell</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$!</td>
<td>Process id of the last executed command</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$?</td>
<td>Exit status of last executed command</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-blue"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F3CB;&#xFE0F;&#x200D;&#x2640;&#xFE0F;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>Modify the above script to display the number of arguments.</span></p></div></div>
<h3 id="what-if-the-number-of-arguments-doesnt-match">What if the number of arguments doesn&apos;t match?</h3>
<p>In the above example, you provided the bash script with two arguments and used them in the script. </p>
<p>But what if you provided only one argument or three arguments?</p>
<p>Let&apos;s do it actually.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/passing-non-matching-arguments-bash-shell.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #3: Passing Arguments and Accepting User Inputs" loading="lazy" width="846" height="399" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/passing-non-matching-arguments-bash-shell.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/passing-non-matching-arguments-bash-shell.png 846w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>As you can see above, when you provided more than expected arguments, things were still the same. Additional arguments are not used so they don&apos;t create issues.</p>
<p>However, when you provided fewer than expected arguments, the script displayed empty space. This could be problematic if part of your script is dependent on the missing argument.</p>
<h2 id="accepting-user-input-and-making-an-interactive-bash-script">Accepting user input and making an interactive bash script</h2>
<p>You can also create bash scripts that prompt the user to provide input through the keyboard. This makes your scripts interactive.</p>
<p>The read command provides this feature. You can use it like this:</p>
<pre><code>echo &quot;Enter something&quot;
read var</code></pre>
<p>The echo command above is not required but then the end user won&apos;t know that they have to provide input. And then everything that the user enters before pressing the return (enter) key is stored in <code>var</code> variable.</p>
<p>You can also display a prompt message and get the value in a single line like this:</p>
<pre><code>read -p &quot;Enter something? &quot; var</code></pre>
<p>Let&apos;s see it in action. Create a new <code>interactive.sh</code> shell script with the following content:</p>
<pre><code>#!/bin/bash

echo &quot;What is your name, stranger?&quot;
read name
read -p &quot;What&apos;s your full name, $name? &quot; full_name
echo &quot;Welcome, $full_name&quot;</code></pre>
<p>In the above example, I used the <code>name</code> variable to get the name. And then I use the <code>name</code> variable in the prompt and get user input in <code>full_name</code> variable. I used both ways of using the read command.</p>
<p>Now if you give the execute permission and then run this script, you&apos;ll notice that the script displays <code>What is your name, stranger?</code> and then waits for you to enter something from the keyboard. You provide input and then it displays <code>What&apos;s your full name</code> type of message and waits for the input again.</p>
<p>Here&apos;s a sample output for your reference:</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/interactive-bash-shell-script.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #3: Passing Arguments and Accepting User Inputs" loading="lazy" width="954" height="350" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/interactive-bash-shell-script.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/interactive-bash-shell-script.png 954w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<h2 id="%F0%9F%8F%8B%EF%B8%8F-exercise-time">&#x1F3CB;&#xFE0F; Exercise time</h2>
<p>Time to practice what you learned. Try writing simple bash scripts for the following scenarios.</p>
<p><strong>Exercise 1</strong>: Write a script that takes three arguments. You have to make the script display the arguments in reverse order.</p>
<p><strong>Expected output</strong>:</p>
<pre><code>abhishek@itsfoss:~/bash_scripts$ ./reverse.sh ubuntu fedora arch
Arguments in reverse order:
arch fedora ubuntu</code></pre>
<p><strong>Exercise 2</strong>: Write a script that displays the number of arguments passed to it.</p>
<p><strong>Hint</strong>: Use special variable $#</p>
<p><strong>Expected output</strong>: </p>
<pre><code>abhishek@itsfoss:~/bash_scripts$ ./arguments.sh one and two and three
Total number of arguments: 5</code></pre>
<p><strong>Exercise 3</strong>: Write a script that takes a filename as arguments and displays its line number.</p>
<p><strong>Hint</strong>: Use wc command for counting the line numbers.</p>
<p>You may discuss your solution in the community.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.community/t/practice-exercise-in-bash-basics-series-3-pass-arguments-and-accept-user-inputs/10799?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Practice Exercise in Bash Basics Series #3: Pass Arguments and Accept User Inputs</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">If you are following the Bash Basics series on It&#x2019;s FOSS, you can submit and discuss the answers to the exercise at the end of the chapter: Fellow experienced members are encouraged to provide their feedback to new members. Do note that there could be more than one answer to a given problem.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.community/uploads/default/optimized/1X/f274f9749e3fd8b4d6fbae1cf90c5c186d2f699c_2_180x180.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #3: Passing Arguments and Accepting User Inputs"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">abhishek</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">It&apos;s FOSS Community</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.community/uploads/default/original/1X/f274f9749e3fd8b4d6fbae1cf90c5c186d2f699c.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #3: Passing Arguments and Accepting User Inputs"></div></a></figure>
<p>Great! So now you can (pass) argument :) In the next chapter, you&apos;ll learn to perform basic mathematics in bash.</p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/newsletter/foss-weekly-23-25/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff
description: The bash basic series continues and so does the Linux learning.
categories: Newsletter
content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/foss-weekly-23-25.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"><p>Reintroducing the &apos;request your tutorial&apos; feature &#x1F9BE;</p><p>You might face some issues in your desktop Linux life. And if you did not find a good tutorial for your problem, feel free to <a href="https://itsfoss.community/c/topic-ideas/25?ref=itsfoss.com">request a tutorial through our Community platform</a>. You can also suggest topics that you think should be covered on It&apos;s FOSS.</p><p>The 11th-anniversary offer ends this week. <strong><em><a href="https://itsfoss.com/11th-anniversary-offer">Opt for Pro Subscription</a> at 11% discount and get two ebooks: <a href="https://linuxhandbook.gumroad.com/l/mEsrwA?ref=itsfoss.com">Learn Linux Quickly</a> and <a href="https://linuxhandbook.gumroad.com/l/ejfGu?ref=itsfoss.com">Learn Bash Quickly</a>. </em></strong>Pro members can download the books for free <a href="https://itsfoss.com/pro-resources/">from this page</a>.</p><p><strong>&#x1F4AC; Let&apos;s see what you get in this edition of FOSS Weekly:</strong></p><ul><li>The second article in our Bash Basics series.</li><li>A couple of office suite software updates.</li><li><a href="https://itsfoss.com/11th-anniversary-offer">11% celebratory discount on It&apos;s FOSS Pro subscription</a> (and two Linux and Bash books)</li><li>And other Linux news, videos, and, of course, memes!</li></ul><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%93%B0-linux-news">&#x1F4F0; Linux news</h2><p>ONLYOFFICE 7.4 was recently released with drawing support, radar charts, plugins upgrade and more.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://news.itsfoss.com/onlyoffice-7-4-release/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Open Source Microsoft Office Alternative ONLYOFFICE Releases Version 7.4</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">There is a new release of the awesome ONLYOFFICE.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/08/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS News</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Sourav Rudra</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/ONLYOFFICE_7.4_Featured_Image.jpg" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"></div></a></figure><p>Similarly, SoftMaker Office 2024 (non-FOSS) recently introduced ChatGPT and DeepL integration.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://news.itsfoss.com/softmaker-office-2024/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">SoftMaker Office 2024 Releases With Integrated ChatGPT and DeepL</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">SoftMaker is a well-known office suite for Linux and other platforms. Check out its latest release here.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/08/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS News</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Sourav Rudra</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/softmaker-office-2024-release.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A7%A0-what-we%E2%80%99re-thinking-about">&#x1F9E0; What we&#x2019;re thinking about</h2><p>The predictions of Richard Stallman have become a reality, and copyleft is becoming increasingly important.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://ploum.net/2023-06-19-more-rms.html?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">We need more of Richard Stallman, not less</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">We need more of Richard Stallman, not less &#xE9;crit par Ploum, Lionel Dricot, ing&#xE9;nieur, &#xE9;crivain de science-fiction, d&#xE9;veloppeur de logiciels libres.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://ploum.net/files/favicon.ico" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://ploum.net/files/rms2019.jpg" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A7%AE-tutorials">&#x1F9EE; Tutorials</h2><p>Continue the journey to the Bash world with the second chapter in the Bash Basics series. </p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/bash-use-variables/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Bash Basics #2: Use Variables in Bash Scripts</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">In this chapter of the Bash Basics series, learn about using variables in Bash scripts.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/variables-in-bash.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"></div></a></figure><p>This week&apos;s #TerminalTuesday covers the simple but essential cd command.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/cd-command/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Using cd Command in Linux</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Learn about using one of the basic but essential Linux commands that is used for switching directories.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cd-command.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"></div></a></figure><p>Embrace Flatpak on Ubuntu with this new guide.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/flatpak-ubuntu/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Install and Use Flatpak on Ubuntu</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Ubuntu may come with Snap by default but you could still enjoy the Flatpak universal packages on it.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/install-flatpak-ubuntu.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"></div></a></figure><h2 id="%F0%9F%93%B9-what-we-are-watching">&#x1F4F9; What we are watching</h2><p>NixOS is getting more attention these days.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-embed-card"><iframe width="200" height="113" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/DMQWirkx5EY?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen title="NIX OS: the BEST package manager on the MOST SOLID Linux distribution"></iframe></figure><hr><h2 id="%E2%9C%A8-application-highlights">&#x2728; Application highlights</h2><p>Here&apos;s a clipboard app that offers a lot of functionality.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://news.itsfoss.com/clipboard/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Meet &#x2018;Clipboard&#x2019;: An Open-Source App That Aims to Turn Up Your Productivity</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">The clipboard app is a useful open-source tool with lots of features to improve your productivity.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/08/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS News</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Sourav Rudra</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/clipboard-first-look.jpg" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"></div></a></figure><p>Take control of your emails by opting for one of these open-source email servers.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/open-source-email-servers/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">12 Best Open Source Email Servers</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Here&#x2019;s a list of open-source mail servers that you can use to send/receive emails and store mail.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Ankush Das</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/opensource-email-servers.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%93%A5-dont-miss-11-years-of-its-foss">&#x1F4E5; 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This was a stepping stone for Microsoft as it partnered with Seattle Computer Products. </p><p>In 1980, IBM wanted to use CP/M operating system for its upcoming PC. The talks failed with CP/M creator Gary Kildall. In 1981, IBM awarded a contract to Microsoft for developing a CP/M like operating system.</p><p>Instead of developing it from scratch, Microsoft purchased a CP/M clone, 86-DOS, from Seattle Computer Products and sold it to IBM as PC DOS (later to be known as MS DOS).</p><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A7%91%E2%80%8D%F0%9F%A4%9D%E2%80%8D%F0%9F%A7%91-fossverse-corner">&#x1F9D1;&#x200D;&#x1F91D;&#x200D;&#x1F9D1; FOSSverse corner</h2><p>You can now request a tutorial through our Community platform.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.community/c/topic-ideas/25?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Topic Ideas</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">&lt;strong&gt;Could not find a tutorial on It&#x2019;s FOSS? 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link: https://itsfoss.com/flatpak-ubuntu/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: Install and Use Flatpak on Ubuntu
categories: Ubuntu
description:
Ubuntu may come with Snap by default but you could still enjoy the Flatpak universal packages on it.

content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/install-flatpak-ubuntu.png" alt="Install and Use Flatpak on Ubuntu"><p>The Linux world has three &apos;universal&apos; packaging formats that allow running on &apos;any&apos; Linux distribution; Snap, Flatpak and AppImage.</p>
<p>Ubuntu comes baked-in with Snap but most distributions and developers avoid it because of its close source nature. They prefer <a href="https://itsfoss.com/what-is-flatpak/">Fedora&apos;s Flatpak packaging system</a>. </p>
<p>As an Ubuntu user, you are not restricted to Snap. You also can use Flatpak on your Ubuntu system.</p>
<p>In this tutorial, I&apos;ll discuss the following:</p>
<ul><li>Enabling Flatpak support on Ubuntu</li><li>Using Flatpak commands to manage packages</li><li>Getting packages from Flathub</li><li>Add Flatpak packages to Software Center</li></ul>
<p>Sounds exciting? Let&apos;s see them one by one.</p>
<h2 id="installing-flatpak-on-ubuntu">Installing Flatpak on Ubuntu</h2>
<p>You can easily install Flatpak using the following command:</p>
<pre><code>sudo apt install flatpak</code></pre>
<p>For <strong><em>Ubuntu 18.04 or older versions</em></strong>, use PPA:</p>
<pre><code>sudo add-apt-repository ppa:flatpak/stable
sudo apt update
sudo apt install flatpak</code></pre>
<h3 id="add-flathub-repo">Add Flathub repo</h3>
<p>You have installed Flatpak support in your Ubuntu system. However, if you try to install a Flatpak package, you&apos;ll get &apos;<a href="https://itsfoss.com/no-remote-ref-found-flatpak/">No remote refs found&apos; error</a>. That&apos;s because there are no Flatpak repositories added and hence Flatpak doesn&apos;t even know from where it should get the applications.</p>
<p>Flatpak has a centralized repository called Flathub. A number of Flatpak applications can be found and downloaded from here.</p>
<p>You should add the Flathub repo to access those applications.</p>
<pre><code>flatpak remote-add --if-not-exists flathub https://flathub.org/repo/flathub.flatpakrepo
</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/install-flatpak-1.svg" alt="Install and Use Flatpak on Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="386"><figcaption><span>Installing Flatpak and add Flathub Repo</span></figcaption></figure>
<p>Once Flatpak is installed and configured, <strong>restart your system</strong>. Otherwise, installed Flatpak apps won&apos;t be visible on your system menu. </p>
<p>Still, you can always run a flatpak app by running:</p>
<pre><code>flatpak run &lt;package-name&gt;</code></pre>
<h2 id="common-flatpak-commands">Common Flatpak Commands</h2>
<p>Now that you have Flatpak packaging support installed, it&apos;s time to learn some of the most common Flatpak commands needed for package management.</p>
<h3 id="search-for-a-package">Search for a Package</h3>
<p>Either use Flathub website or use the following command, if you know the application name:</p>
<pre><code>flatpak search &lt;package-name&gt;</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/flatpak-search.svg" alt="Install and Use Flatpak on Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="386"><figcaption><span>Search for a Package</span></figcaption></figure>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-red"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F6A7;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>Except for searching a flatpak package, on other instances, the &lt;package-name&gt; refers to the proper Flatpak package name, like </span><code><span>com.raggesilver.BlackBox</span></code><span> (Application ID in the above screenshot). You may also use the last word </span><code><span>Blackbox</span></code><span> of the Application ID.</span></p></div></div>
<h3 id="install-a-flatpak-package">Install a Flatpak package</h3>
<p>Here&apos;s the syntax for installing a Flatpak package:</p>
<pre><code>flatpak install &lt;remote-repo&gt; &lt;package-name&gt;</code></pre>
<p>Since almost all the times you&apos;ll be getting applications from Flathub, the remote repository will be <code>flathub</code>:</p>
<pre><code>flatpak install flathub &lt;package-name&gt;</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/flatpak-install-package.svg" alt="Install and Use Flatpak on Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="386"><figcaption><span>Install a Package</span></figcaption></figure>
<p>In some rare cases, you may install Flatpak packages from the developer&apos;s repository directly instead of Flathub. In that case, you use a syntax like this: </p>
<pre><code>flatpak install --from https://flathub.org/repo/appstream/com.spotify.Client.flatpakref</code></pre>
<h3 id="install-a-package-from-flatpakref">Install a package from flatpakref</h3>
<p>This is optional and rare too. But sometime, you will get a <code>.flatpakref</code> file for an application. This is <strong>NOT an offline installation</strong>. The .flatpakref has the necessary details about where to get the packages.</p>
<p>To install from such a file, open a terminal and run:</p>
<pre><code>flatpak install &lt;path-to-flatpakref file&gt;</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/install-flatpak-ref.svg" alt="Install and Use Flatpak on Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="386"><figcaption><span>Install Flatpakref</span></figcaption></figure>
<h3 id="run-a-flatpak-application-from-the-terminal">Run a Flatpak application from the terminal</h3>
<p>Again, something you won&apos;t be doing it often. Mostly, you&apos;ll search for the installing application in the system menu and run the application from there.</p>
<p>However, you can also run them from the terminal using:</p>
<pre><code>flatpak run &lt;package-name&gt;</code></pre>
<h3 id="list-installed-flatpak-packages">List installed Flatpak packages</h3>
<p>Want to see which Flatpak applications are installed on your system? List them like this:</p>
<pre><code>flatpak list</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/flatpak-list.svg" alt="Install and Use Flatpak on Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="386"><figcaption><span>List Installed Packages</span></figcaption></figure>
<h3 id="uninstall-a-flatpak-package">Uninstall a Flatpak package</h3>
<p>You can remove an installed Flatpak package in the following manner:</p>
<pre><code>flatpak uninstall &lt;package-name&gt;</code></pre>
<p>If you want to <strong>clear the leftover packages and runtimes, that are no longer needed</strong>, use:</p>
<pre><code>flatpak uninstall --unused</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/flatpak-uninstall-package-with-removal-of-unused.svg" alt="Install and Use Flatpak on Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="386"><figcaption><span>Remove a package</span></figcaption></figure>
<p>It may help you <a href="https://itsfoss.com/free-up-space-ubuntu-linux/">save some disk space on Ubuntu</a>.</p>
<h2 id="flatpak-commands-summary">Flatpak commands summary</h2>
<p>Here&apos;s a quick summary of the commands you learned above:</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Usage</th>
<th>Command</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Search for Packages</td>
<td>flatpak search <package-name></package-name></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Install a Package</td>
<td>flatpak install <package-name></package-name></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>List Installed Package</td>
<td>flatpak list</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Install from flatpakref</td>
<td>flatpak install &lt;package-name.flatpakref&gt;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Uninstall a Package</td>
<td>flatpak uninstall <package-name></package-name></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Uninstall Unused runtimes and packages</td>
<td>flatpak uninstall --unused</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

