# syndication_item

link: https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Aznavour&diff=64618150&oldid=64618136
read: False
type: Atom
title: Charles Aznavour
authors: 2A02:A210:4C3:1300:E139:FBA9:D706:7067
description:
&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"&gt;
				&lt;col class="diff-marker" /&gt;
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				&lt;tr class="diff-title" lang="nl"&gt;
				&lt;td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;"&gt;← Oudere versie&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;"&gt;Versie van 2 jul 2023 20:12&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno"&gt;Regel 16:&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno"&gt;Regel 16:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;| website        = https://www.charlesaznavour-lesite.fr/&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;| website        = https://www.charlesaznavour-lesite.fr/&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;'''Charles Aznavourian''', [[pseudoniem]] van ''Chahnour Varinag Aznavourian'' ([[Armeens]]: Շահնուր Վաղինակ Ազնավուրյան), ([[Parijs (hoofdbetekenis)|Parijs]], [[22 mei]] [[1924]] – [[Mouriès]], [[1 oktober]] [[2018]]) was een &lt;del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;[[Frankrijk (hoofdbetekenis)|Franse]]&lt;/del&gt; zanger, liedjesschrijver en acteur van &lt;del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;[[Armenië|Armeense]]&lt;/del&gt; &lt;del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;afkomst&lt;/del&gt;, die vanaf 2008 ook de Armeense nationaliteit had.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;'''Charles Aznavourian''', [[pseudoniem]] van ''Chahnour Varinag Aznavourian'' ([[Armeens]]: Շահնուր Վաղինակ Ազնավուրյան), ([[Parijs (hoofdbetekenis)|Parijs]], [[22 mei]] [[1924]] – [[Mouriès]], [[1 oktober]] [[2018]]) was een &lt;ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Armeense&lt;/ins&gt; zanger, liedjesschrijver en acteur van &lt;ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;die&lt;/ins&gt; &lt;ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;een Franse nationaliteit had&lt;/ins&gt;, die vanaf 2008 ook de Armeense nationaliteit had.&lt;ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt; Hij wordt door veel Armenen omarmd en beschouwt als de beste Armeense zanger. &lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Leven ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Leven ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

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link: https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ZLM_Tour_2018&diff=64618149&oldid=64441225
read: False
type: Atom
title: ZLM Tour 2018
authors: KvaraWolves88
description:
&lt;p&gt;Link naar doorverwijspagina &lt;a href="/wiki/ZLM_Tour" title="ZLM Tour"&gt;ZLM Tour&lt;/a&gt; gewijzigd in &lt;a href="/wiki/Grote_Prijs_Arjaan_de_Schipper" title="Grote Prijs Arjaan de Schipper"&gt;Grote Prijs Arjaan de Schipper&lt;/a&gt; met &lt;a href="/wiki/Gebruiker:Midas02/DisamAssist" title="Gebruiker:Midas02/DisamAssist"&gt;DisamAssist&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"&gt;
				&lt;col class="diff-marker" /&gt;
				&lt;col class="diff-content" /&gt;
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				&lt;tr class="diff-title" lang="nl"&gt;
				&lt;td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;"&gt;← Oudere versie&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;"&gt;Versie van 2 jul 2023 20:12&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno"&gt;Regel 1:&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno"&gt;Regel 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox editie wielerwedstrijd&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox editie wielerwedstrijd&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;| titel      = {{NL-VLAG}} [[ZLM Tour]] 2018&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;| titel      = {{NL-VLAG}} [[&lt;ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Grote Prijs Arjaan de Schipper|&lt;/ins&gt;ZLM Tour]] 2018&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;| editie     = 23&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;| editie     = 23&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;| routekaart = &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;| routekaart = &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

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&lt;/table&gt;


link: https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hervormde_kerk_(Rhoon)&diff=64618148&oldid=58659644
read: False
type: Atom
title: Hervormde kerk (Rhoon)
authors: Sneeuwvlakte
description:
&lt;p&gt;Nieuwere foto in infobox&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"&gt;
				&lt;col class="diff-marker" /&gt;
				&lt;col class="diff-content" /&gt;
				&lt;col class="diff-marker" /&gt;
				&lt;col class="diff-content" /&gt;
				&lt;tr class="diff-title" lang="nl"&gt;
				&lt;td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;"&gt;← Oudere versie&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;"&gt;Versie van 2 jul 2023 20:12&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno"&gt;Regel 1:&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno"&gt;Regel 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox kerk&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox kerk&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;| naam           = Hervormde kerk van Rhoon&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;| naam           = Hervormde kerk van Rhoon&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;| afbeelding     = &lt;del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Hervormde&lt;/del&gt; &lt;del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;kerk&lt;/del&gt; Rhoon.&lt;del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;JPG&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;| afbeelding     = &lt;ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;De&lt;/ins&gt; &lt;ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Dorpskerk te&lt;/ins&gt; Rhoon.&lt;ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;jpg&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;| onderschrift   = De hervormde kerk van Rhoon&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;| onderschrift   = De hervormde kerk van Rhoon&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;| plaats         = [[Rhoon]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class="diff-marker"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;| plaats         = [[Rhoon]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;!-- diff cache key nlwiki:diff:wikidiff2:1.12:old-58659644:rev-64618148:1.13.0 --&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;


link: https://www.nu.nl/binnenland/6271628/vanavond-stevige-onweersbuien-vooral-in-het-noordoosten.html
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnUubmwvcnNzL0FsZ2VtZWVu
read: False
type: Rss
title: Vanavond stevige onweersbuien, vooral in het noordoosten
categories: Algemeen|Binnenland|Binnen- en buitenland
description:
Vooral in het noordoosten komen plaatselijk zware buien met hagel en zware windstoten voor. Daarvoor heeft het KNMI in Friesland, Groningen, Drenthe en Overijssel code oranje uitgegeven. In Gelderland, Flevoland, het IJsselmeergebied en rondom de Waddenzee geldt code geel.


encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnUubmwvcnNzL0FsZ2VtZWVu
read: False
type: Rss
title: Stelling: Alle partijen moeten kabinet met Rutte als premier uitsluiten
categories: Algemeen|Stelling
link:
https://www.nu.nl/stelling/6271638/stelling-alle-partijen-moeten-kabinet-met-rutte-als-premier-uitsluiten.html

description:
Op NU.nl vind je elke dag een stelling die bij het nieuws past. Vandaag: Alle partijen moeten kabinet met Rutte als premier uitsluiten. Vrijdagavond viel kabinet-Rutte IV. Kan Rutte na alle schandalen nóg eens voor het premierschap gaan? Attje Kuiken van de PvdA zei al <a href="https://www.nu.nl/politiek/6271620/pvda-leider-kuiken-wil-dit-keer-niet-met-onbetrouwbare-rutte-in-kabinet.html" target="_blank">niet met Rutte te willen samenwerken</a>. Breng je stem uit en discussieer mee.


encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnUubmwvcnNzL0FsZ2VtZWVu
read: False
type: Rss
title: Verstappen heerst ook in Silverstone en wint voor het eerst zes races op rij
categories: Algemeen|Sport|GP Groot-Brittannië|Instagram
link:
https://www.nu.nl/formule-1/6271647/verstappen-heerst-ook-in-silverstone-en-wint-voor-het-eerst-zes-races-op-rij.html

description:
Max Verstappen blijft maar winnen in de Formule 1. De Nederlander zegevierde zondag ook in de Britse Grand Prix op Silverstone en pakte zo zijn zesde overwinning op rij. Dat lukte de Red Bull-coureur nog niet eerder.


encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnUubmwvcnNzL0FsZ2VtZWVu
read: False
type: Rss
title: Drentse schapenhouder die door wolf werd gebeten is weer thuis
categories: Algemeen|Binnenland
link:
https://www.nu.nl/binnenland/6271644/drentse-schapenhouder-die-door-wolf-werd-gebeten-is-weer-thuis.html

description:
De boer uit het Drentse Wapse die door een <a href="https://www.nu.nl/binnenland/6271598/drentse-boer-gebeten-door-wolf-die-zijn-schapen-aanviel-dier-doodgeschoten.html" target="_blank">wolf is gebeten</a>, is weer thuis. De man probeerde zondagochtend een wolf te verjagen omdat die zijn schapen aanviel, waarop hij door het dier in zijn arm werd gebeten.


encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnUubmwvcnNzL0FsZ2VtZWVu
read: False
type: Rss
title: Tour blijft ongemeen spannend: Pogacar komt wéér dichter bij gele trui Vingegaard
categories: Algemeen|Sport|Tour de France|Wielrennen
link:
https://www.nu.nl/tour-de-france/6271653/tour-blijft-ongemeen-spannend-pogacar-komt-weer-dichter-bij-gele-trui-vingegaard.html

description:
Tadej Pogacar is Jonas Vingegaard zondag weer genaderd in het algemeen klassement van de Tour de France. De Sloveen ging in de negende etappe in de aanval op de mythische Puy de Dõme en pakte enkele seconden op de geletruidrager.


encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnUubmwvcnNzL0FsZ2VtZWVu
read: False
type: Rss
title: PvdA-leider Kuiken wil dit keer niet met 'onbetrouwbare' Rutte in kabinet
categories: Algemeen|Binnenland|Politiek|Binnen- en buitenland
link:
https://www.nu.nl/politiek/6271620/pvda-leider-kuiken-wil-dit-keer-niet-met-onbetrouwbare-rutte-in-kabinet.html

description:
PvdA-leider Attje Kuiken wil niet met Mark Rutte regeren. Ze noemt de demissionair premier "onbetrouwbaar" en "uitgeregeerd". Kuiken hield in het midden of een toekomstige samenwerking met de VVD ook uitgesloten is.


encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnUubmwvcnNzL0FsZ2VtZWVu
read: False
type: Rss
title: Wolf doden mag alleen bij 'acuut' gevaar, nog onduidelijk of dat in Wapse zo was
categories: Algemeen|Binnenland|Binnen- en buitenland
link:
https://www.nu.nl/binnenland/6271614/wolf-doden-mag-alleen-bij-acuut-gevaar-nog-onduidelijk-of-dat-in-wapse-zo-was.html

description:
Wolven zijn extreem beschermde dieren. Alleen in een uitzonderlijke situatie mag een wolf worden doodgeschoten. Het is nog niet duidelijk of het <a href="https://www.nu.nl/binnenland/6271598/drentse-boer-gebeten-door-wolf-die-zijn-schapen-aanviel-dier-doodgeschoten.html" target="_blank">incident in Wapse</a> zondag aan die uitzonderlijke eisen voldeed of dat de burgemeester de wolf onterecht liet doodschieten.


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type: Rss
title: Oppermachtige Van Vleuten grijpt in afscheidsjaar weer eindzege in Giro Donne
categories: Algemeen|Sport|Wielrennen
link:
https://www.nu.nl/wielrennen/6271624/oppermachtige-van-vleuten-grijpt-in-afscheidsjaar-weer-eindzege-in-giro-donne.html

description:
Annemiek van Vleuten heeft ook in haar laatste jaar als prof de Giro Donne op haar naam geschreven. De Nederlandse van Movistar was dit jaar wederom oppermachtig in de Italiaanse rittenkoers.


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type: Rss
title: Oproep: Wat wil jij weten over de neergeschoten wolf in Drenthe?
categories: Algemeen|Binnenland|login-vereist
link:
https://www.nu.nl/binnenland/6271643/oproep-wat-wil-jij-weten-over-de-neergeschoten-wolf-in-drenthe.html

description:
<a href="https://www.nu.nl/binnenland/6271598/drentse-boer-gebeten-door-wolf-die-zijn-schapen-aanviel-dier-doodgeschoten.html" target="_blank">Een Drentse boer is zondag gebeten door een wolf</a> die zijn schapen aanviel. Een paar uur later werd het dier gedood. Het was de eerste keer sinds de terugkeer van de wolf in Nederland dat een mens is gebeten door een wolf. Wat wil jij nog weten over dit nieuws?


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type: Rss
title: NU+ | Ga bewust om met wifi op vakantie, niets is veiliger dan mobiel internet
categories: Economie|Algemeen|Tech|Achtergrond|login-vereist|Tech & Wetenschap
link:
https://www.nu.nl/tech/6271108/ga-bewust-om-met-wifi-op-vakantie-niets-is-veiliger-dan-mobiel-internet.html

description:
Ga je deze zomer op vakantie en wil je internetten op je telefoon? Probeer dan de verleiding te weerstaan door niet met het eerste de beste vrij toegankelijke wifinetwerk verbinding te maken.


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type: Rss
title: GroenLinks en PvdA willen één programma en één leider bij nieuwe verkiezingen
categories: Algemeen|Politiek|Binnen- en buitenland
link:
https://www.nu.nl/politiek/6271593/groenlinks-en-pvda-willen-een-programma-en-een-leider-bij-nieuwe-verkiezingen.html

description:
GroenLinks en PvdA willen hun innige samenwerking bij de komende Tweede Kamerverkiezingen voortzetten. Leden van beide partijen kunnen hier komende week over stemmen, laten beide partijen zondag weten.


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type: Rss
title: Explainer | Russen beweren geld en pruiken te hebben gevonden van Prigozhin
categories: Algemeen|Buitenland|Oorlog in Oekraïne
link:
https://www.nu.nl/algemeen/6271213/russen-beweren-geld-en-pruiken-te-hebben-gevonden-van-prigozhin.html

description:
De Russische staatstelevisie toont opmerkelijke beelden die van het kantoor en een villa van Wagner-baas Yevgeny Prigozhin zouden zijn. Daar zouden invallen hebben plaatsgevonden, vlak na de recente opstand van het huurlingenleger. Een programma op de staatstelevisie gebruikt de beelden om Prigozhin zwart te maken.


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type: Rss
title: Video | Weerbericht: Onweer, zware windstoten en grote hagelstenen op komst
categories: Algemeen|Video's
link:
https://www.nu.nl/videos/6271623/weerbericht-onweer-zware-windstoten-en-grote-hagelstenen-op-komst.html

description:
Het KNMI heeft voor zondagmiddag en -avond code oranje uitgegeven voor de provincies Noord-Brabant, Limburg, Gelderland en Overijssel. Er worden stevige onweersbuien verwacht, waarbij mogelijk grote hagelstenen vallen.


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type: Rss
title: Rikkie Kolle eerste transgender vrouw die Miss Nederland-verkiezing wint
categories: Algemeen|Media en Cultuur|Instagram
link:
https://www.nu.nl/entertainment/6271627/rikkie-kolle-eerste-transgender-vrouw-die-miss-nederland-verkiezing-wint.html

description:
Rikkie Kolle is zaterdagavond verkozen tot Miss Nederland 2023. Ze is daarmee de eerste transgender vrouw die de verkiezing wint. In het AFAS Theater in Leusden eiste de 22-jarige Amsterdamse de titel, kroon en sjerp voor zich op.


link: https://www.nu.nl/goed-nieuws/6271356/dit-was-het-positieve-en-vrolijke-nieuws-van-deze-week.html
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnUubmwvcnNzL0FsZ2VtZWVu
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type: Rss
title: Dit was het positieve en vrolijke nieuws van deze week
categories: Algemeen|Goed nieuws|NUverder
description:
Doordat het negatieve nieuws NU.nl vaak domineert, sneeuwt het positieve nieuws soms onder. Daarom zetten we vrolijk stemmende berichten op een rij. Met deze week veel goed nieuws voor het klimaat: minder ontbossing in het Amazonegebied en onze afvalhoop slinkt.