<h2 id="using-flathub-to-explore-flatpak-packages">Using Flathub to explore Flatpak packages</h2>
<p>I understand that searching for Flatpak packages through the command line is not the best experience and that&apos;s where the <a href="https://flathub.org/en-GB?ref=itsfoss.com">Flathub website</a> comes into picture.</p>
<p>You can browse the Flatpak application on Flathub, which provides additional details like verified publishers, total number of downloads etc.</p>
<p>You&apos;ll also get the commands you need to use for installing the applications at the bottom of the application page.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-gallery-card kg-width-wide kg-card-hascaption"><div class="kg-gallery-container"><div class="kg-gallery-row"><div class="kg-gallery-image"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/Flathub-apps-page-2.png" width="1438" height="916" loading="lazy" alt="Install and Use Flatpak on Ubuntu" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/Flathub-apps-page-2.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/Flathub-apps-page-2.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/Flathub-apps-page-2.png 1438w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></div><div class="kg-gallery-image"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/application-details-in-flathub-website-2.png" width="1436" height="884" loading="lazy" alt="Install and Use Flatpak on Ubuntu" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/application-details-in-flathub-website-2.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/application-details-in-flathub-website-2.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/application-details-in-flathub-website-2.png 1436w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></div></div></div><figcaption><p><span>Application Details in Flathub Official Website</span></p></figcaption></figure>
<h2 id="bonus-use-software-center-with-flatpak-package-support">Bonus: Use Software Center with Flatpak package support</h2>
<p>You can add the Flatpak packages to the GNOME Software Center application and use it for installing packages graphically.</p>
<p>There is a dedicated plugin to add Flatpak to GNOME Software Center.</p>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-red"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F6A7;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>Since Ubuntu 20.04, the default software center in Ubuntu is Snap Store and it does not support flatpak integration. So, installing the below package will result in two software centers simultaneously: one Snap and another DEB.</span></p></div></div>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/two-software-centers-in-Ubuntu.png" alt="Install and Use Flatpak on Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="1472" height="348" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/two-software-centers-in-Ubuntu.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/two-software-centers-in-Ubuntu.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/two-software-centers-in-Ubuntu.png 1472w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption><span>Two Software Center in Ubuntu</span></figcaption></figure>
<pre><code>sudo apt install gnome-software-plugin-flatpak</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/install-gnome-flatpak-plugin.svg" alt="Install and Use Flatpak on Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="386"><figcaption><span>Install GNOME Plugin</span></figcaption></figure>
<h2 id="conclusion">Conclusion</h2>
<p>You learned plenty of things here. You learned to enable Flatpak support in Ubuntu and manage Flatpak packages through the command line. You also learned about the integration with the Software Center.</p>
<p>I hope you feel a bit more comfortable with Flatpaks now. Since you discovered one of the three universal packages, how about <a href="https://itsfoss.com/use-appimage-linux/">learning about Appimages</a>?</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/use-appimage-linux/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">How to Use AppImage in Linux [Complete Guide]</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">What is AppImage? How to run it? How does it work? Here&#x2019;s the complete guide about using AppImage in Linux.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="Install and Use Flatpak on Ubuntu"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">Abhishek Prakash</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">It&apos;s FOSS</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2017/07/use-appimage-linux.png" alt="Install and Use Flatpak on Ubuntu"></div></a></figure>
<p><em>Let me know if you have questions or if you face any issues.</em></p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/cd-command/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: Using cd Command in Linux
categories: Linux Commands
description:
Learn about using one of the basic but essential Linux commands that is used for switching directories.

content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cd-command.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux"><p>The cd command in Linux is used for changing directories. cd is actually short for change directories.</p>
<p>It&apos;s one of the <a href="https://itsfoss.com/essential-ubuntu-commands/">essential Linux commands</a> that you must know. </p>
<p>Using the cd command is quite simple:</p>
<pre><code>cd path_to_directory</code></pre>
<p>It cannot go any simple than this, can it?</p>
<p>However, it&apos;s the path part that you should understand to easily travel through the <a href="https://linuxhandbook.com/linux-directory-structure/?ref=itsfoss.com">filesystem</a> without getting confused.</p>
<p>Here&apos;s a quick recall of absolute and relative paths.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://linuxhandbook.com/content/images/2021/04/absolute-vs-relative-path-linux.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux" loading="lazy"></figure>
<p>And if you need more details, I recommend reading this article.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://linuxhandbook.com/absolute-vs-relative-path/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Absolute vs Relative Path in Linux: What&#x2019;s the Difference?</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">In this essential Linux learning chapter, know about the relative and absolute paths in Linux. What&#x2019;s the difference between them and which one should you use.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://linuxhandbook.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2021/08/Linux-Handbook-New-Logo.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">Abhishek Prakash</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Linux Handbook</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://linuxhandbook.com/content/images/2021/04/absolute-relative-path-linux.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux"></div></a></figure>
<p>Let&apos;s see some examples of using the cd command.</p>
<h2 id="use-absolute-path-to-change-the-directory">Use absolute path to change the directory</h2>
<p>It will be easier to understand visually. Look at the image below.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/absolute-path-cd-1.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="800" height="500" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/absolute-path-cd-1.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/absolute-path-cd-1.png 800w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption><span>Absolute path travel to the python directory</span></figcaption></figure>
<p>My current location is my home directory (<code>/home/abhishek</code>) and I have to go to the <code>python</code> directory inside the <code>scripts</code> directory.</p>
<p>Let&apos;s say I want to use the absolute path. The absolute path to the pyth<code>/home/abhishek/scripts/python</code>.</p>
<pre><code>cd /home/abhishek/scripts/python</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cd-absolute-path.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1644" height="698" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/cd-absolute-path.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/cd-absolute-path.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/cd-absolute-path.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cd-absolute-path.png 1644w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<h2 id="use-relative-path-to-change-directories">Use relative path to change directories</h2>
<p>Let&apos;s take the same example but this time, I&apos;ll take the relative path.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/absolute-path-cd-2.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="800" height="500" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/absolute-path-cd-2.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/absolute-path-cd-2.png 800w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>The relative path to the <code>python</code> directory from my home directory is <code>scripts/python</code>. Let&apos;s use this:</p>
<pre><code>cd scripts/python</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cd-relative-path.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1644" height="698" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/cd-relative-path.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/cd-relative-path.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/cd-relative-path.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cd-relative-path.png 1644w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<h2 id="go-up-the-directory">Go up the directory</h2>
<p>So far, you are going down the &apos;flow&apos;. What if you have to go up a directory?</p>
<p>Let&apos;s say, you are in <code>/home/abhishek/scripts/python</code> and you have to up a directory to <code>scripts</code>?.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/relative-path-cd.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="800" height="500" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/relative-path-cd.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/relative-path-cd.png 800w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>Using the absolute path is always an option but it is quite lengthy. Instead, you can use the special directory notation <code>..</code>. The double dots (..) mean parent directory or up a directory. Single dot (.) means the current directory.</p>
<pre><code>cd ..</code></pre>
<p>Here&apos;s an example:</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cd-up-directory.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1644" height="698" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/cd-up-directory.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/cd-up-directory.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/cd-up-directory.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cd-up-directory.png 1644w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>You can use the <code>..</code> to travel up the path in the Linux filesystem hierarchy.</p>
<p>Suppose I am in the <code>python</code> directory in the above image and want to go to the <code>code</code> directory. Here&apos;s what I could do:</p>
<pre><code>cd ../../code</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/go-up-directory-cd-command.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1644" height="698" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/go-up-directory-cd-command.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/go-up-directory-cd-command.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/go-up-directory-cd-command.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/go-up-directory-cd-command.png 1644w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<h2 id="go-to-the-home-directory">Go to the home directory</h2>
<p>If you feel lost in all these directory travels and want to go back home, there are so many simple shortcuts.</p>
<p>In fact, the simplest of them is to use the cd command without any option.</p>
<pre><code>cd</code></pre>
<p>That will take you back to your home directory from anywhere on the filesystem.</p>
<p>Alternatively, you can use the <code>~</code> notation which means home directory.</p>
<pre><code>cd ~</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cd-go-back-home.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1644" height="664" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/cd-go-back-home.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/cd-go-back-home.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/cd-go-back-home.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cd-go-back-home.png 1644w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<h2 id="go-to-the-root-directory">Go to the root directory</h2>
<p>Though you won&apos;t use it as often as the previous one, it is still good to know.</p>
<p>If you want to go back to the root directory from where the filesystem begins, use this:</p>
<pre><code>cd /</code></pre>
<p>There is no &apos;magic&apos; involved here. <code>/</code> denotes root when used at the beginning of a path. Don&apos;t confuse it with path separators.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://linuxhandbook.com/content/images/2021/04/path-linux.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux" loading="lazy"></figure>
<h2 id="switch-back-to-the-previous-directory">Switch back to the previous directory</h2>
<p>This is a lifesaver or should I say timesaver. When you are deep inside a directory structure and then go to another directory and then you feel the need to go back to the previous location, this shortcut helps.</p>
<pre><code>cd -</code></pre>
<p>Not clear yet? Let me show an example.</p>
<p>I am in the location <code>/etc/apt/sources.list.d</code>. From here, I go to <code>/home/abhishek/scripts/python</code> to work on my code. And then I realized that I have to check something again in <code>/etc/apt/sources.list.d</code> directory.</p>
<p>The usual approach would be to do this which makes me type all the path again:</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cd-previous-directory.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1866" height="768" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/cd-previous-directory.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/cd-previous-directory.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/cd-previous-directory.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cd-previous-directory.png 1866w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>But the smart approach is to use this:</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/use-cd-shortcut-to-previous-directory-1.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1866" height="768" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/use-cd-shortcut-to-previous-directory-1.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/use-cd-shortcut-to-previous-directory-1.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/use-cd-shortcut-to-previous-directory-1.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/use-cd-shortcut-to-previous-directory-1.png 1866w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>See, no need to type the lengthy path again. Works wonder!</p>
<h2 id="%F0%9F%8F%8B%EF%B8%8F-exercise-time">&#x1F3CB;&#xFE0F; Exercise time</h2>
<p>If you want to practice the cd command, here&apos;s a little practice exercise for you.</p>
<ul><li>Open a terminal and go to the <code>/var/log</code> directory. <a href="https://itsfoss.com/list-directory-content/">Check the directory contents</a>. What do you see?</li><li>Now, go to <code>/var</code> directory. This is up a directory.</li><li>From here, go back to your home directory. </li></ul>
<p>And that&apos;s good enough content for you to get familiar with the cd command. Here are some other important commands you should know about.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/essential-ubuntu-commands/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">31 Basic Yet Essential Ubuntu Commands</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">An extensive list of essential Linux commands that every Ubuntu user will find helpful in their Linux journey.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">Abhishek Prakash</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">It&apos;s FOSS</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2022/11/must-know-linux-commands-for-ubuntu-user.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux"></div></a></figure>
<p>Let me know if you have questions or suggestions.</p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/bash-use-variables/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: Bash Basics Series #2: Using Variables in Bash
description: In this chapter of the Bash Basics series, learn about using variables in Bash scripts.
categories: Bash Basics
content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/variables-in-bash.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #2: Using Variables in Bash"><p>In the first part of the Bash Basics Series, I briefly mentioned variables. It is time to take a detailed look at them in this chapter.</p>
<p>If you have ever done any kind of coding, you must be familiar with the term &apos;variable&apos;. </p>
<p>If not, think of a variable as a box that holds up information, and this information can be changed over time.</p>
<p>Let&apos;s see about using them.</p>
<h2 id="using-variables-in-bash-shell">Using variables in Bash shell</h2>
<p>Open a terminal and use initialize a variable with a random number 4:</p>
<pre><code>var=4</code></pre>
<p>So now you have a variable named <code>var</code> and its value is <code>4</code>. Want to verify it? <strong>Access the value of a variable by adding $ before the variable name</strong>. It&apos;s called parameter expansion.</p>
<pre><code>abhishek@itsfoss:~$ echo The value of var is $var
The value of var is 4</code></pre>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-red"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F6A7;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>There must NOT be a space before or after </span><code><span>=</span></code><span> during variable initialization.</span></p></div></div>
<p>If you want, you can change the value to something else:</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/Using-variables-in-shell.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #2: Using Variables in Bash" loading="lazy" width="1592" height="740" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/Using-variables-in-shell.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/Using-variables-in-shell.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/Using-variables-in-shell.png 1592w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>In Bash shell, a variable can be a number, character, or string (of characters including spaces).</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/bash-variables-types.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #2: Using Variables in Bash" loading="lazy" width="1826" height="680" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/bash-variables-types.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/bash-variables-types.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/bash-variables-types.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/bash-variables-types.png 1826w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-green"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4A1;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>Like other things in Linux, the variable names are also case-sensitive. They can consist of letters, numbers and the underscore &quot;_&quot;.</span></p></div></div>
<h2 id="using-variables-in-bash-scripts">Using variables in Bash scripts</h2>
<p>Did you notice that I didn&apos;t run a shell script to show the variable examples? You can do a lot of things in the shell directly. When you close the terminal, those variables you created will no longer exist.</p>
<p>However, your distro usually adds global variables so that they can be accessed across all of your scripts and shells.</p>
<p>Let&apos;s write some scripts again. You should have the script directory created earlier but this command will take care of that in either case:</p>
<pre><code>mkdir -p bash_scripts &amp;&amp; cd bash_scripts</code></pre>
<p>Basically, it will create <code>bash_scripts</code> directory if it doesn&apos;t exist already and then switch to that directory.</p>
<p>Here. let&apos;s create a new script named <code>knock.sh</code> with the following text.</p>
<pre><code>#!/bin/bash