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type: Rss
title: Vooruitblik GP Groot-Brittannië: Strijd woedt vooral achter Verstappen
categories: Algemeen|Sport|GP Groot-Brittannië
link:
https://www.nu.nl/formule-1/6271605/vooruitblik-gp-groot-brittannie-strijd-woedt-vooral-achter-verstappen.html

description:
Max Verstappen gaat zondag voor zijn zesde Grand Prix-overwinning op rij op Silverstone en is de absolute topfavoriet om de race te winnen. Daarachter wordt het spannender, met McLaren, Mercedes, Ferrari én Aston Martin in de mix voor de overige podiumplaatsen.


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type: Rss
title: Liveblog | Reacties na etappezege Woods en mooi duel Pogacar-Vingegaard
categories: Algemeen|Sport|Tour de France|Wielrennen
link:
https://www.nu.nl/tour-de-france/6271590/reacties-na-etappezege-woods-en-mooi-duel-pogacar-vingegaard.html


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type: Rss
title: Lezers over val kabinet-Rutte IV, storm Poly en vakantie in eigen land
categories: Algemeen|Praat mee op NUjij
link:
https://www.nu.nl/nujij/6271347/lezers-over-val-kabinet-rutte-iv-storm-poly-en-vakantie-in-eigen-land.html

description:
Op ons reactieplatform NUjij kunnen bezoekers over het nieuws discussiëren en de redactie vragen stellen. We krijgen tienduizenden reacties per dag binnen en wekelijks zorgen jullie bijdragen voor actuele stellingen, nieuwe artikelen en interessante vragen. Hier de beste reacties op een rij.


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type: Rss
title: NU+ | Van huizenruil tot NS-wandeling: jullie tips voor een goedkope vakantie
categories: Algemeen|Binnenland|Vakantie|login-vereist|Stelling
link:
https://www.nu.nl/binnenland/6271365/van-huizenruil-tot-ns-wandeling-jullie-tips-voor-een-goedkope-vakantie.html

description:
Grote kans dat jij ergens in de komende paar maanden vakantie hebt. Maar omdat het leven afgelopen jaar behoorlijk duurder is geworden, vroegen we jullie op ons <a href="https://www.nu.nl/stelling/6271278/wat-is-jouw-tip-voor-een-goedkope-vakantie-in-eigen-land.html" target="_blank">reactieplatform NUjij</a> om tips om goedkoop op vakantie te gaan binnen Nederland.


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type: Rss
title: Drentse boer gebeten door wolf die zijn schapen aanviel, dier doodgeschoten
categories: Algemeen|Binnenland|Binnen- en buitenland
link:
https://www.nu.nl/binnenland/6271598/drentse-boer-gebeten-door-wolf-die-zijn-schapen-aanviel-dier-doodgeschoten.html

description:
In het Drentse Wapse is zondagochtend een schapenboer gebeten door een wolf. Het dier is uren later door de politie doodgeschoten, zegt een woordvoerder tegen NU.nl. De schapenhouder is met nog onbekende verwondingen naar het ziekenhuis gebracht.


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type: Rss
title: Video | Chris Martin wenst Elton John fijn pensioen toe tijdens laatste optreden
categories: Algemeen|Muziek|Video's
link:
https://www.nu.nl/videos/6271597/chris-martin-wenst-elton-john-fijn-pensioen-toe-tijdens-laatste-optreden.html

description:
Elton John heeft zaterdag in Stockholm het allerlaatste concert van zijn afscheidstournee gegeven. Na meer dan 50 jaar stopt de Britse popster met toeren.


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type: Rss
title: NU+ | Artiesten op het podium bekogeld met allerlei spullen, maar waarom?
categories: Algemeen|Muziek|Media en Cultuur|Achtergronden|login-vereist
link:
https://www.nu.nl/muziek/6270830/artiesten-op-het-podium-bekogeld-met-allerlei-spullen-maar-waarom.html

description:
De tijd dat artiesten zich vooral zorgen moesten maken om bierdouches lijkt voorbij. De laatste weken vliegen onder meer telefoons, de as van de moeder van een fan en seksspeeltjes het podium op. Waarom doen fans dit?


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type: Rss
title: Na wereldreis traint uitgeteld Oranje gelijk op 'tapijt' in Sydney: 'Hoor geen gezeur'
categories: Algemeen|Sport|Voetbal|WK voetbal 2023
link:
https://www.nu.nl/wk-voetbal-2023/6271589/na-wereldreis-traint-uitgeteld-oranje-gelijk-op-tapijt-in-sydney-hoor-geen-gezeur.html

description:
Enkele uren na het voltooien van een wereldreis trokken de speelsters van Oranje de voetbalschoenen aan voor een training in Sydney. De ogen vielen bij sommigen bijna dicht. Bondscoach Andries Jonker maakte zich richting het WK nog het meest zorgen om de slechte staat van het veld.


link: https://www.nu.nl/blog/6271513/we-testen-met-een-robot-maar-wij-doen-het-werk.html
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type: Rss
title: Van de hoofdredactie | We testen met een robot, maar wij doen het werk
categories: Algemeen|Van de hoofdredactie|Media en Cultuur
description:
Elke zondag vertelt waarnemend hoofdredacteur Lindsay Mossink je meer over ons werk. Deze week gaat het over hoe kunstmatige intelligentie NU.nl toegankelijker kan maken en ons werk makkelijker.


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type: Rss
title: Festivals Awakenings en Bospop afgelast vanwege naderend noodweer
categories: Algemeen|Muziek|Media en Cultuur
link:
https://www.nu.nl/entertainment/6271585/festivals-awakenings-en-bospop-afgelast-vanwege-naderend-noodweer.html

description:
Door het naderende noodweer gaan onder meer de festivals Awakenings (in het Brabantse Hilvarenbeek) en Bospop (in het Limburgse Weert) vandaag niet door, laten beide organisaties weten. Eerder werden optredens van Suzan &amp; Freek al om dezelfde reden afgelast.


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type: Rss
title: Weerbericht: Eerst nog zon, maar later op de dag veel regen en onweer
categories: Algemeen|Binnenland|Binnen- en buitenland
link:
https://www.nu.nl/binnenland/6271581/weerbericht-eerst-nog-zon-maar-later-op-de-dag-veel-regen-en-onweer.html

description:
De zon laat zich zondagochtend nog zien, maar 's middags trekken stevige regen- en onweersbuien van zuidwest naar noordoost over het land. Het KNMI heeft voor het oosten en zuidoosten code oranje uitgegeven, voor de rest van het land geldt code geel.


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type: Rss
title: Code oranje in oosten en zuidoosten wegens onweer, hagel en windstoten
categories: Algemeen|Binnenland
link:
https://www.nu.nl/binnenland/6271579/code-oranje-in-oosten-en-zuidoosten-wegens-onweer-hagel-en-windstoten.html

description:
Vanmiddag trekken zware onweersbuien over het land. Het KNMI geeft code oranje uit voor de provincies Limburg, Noord-Brabant, Gelderland en Overijssel. In de rest van het land geldt code geel.


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type: Rss
title: Explainer | Oekraïne krijgt mogelijk clusterbommen: waarom zijn ze omstreden?
categories: Algemeen|Buitenland|Video's|Het nieuws uitgelegd|Oorlog in Oekraïne
link:
https://www.nu.nl/algemeen/6271409/oekraine-krijgt-mogelijk-clusterbommen-waarom-zijn-ze-omstreden.html

description:
De VS overweegt clusterbommen te leveren aan Oekraïne en dat levert een hoop discussie op. Defensie-expert Peter Wijninga legt uit hoe ze werken en wat de valkuilen zijn.


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type: Rss
title: NU+ | Klimaat- en milieuschade door oorlog in Oekraïne is 'blinde vlek'
categories: Algemeen|Buitenland|Achtergronden|Klimaat|login-vereist
link:
https://www.nu.nl/klimaat/6271192/klimaat-en-milieuschade-door-oorlog-in-oekraine-is-blinde-vlek.html

description:
De oorlog in Oekraïne eiste tot nu toe tienduizenden mensenlevens en deed cruciale infrastructuur de das om. Maar het conflict brengt ook ongekende schade toe aan het klimaat en het milieu. En dat heeft niet alleen lokale gevolgen.


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type: Rss
authors: Sander van der Werff
link:
https://www.ad.nl/binnenland/hoe-een-arts-de-baas-werd-van-de-grootste-haven-van-europa-zou-in-het-ziekenhuis-niet-gelukkig-worden~a8e46ed53/

title:
Hoe een arts de baas werd van de grootste haven van Europa: ‘Zou in het ziekenhuis niet gelukkig worden’

description:
Jarenlang was hij de baas van de grootste haven van Europa. Daar worden jaarlijks tientallen miljarden euro’s verdiend, 180.000 mensen hebben er een baan. De verantwoordelijkheid is enorm. En dan te bedenken dat Allard Castelein (64), die nu afscheid neemt, eigenlijk studeerde voor arts. ,,Ik zou in het ziekenhuis niet gelukkig worden.”


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type: Rss
authors: Sportredactie
link:
https://www.ad.nl/nederlands-voetbal/ruud-van-nistelrooij-neemt-plek-edwin-van-der-sar-in-bij-sunset-walk-nieuws-is-heel-hard-binnengekomen~ab2b0ec7f/

title:
Ruud van Nistelrooij neemt plek Edwin van der Sar in bij Sunset Walk: ‘Nieuws is heel hard binnengekomen’

description:
Ruud van Nistelrooij liep zaterdagavond mee met de Sunset Walk van de Hersenstichting om aandacht te vragen voor de impact van een hersenaandoening. Na afloop reageerde hij op het slechte nieuws rond zijn oud-teamgenoot Edwin van der Sar. De voormalig doelman en Ajax-directeur zou eigenlijk meelopen, maar werd vervangen door Van Nistelrooij.


link: https://www.ad.nl/commentaar/kamer-moet-juist-nu-niet-alles-controversieel-verklaren~a4f2769e/
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type: Rss
title: Kamer moet juist nu niet alles controversieel verklaren
authors: Hans van Soest
description:
In het debat over de val van het kabinet zal demissionair premier Mark Rutte maandag door alle partijen onder vuur worden genomen. Dat zijn vierde kabinet weinig voor elkaar kreeg of dat het onverantwoord is nu te stoppen terwijl er nog zoveel crises moeten worden opgelost. Allemaal iets voor te zeggen. Maar daar kan de Tweede Kamer zelf ook iets aan doen, schrijft politiek verslaggever Hans van Soest in dit commentaar.


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type: Rss
title: Wolf bijt mens: ‘Toen we terugkwamen was het dier dood, ik sta nog te shaken’
authors: Josselin Gordijn, Anne Boer
link:
https://www.ad.nl/binnenland/wolf-bijt-mens-toen-we-terugkwamen-was-het-dier-dood-ik-sta-nog-te-shaken~ab5167cb/

description:
‘Er loopt een wolf binnen m'n perceel’, was de boodschap waarvoor Johan Moes uit het Drentse Wapse, vóór zeven uur vanochtend wakker werd gebeld. Het was een bevriende hobbyboer die schapen en geiten houdt. Moes ging kijken, maar had de wolf nog nooit van zo dichtbij gezien. „In de paar minuten dat ik onderweg was, werd de boer gegrepen.” En dat is, voor zover bekend, de eerste keer in Nederland.


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type: Rss
authors: Noud Bemelen, Marijn Abbenhuijs
link:
https://www.ad.nl/formule-1/alleenheerser-max-verstappen-maakt-vroege-aanval-onschadelijk-en-grijpt-op-silverstone-zesde-zege-op-rij~a9be03bd3/

title:
Alleenheerser Max Verstappen maakt vroege aanval onschadelijk en grijpt op Silverstone zesde zege op rij

description:
Max Verstappen heeft voor het eerst in zijn carrière zes races op rij gewonnen. Op het circuit van Silverstone was de wereldkampioen opnieuw ongenaakbaar. Hij won de Grand Prix van Groot-Brittannië met overmacht, voor zijn goede vriend Lando Norris en aartsrivaal Lewis Hamilton.


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type: Rss
authors: Sportredactie
link:
https://www.ad.nl/transfer-talk/transfertalk-gudelj-tekent-na-hartstilstand-nieuw-contract-bij-cordoba-nkufo-terug-naar-zwitserland~a133c567/

title:
TransferTalk | Gudelj tekent na hartstilstand nieuw contract bij Córdoba, Nkufo terug naar Zwitserland

description:
De internationale transferwindow is geopend. Dat betekent weer een zomer lang potentiële transfers, geruchten en done deals. Welke spelers worden gekocht of verkocht? En welke trainers zijn gewild? Volg de laatste ontwikkelingen in onze rubriek TransferTalk.


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type: Rss
title: Max Verstappen stelt na ‘klotestart’ orde op zaken en waarschuwt: ‘Upgrade op komst’
authors: Sportredactie
link:
https://www.ad.nl/formule-1/max-verstappen-stelt-na-klotestart-orde-op-zaken-en-waarschuwt-upgrade-op-komst~a5f91192/

description:
Heel eventjes greep Lando Norris brutaal de leiding, maar uiteindelijk was Max Verstappen ook op Silverstone weer onverslaanbaar. Het was zijn zesde opeenvolgende overwinning, een persoonlijk record, en de zesde op rij voor Red Bull Racing.


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type: Rss
title: Uitslagen en klassementen Tour de France 2023 | Pogacar loopt weer in op geletruidrager Vingegaard
authors: Sportredactie
link:
https://www.ad.nl/tour-de-france/uitslagen-en-klassementen-tour-de-france-2023-pogacar-loopt-weer-in-op-geletruidrager-vingegaard~a864e4bd/

description:
Jonas Vingegaard moest zondag weer toestaan dat rivaal en naaste belager Tadej Pogacar tijd goedmaakte. De Deense geletruidrager van Jumbo-Visma heeft in het algemeen klassement zeventien seconden voorsprong op de Sloveen van UAE Team Emirates. Bekijk hieronder de rituitslagen, alle klassementen het routeschema en de deelnemerslijst.