echo knock, knock
echo &quot;Who&apos;s there?&quot;
echo &quot;It&apos;s me, $USER&quot;</code></pre>
<p>Change the file permission and run the script. You learned it in the previous chapter.</p>
<p>Here&apos;s what it produced for me:</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/using-global-variable-bash-script.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #2: Using Variables in Bash" loading="lazy" width="1826" height="680" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/using-global-variable-bash-script.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/using-global-variable-bash-script.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/using-global-variable-bash-script.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/using-global-variable-bash-script.png 1826w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p><strong>Did you notice how it added my name to it automatically?</strong> That&apos;s the magic of the global variable $USER that contains the username.</p>
<p>You may also notice that I used the &quot; sometimes with echo but not other times. That was deliberate. <a href="https://linuxhandbook.com/quotes-in-bash/?ref=itsfoss.com">Quotes in bash</a> have special meanings. They can be used to handle white spaces and other special characters. Let me show an example.</p>
<h2 id="handling-spaces-in-variables">Handling spaces in variables</h2>
<p>Let&apos;s say you have to use a variable called <code>greetings</code> that has the value <code>hello and welcome</code>.</p>
<p>If you try initializing the variable like this:</p>
<pre><code>greetings=Hello and Welcome</code></pre>
<p>You&apos;ll get an error like this:</p>
<pre><code>Command &apos;and&apos; not found, but can be installed with:
sudo apt install and</code></pre>
<p>This is why you need to use either single quotes or double quotes:</p>
<pre><code>greetings=&quot;Hello and Welcome&quot;</code></pre>
<p>And now you can use this variable as you want.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/using-spaces-in-bash-variable.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #2: Using Variables in Bash" loading="lazy" width="1826" height="750" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/using-spaces-in-bash-variable.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/using-spaces-in-bash-variable.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/using-spaces-in-bash-variable.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/using-spaces-in-bash-variable.png 1826w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<h2 id="assign-the-command-output-to-a-variable">Assign the command output to a variable</h2>
<p>Yes! You can store the output of a command in a variable and use them in your script. It&apos;s called command substitution.</p>
<pre><code>var=$(command)</code></pre>
<p>Here&apos;s an example:</p>
<pre><code>abhishek@itsfoss:~$ today=$(date +%D)
abhishek@itsfoss:~$ echo &quot;Today&apos;s date is $today&quot;
Today&apos;s date is 06/19/23
abhishek@itsfoss:~$ 
</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/command-substitue-bash-variable.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #2: Using Variables in Bash" loading="lazy" width="1826" height="644" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/command-substitue-bash-variable.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/command-substitue-bash-variable.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/command-substitue-bash-variable.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/command-substitue-bash-variable.png 1826w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>The older syntax used backticks instead of $() for the command substitution. While it may still work, you should use the new, recommended notation.</p>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-green"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4A1;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>Variables change the value unless you declare a &apos;constant&apos; variable like this: </span><code><span>readonly pi=3.14</span></code><span>. In this case, the value of variable </span><code><span>pi</span></code><span> cannot be changed because it was declared </span><code><span>readonly</span></code><span>.</span></p></div></div>
<h2 id="%F0%9F%8F%8B%EF%B8%8F-exercise-time">&#x1F3CB;&#xFE0F; Exercise time</h2>
<p>Time to practice what you learned. Here are some exercise to test your learning.</p>
<p><strong>Exercise 1</strong>: Write a bash script that prints your username, present working directory, home directory and default shell in the following format.</p>
<pre><code>Hello, there
My name is XYZ
My current location is XYZ
My home directory is XYZ
My default shell is XYZ</code></pre>
<p><strong>Hint</strong>: Use global variables $USER, $PWD, $HOME and $SHELL.</p>
<p><strong>Exercise 2: </strong>Write a bash script that declares a variable named <code>price</code>. Use it to get the output in the following format:</p>
<pre><code>Today&apos;s price is $X
Tomorrow&apos;s price is $Y</code></pre>
<p>Where X is the initial value of the variable <code>price</code> and it is doubled for tomorrow&apos;s prices.</p>
<p><strong>Hint</strong>: Use \ to escape the special character $.</p>
<p>The answers to the exercises can be discussed in this dedicated thread in the community.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.community/t/practice-exercise-in-bash-basics-series-2-using-variables-in-bash/10742?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Practice Exercise in Bash Basics Series #2: Using Variables in Bash</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">If you are following the Bash Basics series on It&#x2019;s FOSS, you can submit and discuss the answers to the exercise at the end of the chapter: Fellow experienced members are encouraged to provide their feedback to new members. Do note that there could be more than one answer to a given problem.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.community/uploads/default/optimized/1X/f274f9749e3fd8b4d6fbae1cf90c5c186d2f699c_2_180x180.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #2: Using Variables in Bash"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">abhishek</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">It&apos;s FOSS Community</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.community/uploads/default/original/1X/f274f9749e3fd8b4d6fbae1cf90c5c186d2f699c.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #2: Using Variables in Bash"></div></a></figure>
<p>In the next chapter of the Bash Basics Series, you&apos;ll see how to make the bash scripts interactive by passing arguments and accepting user inputs.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/bash-pass-arguments/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Bash Basics #3: Pass Arguments and Accept User Inputs</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Learn how to pass arguments to bash scripts and make them interactive in this chapter of the Bash Basics series.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #2: Using Variables in Bash"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">Abhishek Prakash</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">It&apos;s FOSS</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/bash-series-3-passing-args-user-inputs.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #2: Using Variables in Bash"></div></a></figure>
<p>Enjoy learning bash.</p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/open-source-email-servers/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: Best Open Source Email Servers
description: Here's a list of open-source mail servers that you can use to send/receive emails and store mail.
categories: Software Recommendation
content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/opensource-email-servers.png" alt="Best Open Source Email Servers"><p>It is convenient to use email services like Gmail, Proton Mail, and Outlook to send and receive emails, no matter what <a href="https://itsfoss.com/best-email-clients-linux/">email client</a> you use.</p><p>And, for all of that, you utilize their mail servers for email transactions. So, your emails&apos; security, reliability, and privacy depend on someone else.</p><p>But what if you want to own your email infrastructure and have the data in your control? You need an open-source email server, which should solve your problem.</p><p>If you are still curious, an email server lets you:</p><ul><li><strong>Build your mail backend to store email accounts</strong></li><li><strong>Take control of the security and reliability by self-hosting</strong></li><li><strong>Host on your preferred server architecture</strong></li><li><strong>It gives you the ability to make unlimited accounts</strong></li></ul><p>Of course, this is not for the end users. Sysadmins in small to midscale businesses, self hosters will find these software interesting.</p><p>Considering now you have an idea of the benefits of an open-source email server, here are some of the best options that you can find:</p><div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-blue"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4CB;</div><div class="kg-callout-text">The list includes mail servers and some solutions that make it possible to build/create an email server. Some might offer managed services and others can be self-hosted.</div></div><h2 id="1-postal">1. Postal </h2><figure class="kg-card kg-embed-card"><iframe width="200" height="113" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/d1Lzw_Q_fJQ?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen title="Installing Postal and a quick tour"></iframe></figure><p><a href="https://github.com/postalserver/postal?ref=itsfoss.com">Postal</a> is a feature-rich mail server that can be utilized by websites and servers. It is <strong>tailored for outgoing emails</strong> with no mailbox management features.</p><p>The <a href="https://docs.postalserver.io/?ref=itsfoss.com">documentation</a> is helpful to get started with all the essentials. You can utilize a docker and configure Postal on your server. </p><p>With Postal, you can create mail servers/users for multiple organizations, access outgoing/incoming message queue, real-time delivery information, and built-in features to ensure emails get delivered.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Real-time delivery information</li><li>Click and open the tracking</li><li>Tailored for outgoing emails</li></ul><div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-red"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F6A7;</div><div class="kg-callout-text">Maintaining and configuring your email server is not an easy task. You should only proceed with setting up a mail server if you know all it takes to send/receive emails reliably.</div></div><h2 id="2-mailcow">2. mailcow</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/mailcow-ui.jpg" class="kg-image" alt="Best Open Source Email Servers" loading="lazy" width="1496" height="862" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/mailcow-ui.jpg 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/mailcow-ui.jpg 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/mailcow-ui.jpg 1496w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p><a href="https://mailcow.email/?ref=itsfoss.com">mailcow</a> is a mail server suite with tools that help you build a web server, manage your mailbox, and more.</p><p>If you are not looking to send transactional emails, mailcow has your back. You can consider it as a groupware.</p><p>Like other mail servers, it works with Docker, where each container represents an application, all connected.</p><p>mailcow&apos;s web interface lets you do everything from a single place. You can explore more about the project on its <a href="https://github.com/mailcow/mailcow-dockerized?ref=itsfoss.com">GitHub page</a> or <a href="https://docs.mailcow.email/?ref=itsfoss.com">documentation</a>.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Easy to manage and update</li><li>Affordable paid support</li><li>Can be coupled with other mail servers if needed</li></ul><p><strong>Suggested Read &#x1F4D6;</strong></p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://linuxhandbook.com/smtp-services/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">10 Free &amp; Paid SMTP Services For Transactional and Bulk Emails</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Here are some of the most popular SMTP relay services with their plans for your web app notifications.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://linuxhandbook.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2021/08/Linux-Handbook-New-Logo.png" alt="Best Open Source Email Servers"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">Linux Handbook</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Avimanyu Bandyopadhyay</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://linuxhandbook.com/content/images/2021/04/smtp-services.jpg" alt="Best Open Source Email Servers"></div></a></figure><h2 id="3-cuttlefish">3. Cuttlefish</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cuttlefish-ui.png" class="kg-image" alt="Best Open Source Email Servers" loading="lazy" width="683" height="516" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/cuttlefish-ui.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cuttlefish-ui.png 683w"></figure><p>Want a simple transactional email server? <a href="https://cuttlefish.io/?ref=itsfoss.com">Cuttlefish</a> is a no-nonsense open-source mail server that is incredibly easy to use.</p><p>You get a simple web UI to check the stats and keep an eye on your outgoing emails.</p><p>Compared to some full-fledged email services like Sendgird or Mailgun, Cuttlefish does not offer all kinds of features, <strong>considering it is in beta</strong> at the time. You can only opt for it if you need something super simple and you want to work reliably.</p><p>Explore more about it on its <a href="https://github.com/mlandauer/cuttlefish?ref=itsfoss.com">GitHub page</a>.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights </strong></p><ul><li>Simple transactional email server</li><li>Easy to use</li></ul><h2 id="4-apache-james">4. Apache James</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/james.jpg" class="kg-image" alt="Best Open Source Email Servers" loading="lazy" width="885" height="385" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/james.jpg 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/james.jpg 885w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p><a href="https://james.apache.org/?ref=itsfoss.com">James</a> is short for <strong>Java Apache Mail Enterprise Server</strong>.</p><p>As the name suggests, it is an enterprise-focused open source mail server built with Java. You can use the email server as SMTP relay or an IMAP server, as per requirements.</p><p>Compared to others, James may not be the easiest to configure or install. However, you can look at its <a href="https://james.apache.org/server/install.html?ref=itsfoss.com">documentation</a> or <a href="https://github.com/apache/james-project?ref=itsfoss.com">GitHub page</a> to judge for yourself. </p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Easy administration after setup</li><li>Reliable and used by open-source enterprises</li><li>Distributed server</li></ul><h2 id="5-haraka">5. Haraka</h2><p><a href="https://haraka.github.io/?ref=itsfoss.com">Haraka</a> is a modern open source SMTP server built with Node.js. If you can build it for your business/website, you do not need to look for other <a href="https://linuxhandbook.com/smtp-services/?ref=itsfoss.com">SMTP services</a>.</p><p>The mail server is tailored to provide the best performance. One of the highlights of Haraka is that it features a modular plugin system that will allow programmers to change the server&apos;s behavior to their heart&apos;s extent.</p><p>You can consider it an excellent scalable outbound mail delivery server. Some popular names like Craigslist and DuckDuckGo Email Protection make use of Haraka.</p><p>Explore more about it on its <a href="https://github.com/haraka/Haraka?ref=itsfoss.com">GitHub page</a>.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Built using Node.js</li><li>Plugin system to extend functionalities</li></ul><h2 id="6-modoboa">6. Modoboa</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/modoboa.jpg" class="kg-image" alt="Best Open Source Email Servers" loading="lazy" width="1184" height="688" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/modoboa.jpg 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/modoboa.jpg 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/modoboa.jpg 1184w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p><a href="https://modoboa.org/en/?ref=itsfoss.com">Modoboa</a> is an all-in-one open-source solution.</p><p>It can help you build a mail server and give you the ability to manage your emails. You can create calendars, add unlimited domains, create filtering rules, and access webmail. Modoboa also provides paid maintenance options if you want their professional help setting it up and managing it.</p><p>Not just an all-rounder solution, but it offers a quick way to get started with your email infrastructure.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>All-in-one option</li><li>Paid assistance available</li><li>Built-in monitoring</li></ul><h2 id="7-postfix">7. Postfix</h2><p>Postfix is a Mail Transfer Agent. It may not be a server on its own, but it couples with some other solutions that help you build an email server. </p><p>While mailcow includes <a href="https://www.postfix.org/?ref=itsfoss.com">Postfix</a> (and you can configure it along with similar solutions), you can choose to use it separately per your use case. Postfix is also the default Mail Transfer Agent in the Ubuntu server.</p><p>Postfix can be used as an external SMTP. Not to forget, you can also set up Postfix to <a href="https://www.linode.com/docs/guides/configure-postfix-to-send-mail-using-gmail-and-google-workspace-on-debian-or-ubuntu/?ref=itsfoss.com">work with Gmail</a>. It is easy to configure, and the documentation available for it is plenty useful.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Easy to configure</li><li>Flexible</li></ul><p><strong>Suggested Read &#x1F4D6;</strong></p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/secure-private-email-services/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Best Secure Email Services For Privacy Concerned People</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Can you call Gmail, Outlook, YahooMail etc secure email services? Well, they&#x2019;re definitely secure in the way that your data is (usually) safe from outside attackers. But when we talk of secure email service, the focus is on data security and privacy. Most of these free email services snoop</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="Best Open Source Email Servers"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Ankush Das</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2019/08/secure-email-services.png" alt="Best Open Source Email Servers"></div></a></figure><h2 id="8-maddy">8. Maddy</h2><p><a href="https://maddy.email/?ref=itsfoss.com">Maddy</a> is a great choice if you need a lightweight mail server implementation. The official description says it is a &quot;<em>Composable all-in-one mail server</em>&quot;.</p><p>When you compare Maddy with mailcow, you will find that it offers some of the features you get with mailcow, meaning it is not just limited to outgoing emails like others.</p><p>Maddy is popular for its use case, where it can replace multiple options like Postfix with a single implementation. You can send/receive, and store messages with Maddy via SMTP and IMAP. The storage feature is in beta at the time of writing the article.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Lightweight</li><li>Replaces multiple use-cases that you get with options like Postfix</li><li>No dependency on Docker</li></ul><h2 id="9-dovecot">9. Dovecot</h2><p><a href="https://www.dovecot.org/?ref=itsfoss.com">Dovecot</a> is an open-source IMAP server that works as a Mail Delivery Agent. It can work together with Postfix as both do different things.</p><p>Compared to other solutions, it offers easy administration, reliable email-sending capabilities, and self-healing powers.</p><p>Dovecot offers a premium offering for large infrastructure with professional support.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Easy Administration</li><li>Self-healing capabilities</li><li>Performance-focused</li></ul><h2 id="10-posteio">10. Poste.io</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/poste-mailserver.png" class="kg-image" alt="Best Open Source Email Servers" loading="lazy" width="1200" height="691" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/poste-mailserver.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/poste-mailserver.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/poste-mailserver.png 1200w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p><a href="https://poste.io/?ref=itsfoss.com">Poste.io</a> utilizes mail server solutions like Haraku, Dovecot, and other open-source components. Ranging from tools for spam filtering to an antivirus engine.</p><p>If you want to set up an open-source mail server using some of these components and be able to manage and secure things easily, Poste.io is an excellent choice.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Easy to manage and build using multiple open-source mail server components</li><li>Admin panel interface</li></ul><h2 id="11-iredmail">11. iRedMail</h2><p><a href="https://www.iredmail.org/?ref=itsfoss.com">iRedMail</a> is similar to mailcow which helps you build a mail server utilizing various open-source components. You can also manage your calendars with the mail server created.</p><p>While you can set it up for yourself, it provides paid professional support if you need it.</p><p>You get a web panel, Linux distro support to host it on, and the ability to create unlimited accounts.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Easy to use</li><li>Web panel for easy management</li></ul><h2 id="12-mailu">12. Mailu</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/mailu.png" class="kg-image" alt="Best Open Source Email Servers" loading="lazy" width="1126" height="284" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/mailu.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/mailu.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/mailu.png 1126w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p><a href="https://mailu.io/2.0/?ref=itsfoss.com">Mailu</a> is a Docker-based mail server that gives you the best of everything while limiting some features.</p><p>That does not mean it is bad; Mailu aims to focus on the necessary features without adding many capabilities that are not useful for most. Even with this objective, it stands out by adding ARM support, Kubernetes support, and a couple more things.</p><p>You get a standard mail server, advanced email features, a web admin interface, and privacy-focused features.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Simple interface</li><li>Focused solution without bells and whistles</li><li>ARM support</li></ul><h2 id="ready-to-build-and-manage-your-email-server">Ready to Build and Manage Your Email Server?</h2><p>With open-source tools and email servers, you can take control of your data and manage/optimize email transactions for your business or website.</p><p>As I mentioned, it takes a lot of work to do it. So, open-source self-hostable email servers can work if you want to have a customized experience and have a team that can be responsible for it.</p><p>&#x1F4AC; <em>I am sure there are many more options, like </em><a href="https://mailinabox.email/?ref=itsfoss.com"><em>mail in a box</em></a><em>, to help you deploy a mail server quickly.</em></p><p><em>Here, we tried to pick the best ones for your convenience. What is your favorite open-source email server?</em></p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/newsletter/foss-weekly-23-24/
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type: Rss
title: FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]
description: It's FOSS is 11 years old now. Get a free Bash book to celebrate the occasion.
categories: Newsletter
content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/foss-weekly-23-24.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"><p>It&apos;s FOSS turns 11 &#x1F382;</p><p>Yes! It&apos;s been more than a decade of educating and promoting Linux. Seems so unreal &#x1F929;</p><p>I am giving away Bash it Out, an ebook of Bash puzzles, to celebrate this occasion.</p><p>Don&apos;t know Bash scripting? No worries. You can start learning it with our latest Bash Basics series.</p><p><strong><em>You could also <a href="https://itsfoss.com/11th-anniversary-offer">opt for Pro Subscription</a> on this occasion and get an 11% discount and two additional ebooks: <a href="https://linuxhandbook.gumroad.com/l/mEsrwA?ref=itsfoss.com">Learn Linux Quickly</a> and <a href="https://linuxhandbook.gumroad.com/l/ejfGu?ref=itsfoss.com">Learn Bash Quickly</a>.</em></strong></p><p>Pro members can download the books <a href="https://itsfoss.com/pro-resources/">from this page</a>.</p><p><strong>&#x1F4AC; Let&apos;s see what else you have in this edition of FOSS Weekly:</strong></p><ul><li>The new Bash Basics series begins.</li><li>Linus Torvalds was in the news for his comments yet again.</li><li>Debian 12 was released recently with many improvements.</li><li><a href="https://itsfoss.com/11th-anniversary-offer">11% celebratory discount on It&apos;s FOSS Pro subscription</a> (and two Linux and Bash books)</li><li>And other Linux news, videos, and, of course, memes!</li></ul><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%93%B0-linux-news">&#x1F4F0; Linux news</h2><p>Linus Torvalds recently reacted sternly to a comment on social.kernel.org.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://news.itsfoss.com/linus-torvalds-woke-communists/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">I am one of those &#x201C;woke communists&#x201D;: Linus Torvalds</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Linus Torvalds, another day, another firm stance, and a mini-rant reply to someone.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/08/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS News</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Ankush Das</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/torvalds-comment-controversy.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"></div></a></figure><p>Debian 12 &apos;Bookworm&apos; has landed with some pretty impressive improvements.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://news.itsfoss.com/debian-12-release/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Debian 12 &#x201C;Bookworm&#x201D; Has Landed</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Debian&#x2019;s next big release is here. Learn more about it.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/08/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS News</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Ankush Das</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/debian-12-release.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A7%A0-what-we%E2%80%99re-thinking-about">&#x1F9E0; What we&#x2019;re thinking about</h2><p>GitHub has been accused of altering its Copilot programming assistant&apos;s output to avoid being flagged as a copy of licensed software.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://www.theregister.com/2023/06/09/github_copilot_lawsuit/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">GitHub accused of varying Copilot output to avoid copyright</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Copilot code-cloning case clarifies claims</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://www.theregister.com/design_picker/13249a2e80709c7ff2e57dd3d49801cd534f2094/graphics/favicons/apple-touch-icon.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">The Register</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Thomas Claburn</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://regmedia.co.uk/2019/07/20/shutterstock_programmer.jpg" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A7%AE-tutorials">&#x1F9EE; Tutorials</h2><p>&#x1F195; As promised, the new Bash tutorial series has started! Here&apos;s the first chapter of the series.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/create-bash-script/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Bash Basics #1: Create and Run Your First Bash Shell Script</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Start learning bash scripting with this new series. Create and run your first bash shell script in the first chapter.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/Bash-script-hello-world.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"></div></a></figure><p>The terminal Tuesday continues and covers the head command.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/head-command/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Using head Command in Linux [5 Examples]</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">The head command is one of the several ways to display file contents or part of it. You can also do more with it. Here are some common examples to explore.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Sagar Sharma</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/head-command-in-linux.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"></div></a></figure><p>Learn your way around Fuzzy search for searching through files.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/fuzzy-file-search-linux/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Fuzzy File Search in Linux Command Line</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Modern tools like fzf and fzy take the file search in Linux terminal to the next level.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Sreenath</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/fuzzy-file-search-linux.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"></div></a></figure><p>Keyboard shortcuts save time. The shortcuts mentioned here are (mostly) applicable to the GNOME desktop.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-shortcuts/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">13 Keyboard Shortcuts Every Ubuntu User Should Know</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Knowing keyboard shortcuts increase your productivity. Here are some useful Ubuntu shortcut keys that will help you use Ubuntu like a pro. You can use an operating system with the combination of keyboard and mouse&#xA0;but using the keyboard shortcuts saves your time. Note: The keyboard shortcu&#x2026;</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2018/09/ubuntu-keyboard-shortcuts.jpeg" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"></div></a></figure><h2 id="%F0%9F%93%B9-what-we-are-watching">&#x1F4F9; What we are watching</h2><p>Linux can also run on Microsoft&apos;s Surface devices.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-embed-card"><iframe width="200" height="113" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/79Jj0jWXyWo?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen title="Linux On A Microsoft Surface Is AWESOME"></iframe></figure><hr><h2 id="%E2%9C%A8-application-highlights">&#x2728; Application highlights</h2><p>Tube Downloader is a neat application to download YouTube videos, for research purposes, of course.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://news.itsfoss.com/tube-downloader/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Tube Downloader: An Open Source Tool to Download YouTube Videos</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Need to download a YouTube video for research purposes? Tube Downloader can help.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/08/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS News</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Sourav Rudra</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/tube-converter-first-look.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"></div></a></figure><p>Here are our top virtualization software picks for Linux.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/virtualization-software-linux/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">10 Best Virtualization Software for Linux [2023]</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">We take a look at some of the best virtualization programs that make things easy for users creating/managing VMs.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Ankush Das</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/virtualization-software-for-linux.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%93%A5-free-ebooks-to-celebrate-11-years-of-its-foss">&#x1F4E5; Free ebooks to celebrate 11 years of It&apos;s FOSS</h2><p>Test your bash knowledge with this unique collection of bash challenges.</p>
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        <p>Pro members can get two additional books on Linux commands and Bash on this page. You have to be logged in, of course.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/pro-resources/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Pro Member Resources</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">It&#x2019;s FOSS Pro members have more benefits now &#x1F929; Here are two premium ebooks that are available for purchase by everyone. Learn Linux Quickly - Linux Commands for BeginnersLearn Linux Quickly doesn&#x2019;t assume any prior Linux knowledge, which makes it a perfect fit for beginners. Nevertheless, inter&#x2026;</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/01/homepage-featured-image.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%9B%8D%EF%B8%8F-interesting-deals-for-you">&#x1F6CD;&#xFE0F; Interesting deals for you</h2><p>Learn today&#x2019;s most popular coding languages with this bundle of DRM-free e-books from O&#x2019;Reilly. <strong>Your purchase also supports Code for America.</strong></p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://www.humblebundle.com/books/popular-programming-languages-2023-oreilly-books?partner=itsfoss&amp;ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Humble Tech Book Bundle: Popular Programming Languages 2023 by O&#x2019;Reilly</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">We&#x2019;ve teamed up with O&#x2019;Reilly for our newest bundle. 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Pay what you want &amp; support charity!</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://cdn.humblebundle.com/static/hashed/03df0490a53d595fd930f9fff52038366d60a05d.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">Humble Bundle</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://hb.imgix.net/aa920bf66450aaf7c970c1f26bcfb323a0f47a98.png?auto=compress,format&amp;h=630&amp;w=1200&amp;s=a1996968ee851fbd91b3cb0798b857d0" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"></div></a></figure><p>Internxt is offering 2 TB cloud storage for a mere &#x20AC;10.79 a year as part of their summer sale.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://internxt.sjv.io/c/1995707/1296883/14378?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Internxt Pricing &#x2013; Get Up To 10GB Free!</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Sign up for an Internxt secure cloud storage subscription and get access to our monthly newsletter filled with the latest tech news and updates.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://internxt.sjv.io/favicon.ico" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://internxt.com/images/previewLink/PreviewGenericEN.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A4%A3-meme-of-the-week">&#x1F923; Meme of the week</h2><p>Ubuntu, why do you do this?</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/memes.png" class="kg-image" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]" loading="lazy" width="1080" height="1080" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/memes.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/memes.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/memes.png 1080w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%97%93%EF%B8%8F-tech-trivia">&#x1F5D3;&#xFE0F; Tech Trivia</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/DifferenceEngine.jpg" class="kg-image" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]" loading="lazy" width="351" height="448"></figure><p>On June 14, 1822, Charles Babbage unveiled the design for a machine called Difference Engine. This calculator is the first example of a mechanical computing machine and it formed the base for the Analytical Engine, generally called the first computer.</p><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A7%91%E2%80%8D%F0%9F%A4%9D%E2%80%8D%F0%9F%A7%91-fossverse-corner">&#x1F9D1;&#x200D;&#x1F91D;&#x200D;&#x1F9D1; FOSSverse corner</h2><p>We have introduced a new category to our forum, where you can ask for distro suggestions if you are confused.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.community/c/find-me-a-distro/23?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Find Me a Distro</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Confused which Linux distribution should you use? 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link: https://itsfoss.com/head-command/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: Using head Command in Linux
categories: Linux Commands
description:
The head command is one of the several ways to display file contents or part of it. You can also do more with it. Here are some common examples to explore.