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type: Rss
title: Medisch medewerker onthult verrassende reden waarom je altijd moet plassen voor een autorit
authors: Erik Kouwenhoven
link:
https://www.ad.nl/auto/medisch-medewerker-onthult-verrassende-reden-waarom-je-altijd-moet-plassen-voor-een-autorit~a487bb46/

description:
Een zorgverlener heeft de verrassende reden onthuld waarom je altijd naar het toilet moet voordat je een lange autorit maakt. Nicholas Romano, een arts-assistent in opleiding, plaatste vorige maand over het onderwerp een TikTok-video die viraal ging.


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read: False
type: Rss
authors: Sportredactie
link:
https://www.ad.nl/tour-de-france/pogacar-deelt-op-puy-de-dome-weer-tik-uit-aan-vingegaard-maar-kopman-jumbo-visma-blijft-in-gele-trui~ab15ff13/

title:
Pogacar deelt op Puy de Dôme weer tik uit aan Vingegaard, maar kopman Jumbo-Visma blijft in gele trui

description:
Jonas Vingegaard heeft in de Tour de France weer een tik gekregen van rivaal Tadej Pogacar. In de negende etappe, met finish op de mytische Puy de Dôme, pakte de Sloveen acht seconden op de Deense geletruidrager en titelverdediger van Jumbo-Visma. Vingegaard houdt in het algemeen klassement een marge van zeventien tellen op zijn rivaal. De dagzege ging naar vroege vluchter Michael Woods, die Matteo Jorgenson in de laatste meters overvleugelde.


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type: Rss
title: Tweede Europese titel voor BMX'er Niek Kimmann, ook goud op de ploegentijdrit
authors: Sportredactie
link:
https://www.ad.nl/andere-sporten/tweede-europese-titel-voor-bmx-er-niek-kimmann-ook-goud-op-de-ploegentijdrit~a3013f331/

description:
BMX’er Niek Kimmann heeft voor de tweede keer de Europese titel behaald. De Nederlander was in Besançon in Frankrijk oppermachtig. Kimmann won in 2019 in het Letse Valmiera zijn eerste Europese titel.


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type: Rss
title: Tallon Griekspoor, Bart Stevens en David Pel naar derde ronde dubbelspel op Wimbledon
authors: Sportredactie
link:
https://www.ad.nl/tennis/tallon-griekspoor-bart-stevens-en-david-pel-naar-derde-ronde-dubbelspel-op-wimbledon~a42a8c33/

description:
Tallon Griekspoor, Bart Stevens en David Pel zijn op Wimbledon voor het eerst in hun loopbaan doorgedrongen tot de derde ronde van het dubbelspel. Daarvoor moesten de Nederlanders wel de lange adem hebben, want pas in de beslissende tiebreak werden de partijen gewonnen.


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type: Rss
title: Menig voetbalhart bloedt bij aanblik Camp Nou: legendarisch stadion grotendeels gesloopt
authors: Edwin Winkels
link:
https://www.ad.nl/buitenland/menig-voetbalhart-bloedt-bij-aanblik-camp-nou-legendarisch-stadion-grotendeels-gesloopt~a4c321d9/

description:
Sinds 1957 is Camp Nou een iconische en drukbezochte attractie in Barcelona. Het is bevreemdend het stadion in de huidige staat te zien. Sinds een maand wordt een deel van de voetbaltempel gesloopt. Een bedrijf uit Woerden helpt daarbij een flink handje.


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type: Rss
title: Sergio Rico dankbaar voor steun na ernstig ongeluk en coma: ‘Ik hoop jullie snel te zien’
authors: Sportredactie
link:
https://www.ad.nl/buitenlands-voetbal/sergio-rico-dankbaar-voor-steun-na-ernstig-ongeluk-en-coma-ik-hoop-jullie-snel-te-zien~aa764861/

description:
Sergio Rico heeft voor het eerst gereageerd op het zware ongeluk dat hij eind mei kreeg. De 29-jarige doelman van Paris Saint-Germain viel van een paard, liep hersenletsel op en werd wekenlang in een kunstmatige coma gehouden, maar vertelt nu via Instagram dat het goed met hem gaat.


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type: Rss
title: Arantxa Rus wint na mislopen Wimbledon het ITF-toernooi in Den Haag
authors: Sportredactie
link:
https://www.ad.nl/regiosport-den-haag/arantxa-rus-wint-na-mislopen-wimbledon-het-itf-toernooi-in-den-haag~a3a9bacf/

description:
Arantxa Rus heeft het ITF-toernooi van Den Haag gewonnen. De 32-jarige Westlandse maakte in ‘haar achtertuin’ in het dubbel- en enkelspel haar favorietenrol waar.


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type: Rss
title: Vriendin Kris Kross-ster op brute wijze mishandeld op straat: 'Ziekenhuis in geslagen’
authors: Maxime Segers
link:
https://www.ad.nl/show/vriendin-kris-kross-ster-op-brute-wijze-mishandeld-op-straat-ziekenhuis-in-geslagen~a5789ffe/

description:
Lizzy van der Ligt, de vriendin van Kris Kris Kross-ster Yuki Kempees, is in de nacht van vrijdag op zaterdag door een onbekende man aangevallen op straat. Ze werd het ziekenhuis in geslagen, schrijft de muzikant zondag op Instagram. ‘Het is een pure uiting van zinloos geweld geweest en een monster heeft mijn meisje gepakt.’


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type: Rss
title: ‘Helft van kinderen op Eerste Hulp heeft ernstige verwondingen door ongeluk op trampoline’
authors: Saskia van Weert
link:
https://www.ad.nl/gezin/helft-van-kinderen-op-eerste-hulp-heeft-ernstige-verwondingen-door-ongeluk-op-trampoline~ada9a82d/

description:
Trampolines zijn razend populair onder kinderen: ze vinden het leuk om te doen en kunnen hun energie erin kwijt. Hoewel elke ouder zijn best doet om de trampoline op een veilige plek neer te zetten en kinderen vertelt geen gekke dingen te doen, gebeuren er jaarlijks toch veel ongelukken. Welke risico’s zijn er en wat kunnen ouders doen om ongelukken te voorkomen? ,,Meeste ongelukken komen door het doen van een kunstje.”


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type: Rss
title: Liefde, respect en trots: de Giro koestert ‘Miek’ van Vleuten als zijn eigen ster
authors: Maarten Dekker
link:
https://www.ad.nl/wielrennen/liefde-respect-en-trots-de-giro-koestert-miek-van-vleuten-als-zijn-eigen-ster~ab32d98e/

description:
Niemand groter dan de koers? In de Giro spande het erom, tijdens de afscheidstournee van Annemiek van Vleuten. Verslag uit de bakoven van Sardinië, waar alles draaide om de vrouw die ongenaakbaar haar vierde eindzege opeiste. ,,See you tomorrow, Miek?’’


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type: Rss
authors: Ilja Post
link:
https://www.ad.nl/binnenland/de-meeste-kinderen-vinden-ze-maar-eng-efraim-16-niet-hij-brengt-insecten-op-bijzondere-manier-in-beeld~a6d950c3/

title:
De meeste kinderen vinden ze maar eng, Efraïm (16) niet: hij brengt insecten op bijzondere manier in beeld

description:
Insecten. De meeste kinderen zijn er als de dood voor. Maar Efraïm Baaijens vond ze als klein broekie al fascinerend. Hun pootjes, vleugels, maar vooral: hun facetogen, bestaande uit soms wel dertigduizend losse deeloogjes. Met zijn macrolens kruipt de nu 16-jarige hobbyfotograaf uit Nieuw-Beijerland er zo dicht mogelijk op. Om die wonderlijke koppen even later te delen op Instagram.