content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/head-command-in-linux.png" alt="Using head Command in Linux"><p>The head command is one of the many ways to <a href="https://itsfoss.com/view-file-contents/">view the contents of a file</a> in Linux terminal.</p><p>But that can also be achieved by the cat command too! So why use another command? </p><p>I understand. But if there was no problem with how the cat command works, the head command won&apos;t even exist. So let&apos;s have a look at the problem with cat.</p><p>By default, the cat command prints all the text inside the file. But what if you have a file containing 1000 or more words? Your terminal will look bloated. Isn&apos;t it?</p><p>Whereas the head command can specify the number of lines to print. </p><p>In this guide, I will walk you through how you can use the head command with the help of some practical examples and additional practice exercises to brush up your command-line skills.</p><p><strong>Suggested Read &#x1F4D6;</strong></p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card kg-card-hascaption"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/basic-terminal-tips-ubuntu/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">19 Basic But Essential Linux Terminal Tips You Must Know</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Learn some small, basic but often ignored things about the terminal. With the small tips, you should be able to use the terminal with slightly more efficiency.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="Using head Command in Linux"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2021/12/ubuntu-terminal-basic-tips.png" alt="Using head Command in Linux"></div></a><figcaption><em>New to the terminal? Learn the terminology</em></figcaption></figure><h2 id="how-to-use-the-head-command-in-linux">How to use the head command in Linux</h2><p>To use any command in Linux, you will have to use the correct syntax; else, you will get an error. </p><p>So let&apos;s start with the syntax for the head command:</p><pre><code>head [options] [file]</code></pre><p>Here, </p><ul><li><code>options</code> are used to tweak the default behavior of the head command</li><li><code>file</code> is where you give the absolute path or filename of the file</li></ul><p>To make things easy, I will be using a simple text file named <code>Haruki.txt</code> with the following content:</p><pre><code>Hear the Wind Sing (1979)
Pinball, 1973 (1980)
A Wild Sheep Chase (1982)
Hard-Boiled Wonderland and the End of the World (1985)
Norwegian Wood (1987)
Dance Dance Dance (1990)
South of the Border, West of the Sun (1992)
The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle (1994)
Sputnik Sweetheart (1999)
Kafka on the Shore (2002)
After Dark (2004)
1Q84 (2009-2010)
Colorless Tsukuru Tazaki and His Years of Pilgrimage (2013)
Men Without Women (2014)
Killing Commendatore (2017)</code></pre><p>And when you use the head command without any options, it will print the first ten lines of the file:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/use-head-command-in-linux.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using head Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="837" height="349" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/05/use-head-command-in-linux.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/use-head-command-in-linux.png 837w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>As you can see, it skipped the last five lines!</p><div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-red"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F6A7;</div><div class="kg-callout-text">You&#x2019;ll see some command examples with text inside &lt;&gt;. This indicates that you need to replace the content with &lt; and &gt; with a suitable value.</div></div><h2 id="examples-of-the-head-command-in-linux">Examples of the head command in Linux</h2><p>In this section, I will walk you through some practical examples of the head command. So let&apos;s start with the most useful one.</p><h3 id="1-print-only-the-first-n-lines">1. Print only the first N lines</h3><p>So if you want to print first N lines, all you have to do is use the <code>-n</code> flag and append the number of the first N lines you want:</p><pre><code>head -n number-of-lines Filename</code></pre><p>So let&apos;s say I want to print the first five lines of <code>Haruki.txt</code> file, then you type the following:</p><pre><code>head -n 5 Haruki.txt</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/Print-only-the-first-N-lines-using-the-head-command-.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using head Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="837" height="239" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/04/Print-only-the-first-N-lines-using-the-head-command-.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/Print-only-the-first-N-lines-using-the-head-command-.png 837w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h3 id="2-print-everything-except-the-last-n-lines">2. Print everything except the last N lines</h3><p>So if you want to restrict the output by not including the last N lines, all you have to do is use the same <code>-n</code> flag but have to use the negative number (<code>-n</code>):</p><pre><code>head -n -&lt;number-of-lines&gt; &lt;File&gt;</code></pre><p>So let&apos;s say I want to exclude the last three lines and print everything else from the <code>Haruki.txt</code> then the command looks like this:</p><pre><code>head -n -3 Haruki.txt</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/exlcude-last-N-lines-and-print-everything-else-using-the-head-command-in-linux.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using head Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="837" height="384" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/04/exlcude-last-N-lines-and-print-everything-else-using-the-head-command-in-linux.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/exlcude-last-N-lines-and-print-everything-else-using-the-head-command-in-linux.png 837w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h3 id="3-display-the-name-of-the-file-being-used">3. Display the name of the file being used </h3><p>As you can see, the head command won&apos;t print the filename by default, so if you want to enable this behavior, all you have to do is use the <code>-v</code> flag for verbose output:</p><pre><code>head -v &lt;other-options&gt; &lt;File&gt;</code></pre><p>Yes, you can use more than one option at once!</p><p>So here, I printed the first five lines of the <code>Haruki.txt</code> file and enabled the verbose output to display the name of the file:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/Display-the-name-of-the-file-being-used.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using head Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="837" height="251" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/04/Display-the-name-of-the-file-being-used.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/Display-the-name-of-the-file-being-used.png 837w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h3 id="4-use-multiple-files-at-once">4. Use multiple files at once</h3><p>So if you want to use the different files, all you have to do is append them one by one, followed by space:</p><pre><code>head &lt;options&gt; &lt;File1&gt; &lt;File2&gt; &lt;File3&gt;</code></pre><p>For example, here, I used two files and printed the first five lines of each:</p><pre><code>head -n 5 Haruki.txt Premchand.txt</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/use-multiple-files-in-head-command.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using head Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="837" height="410" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/04/use-multiple-files-in-head-command.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/use-multiple-files-in-head-command.png 837w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>If you notice, it automatically prints the filename, especially when dealing with multiple files. </p><p>But in cases like <a href="https://linuxhandbook.com/redirect-dev-null/?ref=itsfoss.com">redirecting the essential output</a>, you may want to remove the filename. This can easily be done using the <code>-q</code> flag:</p><pre><code>head -q &lt;other-flags&gt; &lt;File1&gt; &lt;File2&gt; &lt;File3&gt;</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/remove-filenames-while-using-multiple-files-with-the-head-command.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using head Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="837" height="340" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/04/remove-filenames-while-using-multiple-files-with-the-head-command.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/remove-filenames-while-using-multiple-files-with-the-head-command.png 837w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h3 id="5-print-characters-as-per-the-given-number-of-bytes">5. Print characters as per the given number of bytes</h3><p>So if you want to print the lines based on the byte size, you can do that using the <code>-c</code> flag followed by the byte size.</p><p><strong>Remember, for almost every character, one character = 1 byte.</strong></p><p>To do so, you can use the following &#xA0;syntax:</p><pre><code>head -c &lt;byte-size&gt; &lt;File&gt;</code></pre><p>For example, here, I print characters worth 100 bytes:</p><pre><code>head -c 100 Haruki.txt</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/Print-characters-as-per-the-given-number-of-bytes.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using head Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="837" height="194" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/04/Print-characters-as-per-the-given-number-of-bytes.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/Print-characters-as-per-the-given-number-of-bytes.png 837w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>Similarly, if you want to skip the characters from the end of the file by specifying the bytes, all you have to do is use the negative numbers:</p><pre><code>head -c -&lt;byte-size&gt; &lt;File&gt;</code></pre><p>For example, here, I skipped the last characters of the file worth 100 bytes:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/skip-last-N-characters-on-the-basis-of-the-byte-size-using-the-head-command.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using head Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="837" height="389" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/04/skip-last-N-characters-on-the-basis-of-the-byte-size-using-the-head-command.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/skip-last-N-characters-on-the-basis-of-the-byte-size-using-the-head-command.png 837w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h2 id="summarizing-the-head-command">Summarizing the head command</h2><p>Here&apos;s the summary of the head command with different options:</p><!--kg-card-begin: html--><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Option</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>-n &lt;number&gt;</code></td>
<td>Specify how many lines to print from the beginning of the file.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>-n -&lt;number&gt;</code></td>
<td>Print everything except the last N lines.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>-v</code></td>
<td>Print the name of the file.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>-q</code></td>
<td>Remove the filename when working with multiple files.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>-c &lt;byte-size&gt;</code></td>
<td>Print characters as per the given number of bytes.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table><!--kg-card-end: html--><h2 id="get-better-with-a-simple-exercise">Get better with a simple exercise </h2><p>To perform the given exercises, you can use text files, and if you don&apos;t have any, you can <a href="https://github.com/itsfoss/text-files?ref=itsfoss.com">use our text files from GitHub</a>.</p><ol><li>Display the first ten lines of the file</li><li>Display everything except the last five lines of a file</li><li>Display the first five lines of multiple files</li></ol><h5 id="for-intermediate-users">For intermediate users:</h5><ol><li>Display the first five lines of multiple files, sorted alphabetically by file name (Hint: pipe to <a href="https://linuxhandbook.com/sort-command/?ref=itsfoss.com">sort command</a>)</li><li>Display the lines from 11 to 16 (Hint: combine it with the <a href="https://itsfoss.com/tail-command/">tail command</a>)</li><li>Count the occurrence of a specific word or character in the first five lines (Hint: pipe to grep with <a href="https://linuxhandbook.com/wc-command/?ref=itsfoss.com">wc command</a>)</li></ol><h2 id="just-getting-started-with-terminal-we-have-a-series-for-you">Just getting started with Terminal? We have a series for you!</h2><p>While the terminal looks scary, you can always <a href="https://itsfoss.com/customize-linux-terminal/">make the terminal look good</a>, but what about the learning curve it takes?</p><p>For new users, we came up with a dedicated series which covers the basic commands so you can <a href="https://itsfoss.com/love-thy-terminal/">embrace the terminal</a>:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/tag/terminal-basics/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Linux Command Tutorials for Absolute Beginners</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Never used Linux commands before? No worries. This tutorial series is for absolute beginners to the Linux terminal.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="Using head Command in Linux"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/03/terminal-basics-series-tag.png" alt="Using head Command in Linux"></div></a></figure><p>Furthermore, you can discuss the practice questions mentioned above in our community: </p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.community/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">It&#x2019;s FOSS Community</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">A place for desktop Linux users and It&#x2019;s FOSS readers</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.community/uploads/default/optimized/1X/f274f9749e3fd8b4d6fbae1cf90c5c186d2f699c_2_180x180.png" alt="Using head Command in Linux"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS Community</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.community/uploads/default/original/1X/f274f9749e3fd8b4d6fbae1cf90c5c186d2f699c.png" alt="Using head Command in Linux"></div></a></figure><p>I hope you now have a better understanding of the head command. </p><p><em>&#x1F5E8; We&apos;ll be sharing more Linux command examples every week. Stay tuned for more. And if you have questions or suggestions, the comment section is all yours.</em></p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/create-bash-script/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: Bash Basics Series #1: Create and Run Your First Bash Shell Script
categories: Bash Basics
description:
Start learning bash scripting with this new series. Create and run your first bash shell script in the first chapter.

content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/Bash-script-hello-world.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #1: Create and Run Your First Bash Shell Script"><p>This is the beginning of a new tutorial series on It&apos;s FOSS. In this one, you&apos;ll get familiar with bash scripting.</p>
<p>The series assumes that you are somewhat familiar with the Linux terminal. You don&apos;t have to be a master, but knowing the basics would be good. I advise going through Terminal Basics Series.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/tag/terminal-basics/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Linux Command Tutorials for Absolute Beginners</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Never used Linux commands before? No worries. This tutorial series is for absolute beginners to the Linux terminal.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #1: Create and Run Your First Bash Shell Script"><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">It&apos;s FOSS</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/03/terminal-basics-series-tag.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #1: Create and Run Your First Bash Shell Script"></div></a></figure>
<p><strong>Who is this series for?</strong></p>
<p>Anyone who wants to start learning bash shell scripting.</p>
<p>If you are a student with shell scripting as part of your course curriculum, this series is for you.</p>
<p>If you are a regular desktop Linux user, this series will help you understand most shell scripts you come across while exploring various software and fixes. You could also use it to automate some common, repetitive tasks.</p>
<p>By the end of this Bash Basics series, you should be able to write simple to moderate bash scripts. </p>
<p>All the chapters in the series have sample exercises so that you can learn it by doing it.</p>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-red"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F6A7;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>You&apos;ll learn bash shell scripting here. While there are other shells with mostly the same syntax, their behavior still differs at a few points. Bash is the most common and universal shell and hence start learning shell scripting with bash.</span></p></div></div>
<h2 id="your-first-shell-script-hello-world">Your first shell script: Hello World!</h2>
<p>Open a terminal. Now <a href="https://itsfoss.com/make-directories/">create a new directory</a> to save all the scripts you&apos;ll be creating in this series:</p>
<pre><code>mkdir bash_scripts</code></pre>
<p>Now <a href="https://itsfoss.com/change-directories/">switch to this newly created directory</a>:</p>
<pre><code>cd bash_scripts</code></pre>
<p>Let&apos;s <a href="https://itsfoss.com/create-files/">create a new file</a> here:</p>
<pre><code>touch hello_world.sh</code></pre>
<p>Now, <a href="https://itsfoss.com/edit-files-linux/">edit the file</a> and add <code>echo Hello World</code> line to it. You can do this with the append mode of the cat command (using &gt;):</p>
<pre><code>abhishek@itsfoss:~/bash_scripts$ cat &gt; hello_world.sh 
echo Hello World
^C
</code></pre>
<p>I prefer adding new lines while using the cat command for adding text.</p>
<p>Press Ctrl+C or Ctrl+D keys to come out of the append mode of the cat command. Now if you check the contents of the script <code>hellow_world.sh</code>, you should see just a single line.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/create-first-shell-script.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #1: Create and Run Your First Bash Shell Script" loading="lazy" width="874" height="403" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/create-first-shell-script.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/create-first-shell-script.png 874w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>The moment of truth has arrived. You have created your first shell script. It&apos;s time to <a href="https://itsfoss.com/run-shell-script-linux/">run the shell script</a>. </p>
<p>Do like this:</p>
<pre><code>bash hello_world.sh</code></pre>
<p>The echo command simply displays whatever was provided to it. In this case, the shell script should output Hello World on the screen.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/run-first-shell-script.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #1: Create and Run Your First Bash Shell Script" loading="lazy" width="822" height="303" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/run-first-shell-script.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/run-first-shell-script.png 822w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>Congratulations! You just successfully ran your first shell script. How cool is that!</p>
<p>Here&apos;s a replay of all the above commands for your reference.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/create-run-first-shell-script.svg" alt="Bash Basics Series #1: Create and Run Your First Bash Shell Script" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="386"></figure>
<h3 id="another-way-to-run-your-shell-scripts">Another way to run your shell scripts</h3>
<p>Most of the time, you&apos;ll be running the shell scripts in this manner:</p>
<pre><code>./hello_world.sh</code></pre>
<p>Which will result in an error because the file for you as the script doesn&apos;t have execute permission yet.</p>
<pre><code>bash: ./hello_world.sh: Permission denied</code></pre>
<p>Add execute permission for yourself to the script:</p>
<pre><code>chmod u+x hello-world.sh</code></pre>
<p>And now, you can run it like this:</p>
<pre><code>./hello_world.sh</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/running-shell-scripts.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #1: Create and Run Your First Bash Shell Script" loading="lazy" width="822" height="345" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/running-shell-scripts.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/running-shell-scripts.png 822w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>So, you learned two ways to run a shell script. It&apos;s time to focus on bash.</p>
<h2 id="turn-your-shell-script-into-a-bash-script">Turn your shell script into a bash script</h2>
<p>Confused? Actually, there are several shells available in Linux. Bash, ksh, csh, zsh and many more. Out of all these, bash is the most popular one and almost all distributions have it installed by default.</p>
<p>The shell is an interpreter. It accepts and runs Linux commands. While the syntax for most shell remains the same, their behavior may differ at certain points. For example, the handling of brackets in conditional logic.</p>
<p>This is why it is important to tell the system which shell to use to interpret the script.</p>
<p>When you used <code>bash hello_world.sh</code>, you explicitly used the bash interpreter.</p>
<p>But when you run the shell scripts in this manner:</p>
<pre><code>./hello_world.sh</code></pre>
<p>The system will use whichever shell you are currently using to run the script.</p>
<p>To avoid unwanted surprises due to different syntax handling, you should explicitly tell the system which shell script it is.</p>
<p>How to do that? Use the shebang (#!). Normally, # is used for comments in shell scripts. However, if #! is used as the first line of the program, it has the special purpose of telling the system which shell to use.</p>
<p>So, change the content of the hello_world.sh so that it looks like this:</p>
<pre><code>#!/bin/bash

echo Hello World</code></pre>
<p>And now, you can run the shell script as usual knowing that the system will use bash shell to run the script.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/run-bash-shell-script.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #1: Create and Run Your First Bash Shell Script" loading="lazy" width="822" height="345" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/run-bash-shell-script.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/run-bash-shell-script.png 822w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-green"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4A1;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>If you feel uncomfortable editing script files in the terminal, as a desktop Linux user, you can use Gedit or other GUI text editors for writing scripts and run them in the terminal.</span></p></div></div>
<h2 id="%F0%9F%8F%8B%EF%B8%8F-exercise-time">&#x1F3CB;&#xFE0F; Exercise time</h2>
<p>It is time to practice what you learned. Here are some basic practice exercises for this level:</p>
<ul><li>Write a bash script that prints &quot;Hello Everyone&quot;</li><li>Write a bash script that displays your current working directory (hint: use pwd command)</li><li>Write a shell script that prints your user name in the following manner: My name is XYZ (hint: use $USER)</li></ul>
<div class="sec-widget" data-widget="7e25bd4cd7ceb06222c972395e89f918"></div>