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type: Rss
title: Zestienjarige Andreeva door op Wimbledon, Van de Zandschulp en Rojer uitgeschakeld in dubbel
authors: Sportredactie
link:
https://www.ad.nl/tennis/zestienjarige-andreeva-door-op-wimbledon-van-de-zandschulp-en-rojer-uitgeschakeld-in-dubbel~a5b0dda0/

description:
Mirra Andreeva heeft de achtste finale van Wimbledon bereikt. Het pas zestienjarige Russische toptalent was in twee sets (6-2, 7-5) te sterk voor haar landgenote Anastasia Potapova, de nummer 23 van de wereld. Eerder op de dag werden Botic van de Zandschulp en Jean-Julien Rojer uitgeschakeld in de tweede ronde van het dubbelspel.


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type: Rss
title: Tour de France terug naar verboden berg: dit is wat de Puy de Dôme zo bijzonder maakt
authors: Daan Hakkenberg
link:
https://www.ad.nl/tour-de-france/tour-de-france-terug-naar-verboden-berg-dit-is-wat-de-puy-de-dome-zo-bijzonder-maakt~a04f8651/

description:
Na 35 jaar keerde de Tour de France vandaag terug op de Puy de Dôme. Bij voorbaat was het al een historische dag in een sprookjesachtig en surrealistisch decor. Over Vingegaard die gelost wordt op de vulkaan en fietsen als in een droom. ‘Voor ons is deze berg een mythe.’


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type: Rss
title: Rikkie Kolle (22) wint als eerste trans vrouw Miss Nederland: ‘Inspirerend’
authors: Showredactie
link:
https://www.ad.nl/show/rikkie-kolle-22-wint-als-eerste-trans-vrouw-miss-nederland-inspirerend~a31dfd4e/

description:
Rikkie Kolle is zaterdagavond verkozen tot Miss Nederland 2023. In het AFAS Theater in Leusden eiste de 22-jarige Amsterdamse de titel, kroon en sjerp voor zich op. Ze is daarmee de eerste transgender vrouw die deze titel behaalt.


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type: Rss
title: Europese politieoperatie tegen omgebouwde nepwapens: 80 arrestaties, onder andere in Nederland
authors: Caspar Naber
link:
https://www.ad.nl/buitenland/europese-politieoperatie-tegen-omgebouwde-nepwapens-80-arrestaties-onder-andere-in-nederland~a5d20b16/

description:
In een grootschalig Europees politieonderzoek naar de handel in tot vuurwapens omgebouwde alarmpistolen, zijn bijna 800 wapens in beslag genomen en 80 verdachten gearresteerd. Dat melden de Britse en Spaanse politie, die de operatie leidden.


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type: Rss
authors: Tobias den Hartog
link:
https://www.ad.nl/politiek/rutte-niet-langer-de-stabiele-factor-maar-vvd-ers-treuren-niet-kiezer-weet-nu-dat-hij-offers-kan-brengen~a5470128/

title:
Rutte niet langer de stabiele factor, maar VVD'ers treuren niet: ‘Kiezer weet nu dat hij offers kan brengen’

description:
Rutte boekte verkiezingswinsten met zijn imago als staatsman, bij wie het land in veilige handen was. Die troef kan hij nu moeilijker spelen. Maar VVD’ers zijn onbezorgd. ,,Je kunt ook zeggen: de kiezer weet nu dat hij offers kan brengen”.


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type: Rss
title: Fenerbahçe belegt trainingskamp in Rusland, Dinamo Kiev woest: ‘Club zonder eer en geweten’
authors: Sportredactie
link:
https://www.ad.nl/buitenlands-voetbal/fenerbahce-belegt-trainingskamp-in-rusland-dinamo-kiev-woest-club-zonder-eer-en-geweten~a3e4f446/

description:
Dinamo Kiev is woedend op de Turkse voetbalclub Fenerbahçe. De Oekraïners kunnen er geen begrip voor opbrengen dat Fenerbahçe een trainingskamp heeft belegd in Rusland en een oefenwedstrijd speelt tegen FC Zenit.


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type: Rss
title: Bezoekers Awakenings druipen teleurgesteld af: ‘Afgelast door slecht weer, dat verzin je niet’
authors: Michel Koster
link:
https://www.ad.nl/show/bezoekers-awakenings-druipen-teleurgesteld-af-afgelast-door-slecht-weer-dat-verzin-je-niet~a66f4508/

description:
Het is een forse teleurstelling voor bezoekers van het technofestival Awakenings in Hilvarenbeek. Ze moeten noodgedwongen weer huiswaarts, nu het evenement vanwege de barre weervoorspellingen is afgeblazen. ,,Ja, dit doet wel even pijn.”


link: https://www.ad.nl/show/bbc-schorst-presentator-na-betalen-tiener-voor-expliciete-foto-s~acaca502/
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type: Rss
title: BBC schorst presentator na betalen tiener voor expliciete foto's
authors: Showredactie
description:
De BBC heeft een mannelijke presentator op non-actief gezet vanwege het betalen van duizenden ponden aan een tiener in ruil voor expliciete foto’s op seksueel gebied. Dat heeft de Britse publieke omroep zondag bekendgemaakt nadat tabloid The Sun het verhaal aan het licht bracht.


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type: Rss
title: Pure pech of niet? Overal waar Mark op vakantie gaat breekt de pleuris uit
authors: Mark Roos >
link:
https://www.ad.nl/mezza/pure-pech-of-niet-overal-waar-mark-op-vakantie-gaat-breekt-de-pleuris-uit~a239868c/

description:
Natuurlijk maakt iedereen weleens iets vervelends mee op vakantie. Maar wat Mezza-redacteur Mark Roos is overkomen, is werkelijk absurd. Overvallen, overstromingen, pijnlijke ontmoetingen met parasieten en rampzalige auto-ongelukken: Mark maakte bizarre avonturen mee. ‘Is het pure pech, of ligt het toch aan mij?’


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read: False
type: Rss
authors: Sportredactie
link:
https://www.ad.nl/wielrennen/dominante-annemiek-van-vleuten-met-vierde-eindzege-in-giro-donne-naast-anna-van-der-breggen-heel-speciaal~a284dbf4/

title:
Dominante Annemiek van Vleuten met vierde eindzege in Giro Donne naast Anna van der Breggen: ‘Heel speciaal’

description:
Annemiek van Vleuten heeft voor de vierde keer in haar loopbaan de Ronde van Italië voor vrouwen gewonnen. De 40-jarige kopvrouw van Movistar kwam in de achtste en laatste rit geen moment meer in de problemen. De laatste etappe was een prooi voor Chiara Consonni.


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type: Rss
title: Monique brengt ode aan André en Leontien staat ‘nog meer in verbinding’ met zichzelf
authors: Maxime Segers
link:
https://www.ad.nl/show/monique-brengt-ode-aan-andre-en-leontien-staat-nog-meer-in-verbinding-met-zichzelf~a216776d/


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type: Rss
title: Join NASA to Celebrate Webb Space Telescope’s First Year of Science
link:
http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/join-nasa-to-celebrate-webb-space-telescope-s-first-year-of-science

description:
NASA is commemorating the first year of science and discoveries from the agency’s James Webb Space Telescope, the largest, most powerful, and most complex space telescope ever built. To celebrate the anniversary, multiple events will take place online and live across the U.S.


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type: Rss
title: NASA Invites Media to Next SpaceX Commercial Crew Space Station Launch
link:
http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-invites-media-to-next-spacex-commercial-crew-space-station-launch-3

description:
Media accreditation now is open for the launch of NASA’s seventh rotational mission of a SpaceX Dragon crew spacecraft and Falcon 9 rocket to the International Space Station.


link: http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-hosts-osiris-rex-sample-lab-media-day-in-houston
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title: NASA Hosts OSIRIS-REx Sample Lab Media Day in Houston
description:
Ahead of the first asteroid sample collected by the U.S. arriving on Earth in September, media are invited on Monday, July 24, to see NASA’s newly-built OSIRIS-REx Sample Curation Laboratory where the agency will study the sample at its Johnson Space Center in Houston.


link: http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-offers-media-interviews-in-utah-on-asteroid-sample-return
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type: Rss
title: NASA Offers Media Interviews in Utah on Asteroid Sample Return
description:
NASA invites media to the U.S. Army’s Dugway Proving Ground about 80 miles southwest of Salt Lake City on Thursday, July 20, before the agency’s first asteroid sample collected in space is returned to Earth.


link: http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-to-provide-coverage-as-dragon-departs-station-with-science
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type: Rss
title: NASA to Provide Coverage as Dragon Departs Station with Science
description:
NASA is set to receive scientific research samples and hardware as a SpaceX Dragon cargo resupply spacecraft departs the International Space Station on Thursday, June 29.


link: http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-to-provide-coverage-for-launch-of-esa-dark-universe-mission
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type: Rss
title: NASA to Provide Coverage for Launch of ESA ‘Dark Universe’ Mission
description:
The ESA (European Space Agency) and SpaceX are targeting no earlier than 11:11 a.m. EDT Saturday, July 1, to launch the Euclid spacecraft. Euclid is an ESA mission with contributions from NASA that will shed light on the nature of dark matter and dark energy, two of the biggest modern mysteries about the universe.


link: http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-welcomes-india-as-27th-artemis-accords-signatory
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title: NASA Welcomes India as 27th Artemis Accords Signatory
description:
During a ceremony at the Willard InterContinental Hotel in Washington on Wednesday, June 21, India became the 27th country to sign the Artemis Accords. NASA Administrator Bill Nelson participated in the signing ceremony for the agency and Taranjit Singh Sandhu, India’s ambassador to the United States, signed on behalf of India.


link: http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-awards-millions-in-stem-research-grants
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title: NASA Awards Millions in STEM Research Grants
description:
NASA announced the recipients of its annual STEM grants, providing nearly $4 million in total funding, to support scientific and technical research that aligns with the agency’s strategic research and technology development priorities. By providing resources to support cutting-edge research in STEM, NASA helps create a stronger and more vibrant sci


link: http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-invites-media-to-cover-asteroid-sample-return-logistics-call
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type: Rss
title: NASA Invites Media to Cover Asteroid Sample Return, Logistics Call
description:
NASA’s OSIRIS-REx (Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification and Security – Regolith Explorer) mission will deliver the agency’s first asteroid sample collected in space to Earth on Sept. 24, 2023. Media interested in covering the landing, as well as mission activities leading up to and following the return, are invited to register


link: http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-awards-contract-for-earth-radar-data-operations-management
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type: Rss
title: NASA Awards Contract for Earth Radar Data Operations, Management
description:
NASA has awarded a contract to the University of Alaska at Fairbanks, Alaska, for the continued development and operation of the Synthetic Aperture Radar Distributed Active Archive Center for NASA’s Earth Observing System Data and Information System.


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type: Atom
title: Janet Yellen’s Trip to China: 3 Takeaways - The New York Times
link:
https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2pVODRtVENCRlRSN1RGRERwcmtpZ0FQAQ?oc=5

content:
<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiSGh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm55dGltZXMuY29tLzIwMjMvMDcvMDkvYnVzaW5lc3MvamFuZXQteWVsbGVuLWNoaW5hLXRyaXAuaHRtbNIBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">Janet Yellen’s Trip to China: 3 Takeaways</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The New York Times</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CCAiC0ctcm5FQTNlNHdvmAEB?oc=5" target="_blank">U.S. Treasury Secretary returning from Beijing, says leader talks were 'productive'</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">WFAA</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMif2h0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmJsb29tYmVyZy5jb20vbmV3cy9hcnRpY2xlcy8yMDIzLTA3LTA5L2NoaW5hLXMtcGxhc3RpYy1mbG9vZC15ZWxsZW4tcy1iZWlqaW5nLXRyaXAtY2hhcnRlcmluZy1hLXlhY2h0LWFzaWEtYnJpZWZpbmfSAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">China's Plastic Flood, Yellen's Beijing Trip, Chartering a Yacht: Asia Briefing</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Bloomberg</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CCAiCzhsbEpPZHlaZFZ3mAEB?oc=5" target="_blank">Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen says China trip "has been successful" in forging relationship</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Face the Nation</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiSmh0dHBzOi8vbmV3cy55YWhvby5jb20veWVsbGVuLXNheXMtd2FzaGluZ3Rvbi1taWdodC1yZXNwb25kLTA1NTkwNDE5NS5odG1s0gFSaHR0cHM6Ly9uZXdzLnlhaG9vLmNvbS9hbXBodG1sL3llbGxlbi1zYXlzLXdhc2hpbmd0b24tbWlnaHQtcmVzcG9uZC0wNTU5MDQxOTUuaHRtbA?oc=5" target="_blank">Yellen says Washington might 'respond to unintended consequences' for China due to tech export curbs</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Yahoo News</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2pVODRtVENCRlRSN1RGRERwcmtpZ0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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title: US criticised for sending cluster munition to Ukraine | Russia-Ukraine War LIVE | WION LIVE - WION
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https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2pLaHFlVkNCR2xjTUExc2czUFRDZ0FQAQ?oc=5

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<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CCAiC1JwaklPdnVfdGxvmAEB?oc=5" target="_blank">US criticised for sending cluster munition to Ukraine | Russia-Ukraine War LIVE | WION LIVE</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">WION</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiMWh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmJiYy5jb20vbmV3cy93b3JsZC11cy1jYW5hZGEtNjYxNDQxNTPSATVodHRwczovL3d3dy5iYmMuY29tL25ld3Mvd29ybGQtdXMtY2FuYWRhLTY2MTQ0MTUzLmFtcA?oc=5" target="_blank">Cluster bombs: Unease grows over US sending cluster bombs to Ukraine</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">BBC</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiW2h0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lndhc2hpbmd0b25wb3N0LmNvbS9vcGluaW9ucy8yMDIzLzA3LzA3L2xlYWh5LW1lcmtsZXktdWtyYWluZS1jbHVzdGVyLW11bml0aW9ucy_SAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">Opinion | Senators Leahy and Merkley: Don't supply Ukraine with cluster munitions</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The Washington Post</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiVGh0dHBzOi8vbmV3cy55YWhvby5jb20vdmluZG1hbi1jbHVzdGVyLW11bml0aW9ucy1wcmFjdGljYWwtc3RhbmRwb2ludC0wMjM5MzI3MTUuaHRtbNIBXGh0dHBzOi8vbmV3cy55YWhvby5jb20vYW1waHRtbC92aW5kbWFuLWNsdXN0ZXItbXVuaXRpb25zLXByYWN0aWNhbC1zdGFuZHBvaW50LTAyMzkzMjcxNS5odG1s?oc=5" target="_blank">Vindman on cluster munitions: ‘From a practical standpoint, the president did the right thing’</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Yahoo News</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2pLaHFlVkNCR2xjTUExc2czUFRDZ0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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title: Where Clarence Thomas Entered an Elite Circle and Opened a Door to the Court - The New York Times
link:
https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2oxNUplWUNCSF9lYjRXWmI1RHB5Z0FQAQ?oc=5