<p>The answers can be discussed in <a href="https://itsfoss.community/t/practice-exercise-in-bash-basics-series-1-create-and-run-your-first-bash-shell-script/10682?ref=itsfoss.com">this dedicated thread</a> in the Community forum.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.community/t/practice-exercise-in-bash-basics-series-1-create-and-run-your-first-bash-shell-script/10682?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Practice Exercise in Bash Basics Series #1: Create and Run Your First Bash Shell Script</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">If you are following the Bash Basics series on It&#x2019;s FOSS, you can submit and discuss the answers to the exercise at the end of the chapter: Fellow experienced members are encouraged to provide their feedback to new members. Do note that there could be more than one answer to a given problem.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.community/uploads/default/optimized/1X/f274f9749e3fd8b4d6fbae1cf90c5c186d2f699c_2_180x180.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #1: Create and Run Your First Bash Shell Script"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">abhishek</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">It&apos;s FOSS Community</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.community/uploads/default/original/1X/f274f9749e3fd8b4d6fbae1cf90c5c186d2f699c.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #1: Create and Run Your First Bash Shell Script"></div></a></figure>
<p>The last practice exercise uses <code>$USER</code>. That&apos;s a special variable that prints the user name. </p>
<p>And that brings me to the topic of the next chapter in the Bash Basics Series: Variables.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/bash-use-variables/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Bash Basics #2: Use Variables in Bash Scripts</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">In this chapter of the Bash Basics series, learn about using variables in Bash scripts.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #1: Create and Run Your First Bash Shell Script"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">Abhishek Prakash</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">It&apos;s FOSS</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/variables-in-bash.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #1: Create and Run Your First Bash Shell Script"></div></a></figure>
<p>Keep on learning bash.</p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/fuzzy-file-search-linux/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: Fuzzy File Search in Linux
description: Modern tools like fzf and fzy take the file search in Linux terminal to the next level.
categories: Terminal
content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/fuzzy-file-search-linux.png" alt="Fuzzy File Search in Linux"><p>How do you <a href="https://learnubuntu.com/find-files/?ref=itsfoss.com">find files in the Linux command line</a>? You use the <a href="https://linuxhandbook.com/find-command-examples/?ref=itsfoss.com">find command</a>. That&apos;s the standard answer and there is nothing wrong with it.</p>
<p>Usually, you type the command with your search parameters, press enter and it displays the findings.</p>
<p>You can improve your file-finding experience in the terminal with fuzzy search.</p>
<p>Fuzzy search is an approximate search algorithm or technique. Here, files from a specified location are searched by name and the user will get real-time results.</p>
<p>Fuzzy search is popular in web search engines, where a user starts entering the term, and it starts showing results related to the term.</p>
<p>In this article, I am going to discuss two CLI tools that give you the ability to perform fuzzy searches in Linux:</p>
<ul><li>Fzf: Fuzzy finder</li><li>Fzy: Fuzzy selector</li></ul>
<h2 id="fzf-the-fuzzy-finder-in-linux">Fzf, the Fuzzy Finder in Linux</h2>
<p>Fzf is a fuzzy search tool available for Linux, where you can search for files interactively.</p>
<p>To install <code>fzf</code> in Ubuntu, open a terminal and run:</p>
<pre><code>sudo apt install fzf</code></pre>
<p>While <code>fzf</code> itself works properly, it is wise to use it in conjunction with other tools to make most out of it.</p>
<h3 id="using-fzf">Using fzf</h3>
<p>Open a terminal and run:</p>
<pre><code>fzf</code></pre>
<p>This will open a prompt of <code>fzf</code> where you can search for files in the current working directory.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/fzf-default.svg" alt="Fuzzy File Search in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="494"><figcaption><span>Default </span><code><span>fzf</span></code></figcaption></figure>
<h4 id="apply-a-border-to-fzf">Apply a border to fzf</h4>
<p>You can use the <code>--border</code> option of fzf. There are several options like rounded, sharp etc.</p>
<pre><code>fzf --border=rounded</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/fzf-border.svg" alt="Fuzzy File Search in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="494"><figcaption><code><span>fzf</span></code><span> with border</span></figcaption></figure>
<h4 id="apply-background-and-foreground-color">Apply background and foreground color</h4>
<p>Using the color property, you can set ANSI colors to <code>fzf</code> either as background, foreground or both.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/fzf-colored.svg" alt="Fuzzy File Search in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="494"><figcaption><span>fzf colored</span></figcaption></figure>
<pre><code>fzf --color=&quot;bg:black,fg:yellow&quot; </code></pre>
<p>You can concatenate the options to make <code>fzf</code> visually pleasing.</p>
<p>Now, let me show some practical usage of the fuzzy search with fzf.</p>
<h3 id="use-fzf-to-search-within-bash-history">Use fzf to search within bash history</h3>
<p>Of course, there is CTRL+R reverse search in the bash history. But if you want to use <code>fzf</code> to get a better look, run:</p>
<pre><code>history | fzf</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/search-within-bash-history.svg" alt="Fuzzy File Search in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="494"><figcaption><span>Use </span><code><span>fzf</span></code><span> to search within bash history</span></figcaption></figure>
<h3 id="use-fzf-with-tree-command">Use fzf with tree command</h3>
<p><a href="https://linuxhandbook.com/tree-command/?ref=itsfoss.com">Tree command</a> lists files and directories along with their hierarchical connection.</p>
<p>Using <code>fzf</code> with <code>tree</code> command can help you find the absolute path of a particular file.</p>
<pre><code>tree -afR /home/$USER | fzf</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/tree-afr.svg" alt="Fuzzy File Search in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="494"><figcaption><span>Tree and FZF command</span></figcaption></figure>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-green"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4A1;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>The above command will invoke </span><code><span>tree</span></code><span> and list all files (-a) including hidden ones in a recursive fashion (-R). Also, the </span><code><span>-f</span></code><span> option tells tree to list the full path.</span></p></div></div>
<h3 id="preview-files-in-fzf">Preview files in fzf</h3>
<p>Sometimes, it will be helpful if you get a small preview of the file you are searching.</p>
<p>Luckily, <code>fzf</code> provides a preview option. You can access it by using <code>--preview</code>. I am here using <code>find</code>command to make it even more useful.</p>
<pre><code>find /home/$USER -type f | fzf --preview &apos;less {}&apos;</code></pre>
<p>Here, while you scroll through the result, it will display the text files using less.</p>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-red"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F6A7;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>If you are using other commands like </span><code><span>ls</span></code><span>, etc. do not use options like </span><code><span>-l</span></code><span>, that will display added details (file permissions). These additional details will break the required format needed for </span><code><span>fzf</span></code><span> preview. the hile using preview feature, the input to </span><code><span>fzf</span></code><span> should only be the filename.</span></p></div></div>
<p>If you have <code>bat</code> installed, you can use it for previewing files as well. </p>
<pre><code>find /home/$USER -type f | fzf --preview &apos;bat --color always {}&apos;</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/bashrc-preview-in-fzf.png" alt="Fuzzy File Search in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1707" height="829" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/bashrc-preview-in-fzf.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/bashrc-preview-in-fzf.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/bashrc-preview-in-fzf.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/bashrc-preview-in-fzf.png 1707w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption><span>FZF file preview using bat editor</span></figcaption></figure>
<p>For Ubuntu users, bat is available as <code>batcat</code>. So run:</p>
<pre><code>find /home/$USER -type f | fzf --preview &apos;batcat --color always {}&apos;</code></pre>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-green"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4A1;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><a href="https://linuxhandbook.com/linux-alias-command/?ref=itsfoss.com" rel="noopener"><span>Create an alias</span></a><span> for these commands, so that you don&apos;t want to type these again and again.</span></p></div></div>
<h3 id="use-fzf-to-cd-into-any-directory-from-anywhere-advance">Use fzf to cd into any directory from anywhere (advance)</h3>
<p>This is a bit trickier than the previous. Here, you cannot just directly pipe <code>fzf</code> and <code>cd</code> together because both are different processes.</p>
<p>You can create an alias like:</p>
<pre><code>cd $(find /home/$USER -type d | fzf)</code></pre>
<p>Or, you can follow the method explained below.</p>
<p>To do this, you may need to add a function to your bashrc. Let me call this function as <code>finder</code>. Now add the following lines to your bashrc.</p>
<pre><code>finder() {
  local dir
  dir=$(find required/location/to/search/and/enter -type d | fzf)
  if [[ -n &quot;$dir&quot; ]]; then
    cd &quot;$dir&quot; || return
  fi
}</code></pre>
<p>Now, you should <a href="https://itsfoss.com/change-directories/">enter the location</a> where the directories you want to search and enter are present. </p>
<p>For example, I have replaced that part with <code>/home/$USER</code> to indicate that I have to <a href="https://itsfoss.com/cd-command/">use cd</a> into any directories in my Home from anywhere.</p>
<p>Once you saved your bashrc, either restart the terminal or run:</p>
<pre><code>source ~/.bashrc</code></pre>
<p>After this, you can run finder from the terminal and once you located the directory you want to enter, press Enter key.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/fzf-cd-combo.svg" alt="Fuzzy File Search in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="494"></figure>
<h3 id="copy-the-selection-to-clipboard">Copy the selection to Clipboard</h3>
<p>Till now, you have seen using <code>fzf</code> and in all cases, it gives either a search result or preview. </p>
<p>Now, if you want to copy the location of an item, you don&apos;t necessarily need to do it manually. There is a solution for that too.</p>
<p>First, make sure you have Xclip installed.</p>
<pre><code>sudo apt install xclip</code></pre>
<p>Now pipe it to xclip like this:</p>
<pre><code>fzf | xclip -selection clipboard</code></pre>
<p>This will copy whatever lines you have pressed the enter key, on to your clipboard.</p>
<h3 id="other-uses">Other Uses</h3>
<p>Like I said earlier, you can use any command that involves a significant amount of text, and you want to search for a particular thing interactively.</p>
<ul><li><code>cat ~/.bashrc | fzf</code> - Search Inside Bashrc</li><li><code>lsblk | fzf</code> - Search inside the list of lock devices</li><li><code>ps -aux | fzf</code> - Search inside process list</li></ul>
<h2 id="another-choice-fzy-the-fuzzy-selector">Another choice: Fzy, the Fuzzy Selector</h2>
<p>Unlike <code>fzf</code>, <code>fzy</code> is a fuzzy selector, where you will be provided a menu to select, depending on the input. </p>
<p>For example, if you are using <code>fzy</code> in conjunction with <code>ls</code> command, it will give you a menu like interface. </p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/fzy-ls.svg" alt="Fuzzy File Search in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="494"><figcaption><code><span>fzy</span></code><span> command</span></figcaption></figure>
<p>By default, it will show you ten entries in view.</p>
<h3 id="enter-into-a-directory-using-fzy"><strong>Enter into a directory using fzy</strong></h3>
<p>Similar to fzf, fzy can also be used to enter into a directory in the current working directory using:</p>
<pre><code>cd $(find -type d | fzy)</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/fzy-cd.svg" alt="Fuzzy File Search in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="494"></figure>
<h3 id="open-a-file-using-any-editor">Open a file using any editor</h3>
<p>Or open a file using your favorite editor by:</p>
<pre><code>nano $(find -type f | fzy)</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/fzy-nano.svg" alt="Fuzzy File Search in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="494"></figure>
<h2 id="bonus-a-customized-file-and-image-preview">Bonus: A Customized file and image preview</h2>
<p>The below command will open a dedicated customized prompt in <strong>Ubuntu </strong>for fuzzy search, where you can preview text files by scrolling through them.</p>
<pre><code>find /home/$USER -type f | fzf --color=&quot;bg:black,fg:yellow&quot; --preview &apos;batcat --color always {}&apos; --preview-window=bottom</code></pre>
<p>Create an alias for this in your bashrc for easy access.</p>
<p>Or preview an image in fzf while scrolling using <code>timg</code> command line image viewer. Install it using:</p>
<pre><code>sudo apt install timg</code></pre>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-red"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F6A7;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>Remember that the image viewer will not display a proper image, as that is not the primary purpose of fzf preview</span></p></div></div>
<pre><code>fzf --preview &apos;timg -g 200x100 {}&apos; --preview-window=right:90</code></pre>
<p>For those who are tinkerers, try to make this part by refining.</p>
<h2 id="modern-alternatives-to-rescue">Modern alternatives to rescue</h2>
<p>Most Linux commands have been inherited from UNIX-era. They are old but work as expected. But this doesn&apos;t mean they cannot be improved.</p>
<p>I mean, you don&apos;t need to reinvent the wheel but you can always work on improving the wheels.</p>
<p>Modern tools like fzf and fzy take the file search in Linux terminal to the next level. Here are some other such command line tools you may find interesting.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/legacy-linux-commands-alternatives/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Modern Alternatives to Some of the Classic Linux Commands</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Consider yourself a modern Linux user? Have you tried these modern replacements of the classic Linux commands yet?</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="Fuzzy File Search in Linux"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">Abhishek Prakash</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">It&apos;s FOSS</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2022/01/penguins.png" alt="Fuzzy File Search in Linux"></div></a></figure>
<p>I have tried giving some practical examples for these fuzzy search tools. I hope you find them inspiring enough for you. Let me know in the comments if you are going to use them.</p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/virtualization-software-linux/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: 9 Best Virtualization Software for Linux
categories: Software Recommendation
description:
We take a look at some of the best virtualization programs that make things easy for users creating/managing VMs.

content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/virtualization-software-for-linux.png" alt="9 Best Virtualization Software for Linux"><p>Virtualization software is prevalent because of its use cases and benefits. You get to experiment, test, or run software that requires a specific OS version.</p><p>Virtualization provides an abstract concept of computer hardware to help you create virtual machines (VMs), networks, storage, and more. The benefits include isolation, security, and the freedom to test things to your heart&apos;s extent. </p><p>Different types of virtualization software cater to desktop users, server administrators, and enterprises.</p><p>While I list all kinds of virtualization software, I mention who it is for. </p><h2 id="1-virtualbox">1. VirtualBox</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/virtualbox-7.png" class="kg-image" alt="9 Best Virtualization Software for Linux" loading="lazy" width="1440" height="810" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/virtualbox-7.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/virtualbox-7.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/virtualbox-7.png 1440w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p><a href="https://www.virtualbox.org/?ref=itsfoss.com">VirtualBox</a> is a top-rated open-source virtual machine program for Linux, Windows, and macOS.</p><p>It is suitable for all kinds of users, whether you are just someone who wants to <a href="https://itsfoss.com/why-linux-virtual-machine/">run Linux on a virtual machine</a>, a professional who wants to create a VM for testing or an enterprise that needs a VM solution.</p><p>You can consider it as an all-in-one solution for most users. Even though it is primarily fit for desktop usage, you can try its headless mode to run a virtual machine as a remote desktop server by exploring its <a href="https://www.virtualbox.org/manual/ch07.html?ref=itsfoss.com">documentation</a>.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>It supports a wide range of guest operating systems</li><li>Simple user interface and fast performance</li><li>Regularly updated</li><li>Feature-rich</li></ul><h2 id="2-openvz">2. OpenVZ</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/openvz.jpg" class="kg-image" alt="9 Best Virtualization Software for Linux" loading="lazy" width="996" height="276" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/openvz.jpg 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/openvz.jpg 996w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>Want to create isolated Linux containers on servers? <a href="https://openvz.org/?ref=itsfoss.com">OpenVZ</a> should help.</p><p>You can create containers that behave like a stand-alone server. The containers have all the essential functionalities to help you manage them efficiently.</p><p>The containers run on Linux only as OpenVZ is built and distributed as a Linux distribution.</p><p>OpenVZ is an excellent pick for new users learning to work with containers considering it is easy to configure and manage. Additionally, OpenVZ-powered VPS hosting is affordable compared to some others.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Efficient resource usage</li><li>Simple to use and manage</li></ul><h2 id="3-kvm">3. KVM</h2><p>Kernel-based Virtual Machine (<a href="https://www.linux-kvm.org/page/Main_Page?ref=itsfoss.com">KVM</a>) is built into Linux, which is its biggest advantage. You can run VMs out of the box on Linux with KVM. It is a <strong>type-1 hypervisor </strong>i.e. hardware-based.</p><p>KVM converts the Linux host to a hypervisor to run virtual machines with bear metal like performance.</p><p>Unlike OpenVZ, KVM is highly customizable and baked into the Linux system without needing to install separately. Considering KVM provides hardware-level virtualization with the help of a hypervisor, it needs more memory and other system resources comparatively.</p><p>You can create guest/virtual machines of different operating systems with KVM. To set it up, you can explore <a href="https://ubuntu.com/blog/kvm-hyphervisor?ref=itsfoss.com">Ubuntu&apos;s official blog post</a> on KVM installation.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Highly customizable and complex to setup</li><li>Baked in with Linux</li></ul><div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-green"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4A1;</div><div class="kg-callout-text">A <a href="https://linuxhandbook.com/what-is-hypervisor/?ref=itsfoss.com">Hypervisor</a> is software that creates and runs virtual machines (VMs)</div></div><h2 id="4-gnome-boxes">4. GNOME Boxes</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/boxes.png" class="kg-image" alt="9 Best Virtualization Software for Linux" loading="lazy" width="1504" height="846" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/boxes.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/boxes.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/boxes.png 1504w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Modern UX </li><li>Simple and easy to use</li></ul><p>GNOME Boxes is the simplest virtualization program for users looking to download test distros as quickly as possible.</p><p>Compared to some other solutions, GNOME Boxes may not feature all kinds of features but the essentials. The user experience is simple, and it is easy to use for newbies.</p><h2 id="5-vmware-workstation-not-foss">5. VMware Workstation (Not FOSS)</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/VMware-installer-finished.jpg" class="kg-image" alt="9 Best Virtualization Software for Linux" loading="lazy" width="1101" height="606" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/VMware-installer-finished.jpg 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/VMware-installer-finished.jpg 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/VMware-installer-finished.jpg 1101w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p><strong>Key Highlights</strong></p><ul><li>Personal and enterprise server offerings</li><li>Easy to use</li><li>Premium edition with more features</li></ul><p><a href="https://www.vmware.com/products/workstation-player.html?ref=itsfoss.com">VMware</a> is an incredibly popular virtual machine program for Linux, Windows, and macOS.</p><p>While it is a proprietary solution, it is one of the industry-leading options used by personal users and enterprises. There are several other offerings by VMware related to cloud computing. </p><p>So, if you want a desktop virtualization program, VMware Workstation Player can be a good pick for you. For others, there are plenty of other editions for server and cloud providers.</p><h2 id="6-xen">6. Xen</h2><p><a href="https://xenproject.org/?ref=itsfoss.com">Xen</a> is one of the oldest virtualization software used by Amazon And Red Hat. While most have switched to using KVM over Xen, it is still an option for cloud infrastructure.</p><p>Yes, Xen is tailored for more server usage than desktop virtualization. It supports Linux, Windows, and FreeBSD.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Tailored for server infrastructure</li><li>Supports para-virtualization (which most others don&apos;t)</li></ul><h2 id="7-ovirt">7. oVirt</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/ovirt.png" class="kg-image" alt="9 Best Virtualization Software for Linux" loading="lazy" width="708" height="398" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/ovirt.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/ovirt.png 708w"></figure><p><a href="https://www.ovirt.org/?ref=itsfoss.com">oVirt</a> is an excellent open-source solution for communities and enterprises looking for a tool to manage server architecture. It is a management tool that utilizes KVM.</p><p>You get a rich web-based user interface to manage everything in it, hosts, storage, and network configuration. It also supports live migration of virtual machines for convenience. </p><p>Considering it does not support the Windows platform, it is tailored to work with Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) and CentOS Linux.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Enterprise-focused</li><li>Uses KVM hypervisor</li><li>Distributed virtualization solution</li><li>Not suitable for beginners</li></ul><h2 id="8-proxmox">8. Proxmox</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/proxmox.png" class="kg-image" alt="9 Best Virtualization Software for Linux" loading="lazy" width="1920" height="1080" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/proxmox.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/proxmox.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/proxmox.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/proxmox.png 1920w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p><a href="proxmox.com/">Proxmox</a> is yet another open-source virtualization platform tailored for enterprises.</p><p>You need to get a subscription to receive software updates and technical help. As per your requirements, you can opt for one of them. Not just limited to virtual environment platforms, they also offer backup and email security solutions if you plan to explore for your enterprise infrastructure.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Easy to setup</li><li>Well documented</li></ul><h2 id="9-qemu">9. QEMU</h2><p></p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/qemu.png" class="kg-image" alt="9 Best Virtualization Software for Linux" loading="lazy" width="500" height="340"></figure><p><a href="https://www.qemu.org/?ref=itsfoss.com">QEMU</a> is a nice virtual machine program (and emulator) available across multiple platforms.</p><p>It supports a wide range of hardware architectures and guest operating systems. You can couple it with KVM to run VMs that perform well because KVM is a hardware-level virtualization tool, and QEMU is a software-level virtualization program.</p><p>Technically, QEMU is a <strong>type-2 hypervisor</strong>.</p><p>If you want a tool that utilizes QEMU at its core and makes it easy for beginners to create virtual machines, you can explore <a href="https://itsfoss.com/quickgui/">Quickgui</a>.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Wide range of operating system support</li><li>It provides flexibility without depending on your hardware</li></ul><h2 id="extra-hyper-v-for-linux-vms-on-windows">Extra: Hyper-V (for Linux VMs on Windows)</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/hyper-v-windows.jpg" class="kg-image" alt="9 Best Virtualization Software for Linux" loading="lazy" width="820" height="616" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/hyper-v-windows.jpg 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/hyper-v-windows.jpg 820w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p><a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/virtualization/hyper-v/hyper-v-technology-overview?ref=itsfoss.com">Hyper-V</a> is a hypervisor that comes baked in with the Microsoft Windows operating system. </p><p>While it is not for Linux, it supports running Linux as a guest operating system. You can run distros like Kali Linux and Ubuntu with Hyper-V on Windows.</p><p>There are some feature differences with Hyper-V on Windows desktop edition and server. So, you might want to review its <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/virtualization/hyper-v-on-windows/about/?ref=itsfoss.com">official documentation</a> per your use case.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Available for Windows as a type 1 hypervisor</li><li>Fast performance</li><li>Supports Windows and Linux operating systems</li><li>Works for desktop and server users</li></ul><h2 id="virtualization-is-easy-because-of-these-tools">Virtualization is Easy Because of These Tools</h2><p>Virtualization was a concept starting to get ahead a decade back. Now almost everyone familiar with computing knows it.</p><p>The programs available to facilitate are easy to use and offer features that uncomplicate things for professionals and home users. For the most part, solutions like VirtualBox, GNOME Boxes, and VMware should be the pick for new users.</p><p>If you are an enterprise or a techie, you can look for other options per your requirements.</p><p><em>&#x1F4AC; What is your favorite virtualization software to run on Linux? Do you prefer using hypervisors instead of Linux or another host operating system? Share your thoughts in the comments below.</em></p>


link: https://fedoramagazine.org/how-to-use-testing-farm-outside-of-rhel/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cDovL2ZlZG9yYW1hZ2F6aW5lLm9yZy9mZWVkLw==
read: False
type: Rss
title: How to use Testing Farm outside of RHEL
categories: For Developers|ci|GitHub|kafka|Packit|strimzi|testing
comments_url: https://fedoramagazine.org/how-to-use-testing-farm-outside-of-rhel/feed/
description:
Find out how to on-board a strimzi-kafka-operator test suite to a testing-farm. Create a test plan in fmf, define the jobs for packit-as-a-service, and run tests in the testing-farm environment.

content:
<p>Continuous integration in public projects is widely used. But it has limitations such as the size of the resources and the execution time. For instance, when you use GitHub actions free tier, you are limited to agents with 2cpu and 7GiB of memory and a total execution time of 2000 minutes per month. Similar limitations are used by other CI providers like Azure Pipelines or Travis CI. The mentioned CI systems are popular. But for some use cases, free tier is not enough. Fortunately, for community projects which are maintained or co-maintained by Red Hat or Fedora/CentOS projects, there is Testing Farm.</p>



<span id="more-38493"></span>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Testing Farm</h2>



<p><a href="https://docs.testing-farm.io/general/0.1/index.html"><u>Testing Farm</u></a> is an open-source testing system offered as a service. Users can use Testing Farm in many ways &#8212; use CLI from the user&#8217;s local machine to create a machine for running the tests, integrate it into the project as a CI check via <a href="https://github.com/sclorg/testing-farm-as-github-action"><u>GitHub Actions</u></a> or <a href="https://packit.dev/"><u>Packit</u></a>, or just send HTTP requests to the service <a href="https://testing-farm.gitlab.io/api/"><u>API</u></a> with desired requirements.</p>



<p>The tests are defined via <a href="https://tmt.readthedocs.io/"><u>tmt</u></a> &#8212; Test Management Tool &#8212; that allows users to manage and execute tests in different environments. In case you are interested in more details about how Fedora manages the testing via tmt check the <a href="https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/ci/tmt/"><u>Fedora CI documentation</u></a>.</p>



<p>This blog post will focus on how to use Testing Farm with projects that have tests written and managed in different testing frameworks like JUnit.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Strimzi e2e tests</h3>



<p>As a reference project we use <a href="https://github.com/strimzi/strimzi-kafka-operator"><u>strimzi-kafka-operator</u></a> and its test suite. Test suite is written in Java and uses the Junit5 test framework. As an execution environment it requires a Kubernetes platform like OpenShift, Minikube, EKS, or similar. Due to these requirements it is not easy to run the tests with the full potential of parallel tests execution on Azure (used as the main CI tool in Strimzi organization).</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">How to onboard</h3>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Get the secret</h4>



<p>As the first step, you need to get access to the Testing Farm API. To achieve that you should follow the <a href="https://docs.testing-farm.io/general/0.1/onboarding.html"><u>onboarding guide</u></a> which is a part of the official documentation. This secret is specific to the user and is used for authentication and authorization to the service.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Add tmt to your project</h4>



<p>Even if users don&#8217;t use tmt for test case management, there are several parts to implement in the project to make Testing Farm understand your needs.</p>



<p>At first, you have to mark the root folder in your project with the <kbd>.fmf</kbd> directory, this can be done by using the <kbd>tmt init</kbd> command. For more details you can check our configuration in the Strimzi <a href="https://github.com/strimzi/strimzi-kafka-operator/tree/main/.fmf"><u>repository</u></a>.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Plan</h4>



<p>Plan for Testing Farm contains a test plan definition. This definition is composed of hardware requirements, preparation steps for creating a VM executor and specific plans. Specific plan defines selectors for tests that should be executed. As part of preparation steps we also spin-up the Minikube cluster and build and push Strimzi container images used during testing. On the bottom of the file we specify specific test plan names and its configuration for executions of specific tests defined later in this article.</p>



<p>You can see an example of our plan below.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted"># TMT test plan definition
# https://tmt.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview.html

# Baseline common for all test plans
###########################################################
summary: Strimzi test suite
discover:
  how: fmf

# Required HW
provision:
  hardware:
    memory: "&gt;= 24 GiB"
    cpu:
      processors: "&gt;= 8"

# Install required packages and scripts for running strimzi suite
prepare:
  - name: Install packages
    how: install
    package:
      - wget
      - java-17-openjdk-devel
      - xz
      - make
      - git
      - zip
      - coreutils

... ommited

  - name: Build strimzi images
    how: shell
    script: |
      # build images
      eval $(minikube docker-env)
      ARCH=$(uname -m)
      if [[ ${ARCH} == "aarch64" ]]; then
        export DOCKER_BUILD_ARGS="--platform linux/arm64 --build-arg TARGETPLATFORM=linux/arm64"
      fi
      export MVN_ARGS="-B -DskipTests -Dmaven.javadoc.skip=true --no-transfer-progress"
      export DOCKER_REGISTRY="localhost:5000"
      export DOCKER_ORG="strimzi"
      export DOCKER_TAG="test"
      
      make java_install
      make docker_build
      make docker_tag
      make docker_push

# Discover tmt defined tests in tests/ folder
execute:
  how: tmt

# Post install step to copy logs
finish:
  how: shell
  script: ./systemtest/tmt/scripts/copy-logs.sh
###########################################################

/smoke:
  summary: Run smoke strimzi test suite
  discover+:
    test:
      - smoke

/regression-operators:
  summary: Run regression strimzi test suite
  discover+:
    test:
      - regression-operators

/regression-components:
  summary: Run regression strimzi test suite
  discover+:
    test:
      - regression-components

/kraft-operators:
  summary: Run regression kraft strimzi test suite
  discover+:
    test:
      - kraft-operators

/kraft-components:
  summary: Run regression kraft strimzi test suite
  discover+:
    test:
      - kraft-components

/upgrade:
  summary: Run upgrade strimzi test suite
  provision:
    hardware:
      memory: "&gt;= 8 GiB"
      cpu:
        processors: "&gt;= 4"
  discover+:
    test:
      - upgrade</pre>



<p>To see the full version check <a href="https://github.com/strimzi/strimzi-kafka-operator/blob/main/systemtest/tmt/plans/main.fmf">our repository</a>.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Tests</h4>



<p>As a next step we need to say how to execute tests. We created a <a href="https://github.com/strimzi/strimzi-kafka-operator/blob/main/systemtest/tmt/tests/strimzi/test.sh"><u>simple shell script</u></a> which just calls maven command to execute Strimzi test suite. We also defined metadata for tests which specify environment variables for test suites and also other configuration like timeout, end others.</p>



<p>In this test metadata example you can see that we specify default env variables and configuration and specific tests override this configuration.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">test:
  ./test.sh
duration: 2h
environment:
  DOCKER_ORG: "strimzi"
  DOCKER_TAG: "test"
  TEST_LOG_DIR: "systemtest/target/logs"
  TESTS: ""
  TEST_GROUPS: ""
  EXCLUDED_TEST_GROUPS: "loadbalancer"
  CLUSTER_OPERATOR_INSTALLTYPE: bundle
adjust:
  - environment+:
      EXCLUDED_TEST_GROUPS: "loadbalancer,arm64unsupported"
    when: arch == aarch64, arm64

/smoke:
  summary: Run smoke strimzi test suite
  tag: [smoke]
  duration: 20m
  tier: 1
  environment+:
    TEST_PROFILE: smoke

/upgrade:
  summary: Run upgrade strimzi test suite
  tag: [strimzi, kafka, upgrade]
  duration: 5h
  tier: 2
  environment+:
    TEST_PROFILE: upgrade

/regression-operators:
  summary: Run regression strimzi test suite
  tag: [strimzi, kafka, regression, operators]
  duration: 10h
  tier: 2
  environment+:
    TEST_PROFILE: operators

/regression-components:
  summary: Run regression strimzi test suite
  tag: [strimzi, kafka, regression, components]
  duration: 12h
  tier: 2
  environment+:
    TEST_PROFILE: components

/kraft-operators:
  summary: Run regression kraft strimzi test suite
  tag: [strimzi, kafka, kraft, operators]
  duration: 8h
  tier: 2
  environment+:
    TEST_PROFILE: operators
    STRIMZI_FEATURE_GATES: "+UseKRaft,+StableConnectIdentities"

/kraft-components:
  summary: Run regression kraft strimzi test suite
  tag: [strimzi, kafka, kraft, components]
  duration: 8h
  tier: 2
  environment+:
    TEST_PROFILE: components
    STRIMZI_FEATURE_GATES: "+UseKRaft,+StableConnectIdentities"</pre>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Run Testing Farm from command line</h4>



<p>Finally, we can try our changes via cmd. We need to have the Testing Farm CLI tool installed and also API token. To install Testing Farm CLI follow this <a href="https://gitlab.com/testing-farm/cli#user-content-installation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><u>guide</u></a>.</p>



<p>For example, we can run a smoke test on fedora-38 with both architectures, which means x86_64 and aarch64 just by one command.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">$ testing-farm request --compose Fedora-38 --git-url https://github.com/strimzi/strimzi-kafka-operator.git --git-ref main --arch x86_64,aarch64  --plan smoke

<img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/14.0.0/72x72/1f4e6.png" alt="" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /> repository https://github.com/strimzi/strimzi-kafka-operator.git ref main test-type fmf
<img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/14.0.0/72x72/1f4bb.png" alt="" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /> Fedora-38 on x86_64
<img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/14.0.0/72x72/1f4bb.png" alt="" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /> Fedora-38 on aarch64
<img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/14.0.0/72x72/1f50e.png" alt="" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /> api https://api.dev.testing-farm.io/v0.1/requests/*******-40ba-8a45-3c1fbe3da73a
<img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/14.0.0/72x72/1f4a1.png" alt="" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /> waiting for request to finish, use ctrl+c to skip
<img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/14.0.0/72x72/1f476.png" alt="" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /> request is waiting to be queued
<img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/14.0.0/72x72/1f477.png" alt="" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /> request is queued
<img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/14.0.0/72x72/1f680.png" alt="" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /> request is running
<img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/14.0.0/72x72/1f6a2.png" alt="" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /> artifacts https://artifacts.dev.testing-farm.io/*******-40ba-8a45-3c1fbe3da73a</pre>



<p>When the test run is completed we can see results in web UI.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="581" src="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/screenshot_2023-06-15_at_13.33.12-1024x581.png" alt="" class="wp-image-38494" srcset="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/screenshot_2023-06-15_at_13.33.12-1024x581.png 1024w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/screenshot_2023-06-15_at_13.33.12-300x170.png 300w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/screenshot_2023-06-15_at_13.33.12-768x435.png 768w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/screenshot_2023-06-15_at_13.33.12-1536x871.png 1536w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/screenshot_2023-06-15_at_13.33.12-2048x1161.png 2048w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/screenshot_2023-06-15_at_13.33.12-816x463.png 816w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Packit</h2>



<p>Testing Farm deals with resource problems. But we still need to deal with execution time limits. In Strimzi, our full regression takes around 20 hours which is insane to run on GitHub Actions and it is quite complicated to run it on Azure Pipelines. Here comes <a href="https://packit.dev/"><u>Packit</u></a> service.</p>



<p>Packit is an open-source project aiming to ease the integration of your project with Fedora Linux, CentOS Stream and other distributions. Packit is mostly used by projects that build RPM packages. However, it can be easily used only for triggering tests on Testing Farm.</p>



<p>To use Packit service users should follow the <a href="https://packit.dev/docs/guide/"><u>onboarding guide</u></a>. We are using Packit on GitHub so we just installed the application and granted access to our organization.</p>



<p>After finishing the onboarding, users can create a configuration file for Packit in the repository. You can see our small example below. Because we just want to run tests, we use jobs: tests but users can use different kinds of jobs and triggers. To see the full options for Packit we suggest checking the <a href="https://packit.dev/docs/configuration/"><u>documentation</u></a> or <a href="https://developers.redhat.com/articles/2022/08/16/how-set-packit-simplify-upstream-project-integration"><u>this blog post</u></a>.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted"># Default packit instance is a prod and only this is used
# stg instance is present for testing new packit features in forked repositories where stg is installed.
packit_instances: ["prod", "stg"]
upstream_project_url: https://github.com/strimzi/strimzi-kafka-operator
issue_repository: https://github.com/strimzi/strimzi-kafka-operator
jobs:
  - job: tests
    trigger: pull_request
    # Suffix for job name
    identifier: "upgrade"
    targets:
      # This target is not used at all by our tests, but it has to be one of the available - https://packit.dev/docs/configuration/#aliases
      - centos-stream-9-x86_64
      - centos-stream-9-aarch64
    # We don't need to build any packages for Fedora/RHEL/CentOS, it is not related to Strimzi tests
    skip_build: true
    manual_trigger: true
    labels:
      - upgrade
    tf_extra_params:
      test:
        fmf:
          name: upgrade
  ###########################################################

  - job: tests
    trigger: pull_request
    # Suffix for job name
    identifier: "regression-operators"
    targets:
      # This target is not used at all by our tests, but it has to be one of the available - https://packit.dev/docs/configuration/#aliases
      - centos-stream-9-x86_64
      - centos-stream-9-aarch64
    # We don't need to build any packages for Fedora/RHEL/CentOS, it is not related to Strimzi tests
    skip_build: true
    manual_trigger: true
    labels:
      - regression
      - operators
      - regression-operators
      - ro
    tf_extra_params:
      test:
        fmf:
          name: regression-operators
.. ommited</pre>



<p>The full <a href="https://github.com/strimzi/strimzi-kafka-operator/blob/main/.packit.yaml" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><u>.packit.yaml</u></a> file is available on Strimzi GitHub.</p>



<p>If you successfully onboard to Packit service you will see the triggered check in GitHub pull request like on the picture bottom.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex">
<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="997" height="840" data-id="38495"  src="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/screenshot_2023-06-15_at_14.08.51.png" alt="" class="wp-image-38495" srcset="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/screenshot_2023-06-15_at_14.08.51.png 997w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/screenshot_2023-06-15_at_14.08.51-300x253.png 300w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/screenshot_2023-06-15_at_14.08.51-768x647.png 768w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/screenshot_2023-06-15_at_14.08.51-816x688.png 816w" sizes="(max-width: 997px) 100vw, 997px" /></figure>
</figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



<p>In this article, you&#8217;ve seen how to set up and use Testing Farm together with Packit. These two services make your upstream project very easily built and tested and now nothing stops you from on-boarding and using it!</p>


link: https://fedoramagazine.org/using-postfix-dns-srv-record-resolution-feature/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cDovL2ZlZG9yYW1hZ2F6aW5lLm9yZy9mZWVkLw==
read: False
type: Rss
title: Using Postfix DNS SRV record resolution feature
description: Use Postfix's DNS SRV record resolution feature to locate email services.
categories: For System Administrators|DNS|Postfix|SRV
comments_url: https://fedoramagazine.org/using-postfix-dns-srv-record-resolution-feature/feed/
content:
<p>In March 2011 Apple Inc. proposed <a href="https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc6186.txt" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RFC 6186</a> that describes how domain name system service (DNS SRV) records should be used for locating email submission and accessing services. The design presented in the RFC is now supported by Postfix since version 3.8.0. With the new functionality, you can now use DNS SRV records for load distribution and auto-configuration.</p>



<span id="more-38466"></span>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What does the DNS SRV record look like</h2>



<p>The DNS SRV records were defined in <a href="https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2782.txt" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RFC 2782</a> and are specified in zone files and contain the service name, transport protocol specification, priority, weight, port, and the host that provides the service.</p>



<p>_submission._tcp SRV 5 10 50 bruce.my-domain.com.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-table"><table><tbody><tr><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center"><strong>Field</strong></td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center"><strong>Value</strong></td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center"><strong>Meaning</strong></td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">service name</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">submission</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">service is named submission</td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">transport protocol specification</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">tcp</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">service is using TCP</td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">priority</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">5</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">servers priority is 5 (lower gets tried first)</td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">weight</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">10</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">portion of load the server should handle</td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">port</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">50</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">port where server listens for connections</td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">target</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">bruce.my-domain.com.</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">name of server providing this service</td></tr></tbody></table><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Record explanation</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Server selection algorithm</h2>



<p>Clients should implement the resolution of SRV records as described in <a href="https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2782.txt" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RFC 2782</a>. That means, first contact the server with the highest priority (lowest priority field value). If the server does not respond, try to contact the next server with either the same or lower priority (higher priority field value). If there are multiple servers with the same priority, choose one randomly, but ensure the probability of choosing records conforms to the equation:</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="163" height="48" src="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/probability_equation.png" alt="" class="wp-image-38468"/></figure>



<p>where <em>i</em>  is the identification of SRV record and <em>k</em> is the count of SRV records with the same priority.</p>



<p>In practice, this means that if you have two servers and one is 3 times as powerful as the other one, then you should give the first weight a value 3 times higher than the other one. This ensures the more powerful server will receive ~75% of client requests and the other one ~25%.</p>



<p>These principles allow SRV records to work as tools to both autoconfigure clients and distribute the workload among servers.</p>



<p>Consider the following example of such a set of records:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">_submission._tcp 	SRV 0 0 2525 server-one
_submission._tcp 	SRV 1 75 2625 server-two
_submission._tcp 	SRV 1 25 2625 server-three</pre>



<p>Here <strong>server-one</strong> would always be contacted first. If <strong>server-one</strong> does not respond, the client will shuffle the two remaining records with priority 1, generate a random number from 0 to 100 and if the running sum of the first record is greater or equal, then try to contact it. Otherwise, the client contacts the servers in reverse order. Note that the client submits the request to the first server it successfully connects to.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Configuration example</h2>



<p>Consider the following situation. You want to configure Postfix to relay outgoing emails through a company mail server by using SRV records for a large number of computers. To achieve this, you can configure the <strong>relayhost</strong> parameter in Postfix, which acts as a Mail User Agent (MUA) for each computer. If you set the value of the <strong>relayhost</strong> parameter to <strong>$mydomain</strong>, your machines start to look up MX records for your domain and attempt to submit mail in the order based on their priorities. While this approach works, you can encounter a problem with load balancing. Postfix uses the server with the highest priority until it becomes unresponsive and only then contacts any secondary servers. Additionally, if your environment uses dynamically assigned ports, you are not able to notify the clients what port is a particular server using. With SRV records, you can address these challenges and keep the servers running smoothly without peaks while changing the server&#8217;s port as needed.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Zone file</h3>



<p>To configure a DNS server to provide information to clients, see the following example zone file with servers one, two and three configured as relays and server four for receiving test mail.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">$TTL  3600
@  	IN SOA  example-domain.com. root.example-domain.com. (
                1571655122 ; Serial number of zone file
                1200       ; Refresh time
                180        ; Retry time in case of problem
                1209600    ; Expiry time
                10800 )    ; Maximum caching time in case of failed lookups
;
   	IN NS   ns1
   	IN A    192.168.2.0
;
ns1	IN A    192.168.2.2
server-one           IN A   192.168.2.4
server-two           IN A   192.168.2.5
server-three         IN A   192.168.2.6
server-four          IN A   192.168.2.7
_submission._tcp     SRV 0 0 2525  server-one
_submission._tcp     SRV 1 50 2625 server-two
_submission._tcp     SRV 1 50 2625 server-three
@ MX 0 server-four</pre>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Postfix MUA configuration</h3>



<p>Configure client machines to look for SRV records:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">use_srv_lookup = submission
relayhost = example-domain.com:submission</pre>



<p>With this configuration, Postfix instances on your client machines contact the DNS server for the <strong>example-domain</strong> and request the SRV records for mail submission. In this example, <strong>server-one</strong> has the highest priority and Postfix tries it first. Postfix then randomly selects one of the two remaining servers to try. The configuration ensures that server one will be contacted first approximately 50% of the time. Note that the weight value in the SRV records does not correspond with the percentage. You can achieve the same goal with the values 1 and 1.</p>



<p>Postfix also has the information that <strong>server-one</strong> listens on port 2525 and <strong>server-two</strong> on port 2625. If you are caching retrieved DNS records and you change the SRV records dynamically, it is important to set a low time to live (TTL) for your records.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Complete setup</h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="519" height="355" src="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/srv_article.png" alt="" class="wp-image-38467" srcset="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/srv_article.png 519w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/srv_article-300x205.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 519px) 100vw, 519px" /></figure>



<p>You can try this configuration with podman and compose file included here:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">$ git clone https://github.com/TomasKorbar/srv_article
$ cd srv_article/environment
$ podman-compose up
$ podman exec -it article_client /bin/bash
root@client # ./senddummy.sh
root@client # exit</pre>



<p>After completing the configuration steps, you can check the logs to monitor, that the mail passes server one and is delivered to server four.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">$ podman stop article_server1
$ podman exec -it article_client /bin/bash
root@client # ./senddummy.sh
root@client # ./senddummy.sh
root@client # ./senddummy.sh
root@client # ./senddummy.sh
root@client # ./senddummy.sh
root@client # ./senddummy.sh
root@client # exit</pre>



<p>Now that the first server is down, these six mails will be relayed by either server two or three.</p>



<p>Take a closer look at the Dockerfiles to understand the configuration more deeply.</p>



<p>Finish working with the example by executing: <kbd>$ podman-compose down</kbd></p>


link: https://fedoramagazine.org/use-systemd-cryptenroll-with-fido-u2f-or-tpm2-to-decrypt-your-disk/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cDovL2ZlZG9yYW1hZ2F6aW5lLm9yZy9mZWVkLw==
read: False
type: Rss
title: Use systemd-cryptenroll with FIDO U2F or TPM2 to decrypt your disk
categories: FAQs and Guides|FIDO|FIDO2|TPM|TPM2|U2F
comments_url: https://fedoramagazine.org/use-systemd-cryptenroll-with-fido-u2f-or-tpm2-to-decrypt-your-disk/feed/
description:
Find out how to use systemd-cryptenroll with a TPM2 chip or a FIDO U2F security key to unlock your LUKS partitions.

content:
<p>Fedora Workstation includes <a href="https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-cryptenroll.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">systemd-cryptenroll</a> by default which makes adding alternative methods for unlocking <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Unified_Key_Setup" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUKS</a> partitions fairly straight forward. This article shows how to use either a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TPM2</a> chip or a FIDO U2F security key as an alternative factor to the passphrase when unlocking your LUKS partitions.</p>



<span id="more-38339"></span>



<p><strong>Note</strong>: <em>systemd-cryptenroll does not work with LUKS1. LUKS1 volumes must be upgraded to LUKS2 to work with systemd-cryptenroll. Fedora Linux has used LUKS2 by default since release 30, but users who are using LUKS volumes that were created on older Fedora Linux releases will need to upgrade their LUKS volumes. References: <a href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Dm-crypt/Device_encryption#Conversion_from_LUKS1_to_LUKS2_and_back" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">documentation</a>, <a href="https://discussion.fedoraproject.org/t/upgrade-from-luks-luks2-on-main-disk/81099" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">discussion</a></em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Previous articles</h2>



<p>A TPM2 chip is a little piece of storage with secure APIs where you can store secrets protected by Secure Boot. Secure Boot establishes a chain of trust by computing hashes based on, for example, hardware or software components. This way you can store a LUKS decryption key which is only accessible if the system is in a non-tampered state (in theory). Unfortunately, this means you&#8217;ll want to measure things like your initramfs and kernel into this state which means invalidating this factor every time you do a system upgrade. FIDO U2F keys do not suffer from this problem as they are not tied to the hardware platform.</p>



<p>Check out my previous article about using an integrated TPM2 secure storage device to learn more in-depth specifics about how TPM2-based unlocking works and its security implications.</p>



<p>The previous article, however, uses clevis which adds additional dependencies and has a more complex interface than using the already present systemd-cryptenroll.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-fedora-magazine wp-block-embed-fedora-magazine"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
<blockquote class="wp-embedded-content" data-secret="mDA4rLuStM"><a href="https://fedoramagazine.org/automatically-decrypt-your-disk-using-tpm2/">Automatically decrypt your disk using TPM2</a></blockquote><iframe class="wp-embedded-content" sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" title="&#8220;Automatically decrypt your disk using TPM2&#8221; &#8212; Fedora Magazine" src="https://fedoramagazine.org/automatically-decrypt-your-disk-using-tpm2/embed/#?secret=jrXmhU0p7f#?secret=mDA4rLuStM" data-secret="mDA4rLuStM" width="600" height="338" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no"></iframe>
</div></figure>



<p>A FIDO2 or FIDO U2F compliant key is an external storage device with secure APIs for storing and retrieving secrets. These keys can be used as a second- or sole-factor in authentication flows. Secrets never leave the device and verification is done on the client. So attack scenarios like fishing are mitigated by design as compared to other MFA (multi-factor authentication) technologies like TOTP (time-based one time passwords).</p>



<p>A previous post about FIDO U2F / FIDO2 keys here on Fedora Magazine showed how to set up those keys for Linux PAM authentication &#8211; primarily <em>sudo</em> and GNOME login.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-fedora-magazine wp-block-embed-fedora-magazine"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
<blockquote class="wp-embedded-content" data-secret="LmClpJCCo2"><a href="https://fedoramagazine.org/use-fido-u2f-security-keys-with-fedora-linux/">Use FIDO U2F security keys with Fedora Linux</a></blockquote><iframe class="wp-embedded-content" sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" title="&#8220;Use FIDO U2F security keys with Fedora Linux&#8221; &#8212; Fedora Magazine" src="https://fedoramagazine.org/use-fido-u2f-security-keys-with-fedora-linux/embed/#?secret=PecY0dIayo#?secret=LmClpJCCo2" data-secret="LmClpJCCo2" width="600" height="338" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no"></iframe>
</div></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Find your encrypted LUKS disks</h2>



<p>For the following sections you need the filesystem path(s) to your LUKS encrypted partition(s). Use <em>lsblk</em> to find them.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted" style="font-size: 0.75em">$> lsblk
NAME                  MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE  MOUNTPOINTS
sda                     8:0    1     0B  0 disk
sdb                     8:16   1     0B  0 disk
zram0                 252:0    0     8G  0 disk  [SWAP]
nvme0n1               259:0    0 476.9G  0 disk
├─nvme0n1p1           259:1    0   600M  0 part  /boot/efi
├─nvme0n1p2           259:2    0     1G  0 part  /boot
└─nvme0n1p3           259:3    0 475.4G  0 part
  └─luks-fdb98c38-... 253:0    0 475.3G  0 crypt /home
                                                 /
</pre>



<p>Find the partition number(s) hosting the <em>luks-</em> partition of type <em>crypt</em>. In this case that&#8217;d be <em>/dev/nvme0n1p3</em>. Use this path as target for the following sections.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">(Maybe) Get rid of clevis</h2>



<p>Assuming you followed the previous post on using TPM2 you might want to unbind and remove clevis before proceeding with systemd-cryptenroll. Otherwise just skip this section.</p>



<p>First, remove any TPM2 binding from the LUKS secrets slots. Beware: do not remove slot 0 as it contains the passphrase binding!</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">$ sudo clevis luks list -d /dev/nvme0n1p3
... Slot 1 (or whichever is your TPM2 binding) ...
$ sudo clevis luks unbind -d /dev/nvme0n1p3 -s 1</pre>



<p>Now remove the clevis packages.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">sudo dnf remove -y clevis clevis-luks clevis-dracut clevis-udisks2 clevis-systemd</pre>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Choose TPM2 or FIDO as an alternative decryption method</h2>



<p>The following steps are required for both methods. Choose one to your liking.</p>



<ul>
<li>Add the corresponding dracut module so support is available in the initramfs at boot</li>



<li>Enroll / bind a LUKS secret slot tied to either the TPM2 or the FIDO key</li>



<li>Update /etc/crypttab with the new configuration</li>



<li>Rebuild the initramfs to apply the changes</li>
</ul>



<p>It is important to run dracut last to not only include new dependencies but also your updated <em>crypttab</em> in the <em>initramfs</em>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Use systemd-cryptenroll with a FIDO U2F key</h2>



<p>Add the <em>fido2</em> dracut module to your dracut configuration.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">$ echo "add_dracutmodules+=\" fido2 \"" | sudo tee /etc/dracut.conf.d/fido2.conf
add_dracutmodules+=" fido2 "</pre>



<p>Now enroll the FIDO key with your LUKS partition as an alternative decryption factor. See <a href="https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/systemd-cryptenroll.1.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">systemd-cryptenroll(1)</a> for options to control features like touch or pin prompt. By default presence and pin are requested for enrollment and use.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">sudo systemd-cryptenroll --fido2-device auto /dev/nvmen1p3</pre>



<p>Update <em>/etc/crypttab</em> and append <em>fido2-device=auto</em> to the appropriate line&#8217;s options. A line in <em>crypttab</em> consists of four fields with the last one being a comma separated list.</p>



<p>Finally, rebuild your initramfs using dracut. The following command will rebuild your currently-booted initramfs slot.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">sudo dracut -f</pre>



<p>Don&#8217;t worry about the FIDO key not working or about losing it since the passphrase is still available as a fallback.</p>



<p>You&#8217;ll now be prompted at boot to enter the PIN of your FIDO key. Be aware that the PIN entry prompt looks exactly the same as the passphrase prompt. You will notice a difference only when using the terminal (which you can view by hitting the <strong>ESC</strong> key). After entering the correct PIN the hardware token will prompt you to touch it which (also) is not indicated on the prompt. If it does not prompt for a touch, then <em>systemd-cryptenroll</em> was not able to find a hardware token corresponding to the entered PIN.</p>



<p><strong>Note</strong>: <em>systemd-cryptenroll does not currently work with multiple connected hardware tokens.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Use systemd-cryptenroll with a TPM2 chip</h2>



<p>Add the <em>tpm2-tss</em> module to your dracut configuration.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">$ echo "add_dracutmodules+=\" tpm2-tss \"" | sudo tee /etc/dracut.conf.d/tpm2.conf
add_dracutmodules+=" tpm2-tss "</pre>



<p>Enroll the TPM2 chip as alternative decryption factor for your LUKS partition(s). The <em>‐‐wipe-slot tpm2 </em>option ensures that after successful enrollment any previous bindings are removed. Use this command every time you need to update the binding.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">sudo systemd-cryptenroll --wipe-slot tpm2 --tpm2-device auto --tpm2-pcrs "0+1+2+3+4+5+7+9" /dev/nvme0n1p3</pre>



<p>Update /etc/crypttab and append <em>tpm2-device=auto,tpm2-pcrs=0+1+2+3+4+5+7+9</em> to the appropriate line&#8217;s options, depending on the PCRs used. A line in crypttab consists of four fields with the last one being a plus separated list.</p>



<p>Last but not least, rebuild your <em>initramfs</em> using <em>dracut</em>. The following command will rebuild your currently booted <em>initramfs</em> slot.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">sudo dracut -f</pre>