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<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiVGh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm55dGltZXMuY29tLzIwMjMvMDcvMDkvdXMvY2xhcmVuY2UtdGhvbWFzLWhvcmF0aW8tYWxnZXItYXNzb2NpYXRpb24uaHRtbNIBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">Where Clarence Thomas Entered an Elite Circle and Opened a Door to the Court</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The New York Times</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMigAFodHRwczovL3d3dy50aGVhdGxhbnRpYy5jb20vaWRlYXMvYXJjaGl2ZS8yMDIzLzA3L2ZyZWVkbWVuLXJhY2UtbmV1dHJhbC1zdXByZW1lLWNvdXJ0LWFmZmlybWF0aXZlLWFjdGlvbi1jbGFyZW5jZS10aG9tYXMvNjc0NjQxL9IBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">What Was Clarence Thomas Thinking?</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The Atlantic</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiemh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm5hdGlvbmFscmV2aWV3LmNvbS9iZW5jaC1tZW1vcy9hLXJldmVhbGluZy1zdXByZW1lLWNvdXJ0LWRpYWxvZ3VlLW9uLXJhY2UtYmV0d2Vlbi1qdXN0aWNlcy1qYWNrc29uLWFuZC10aG9tYXMv0gEA?oc=5" target="_blank">A Revealing Supreme Court Dialogue on Race between Justices Jackson and Thomas</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">National Review</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiWGh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm55dGltZXMuY29tLzIwMjMvMDcvMDcvb3Bpbmlvbi9oYXJsYW4tdGhvbWFzLXJvYmVydHMtYWZmaXJtYXRpdmUtYWN0aW9uLmh0bWzSAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">Opinion | John Roberts and Clarence Thomas Have the ‘Colorblind’ Constitution Wrong</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The New York Times</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2oxNUplWUNCSF9lYjRXWmI1RHB5Z0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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title: War in Ukraine: Biden flies to UK amid concern over cluster bombs - BBC
link:
https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2pjOV8yWENCSDBheVNCNVhnck1DZ0FQAQ?oc=5

content:
<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiLmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmJiYy5jb20vbmV3cy93b3JsZC1ldXJvcGUtNjYxNDY0NTfSATJodHRwczovL3d3dy5iYmMuY29tL25ld3Mvd29ybGQtZXVyb3BlLTY2MTQ2NDU3LmFtcA?oc=5" target="_blank">War in Ukraine: Biden flies to UK amid concern over cluster bombs</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">BBC</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiSmh0dHBzOi8vbmV3cy55YWhvby5jb20vdWtyYWluZS1lbnZpcm9ubWVudC10b3AtYWdlbmRhLWJpZGVuLTA3MDcxMTkwMy5odG1s0gFSaHR0cHM6Ly9uZXdzLnlhaG9vLmNvbS9hbXBodG1sL3VrcmFpbmUtZW52aXJvbm1lbnQtdG9wLWFnZW5kYS1iaWRlbi0wNzA3MTE5MDMuaHRtbA?oc=5" target="_blank">Ukraine and the environment will top the agenda when Biden meets UK politicians and royalty</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Yahoo News</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiY2h0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmlucXVpcmVyLmNvbS9vcGluaW9uL25hdG8tc3VtbWl0LXZpbG5pdXMtYmlkZW4tZi0xNnMtYXRhY21zLXB1dGluLXVrcmFpbmUtMjAyMzA3MDkuaHRtbNIBcmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmlucXVpcmVyLmNvbS9vcGluaW9uL25hdG8tc3VtbWl0LXZpbG5pdXMtYmlkZW4tZi0xNnMtYXRhY21zLXB1dGluLXVrcmFpbmUtMjAyMzA3MDkuaHRtbD9vdXRwdXRUeXBlPWFtcA?oc=5" target="_blank">At the NATO summit in Vilnius: Will Biden seize or squander the chance to end Putin’s war on Ukraine?</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The Philadelphia Inquirer</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2pjOV8yWENCSDBheVNCNVhnck1DZ0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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title: Western powers race to finish security pledges for Ukraine - POLITICO Europe
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https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2p5d2NhakNCSGt2Rnp1NXZZbHhTZ0FQAQ?oc=5

content:
<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiXmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LnBvbGl0aWNvLmV1L2FydGljbGUvd2VzdGVybi1wb3dlcnMtbmF0by1zZWN1cml0eS1wbGVkZ2VzLXVrcmFpbmUtcHV0aW4tcnVzc2lhLXdhci_SAWJodHRwczovL3d3dy5wb2xpdGljby5ldS9hcnRpY2xlL3dlc3Rlcm4tcG93ZXJzLW5hdG8tc2VjdXJpdHktcGxlZGdlcy11a3JhaW5lLXB1dGluLXJ1c3NpYS13YXIvYW1wLw?oc=5" target="_blank">Western powers race to finish security pledges for Ukraine</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">POLITICO Europe</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMic2h0dHBzOi8vd3d3LnBvbGl0aWNvLmV1L2FydGljbGUvbmF0by1za2lydHMtZmluYWwtY2FsbC1vbi11a3JhaW5lLW1lbWJlcnNoaXAtbGVhdmluZy11bml0eS10ZXN0aW5nLWZpZ2h0LWZvci1sYXRlci_SAXdodHRwczovL3d3dy5wb2xpdGljby5ldS9hcnRpY2xlL25hdG8tc2tpcnRzLWZpbmFsLWNhbGwtb24tdWtyYWluZS1tZW1iZXJzaGlwLWxlYXZpbmctdW5pdHktdGVzdGluZy1maWdodC1mb3ItbGF0ZXIvYW1wLw?oc=5" target="_blank">NATO skirts final call on Ukraine membership, leaving unity-testing fight for later</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">POLITICO Europe</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiRmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm55dGltZXMuY29tLzIwMjMvMDcvMDkvdXMvcG9saXRpY3MvYmlkZW4tdWtyYWluZS1uYXRvLmh0bWzSAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">Biden Says Ukraine Is Not Ready for NATO Membership</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The New York Times</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiPGh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm55dGltZXMuY29tLzIwMjMvMDcvMDkvb3Bpbmlvbi91a3JhaW5lLW5hdG8uaHRtbNIBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">Opinion | A NATO Invitation Will Make or Break Ukraine</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The New York Times</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiYGh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lndhc2hpbmd0b25wb3N0LmNvbS9vcGluaW9ucy8yMDIzLzA3LzEwL3VrcmFpbmUtbmF0by12aWxuaXVzLXJ1c3NpYS13YXItYXJ0aWNsZS1maXZlL9IBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">Opinion | Ukraine in NATO? My heart says yes. But my head says no.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The Washington Post</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2p5d2NhakNCSGt2Rnp1NXZZbHhTZ0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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title: D.C.-area forecast: Potent storms likely today, with a flood watch in effect - The Washington Post
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https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2kyb091ZkNCSGNGSVRkZ2V0d3F5Z0FQAQ?oc=5

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<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiVmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lndhc2hpbmd0b25wb3N0LmNvbS93ZWF0aGVyLzIwMjMvMDcvMDkvZGMtYXJlYS1mb3JlY2FzdC1zdG9ybXMtZmxvb2Qtd2F0Y2gv0gEA?oc=5" target="_blank">D.C.-area forecast: Potent storms likely today, with a flood watch in effect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The Washington Post</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiY2h0dHBzOi8vbmV3amVyc2V5Lm5ld3MxMi5jb20vc3Rvcm0td2F0Y2gtZG93bnBvdXJzLWNvdWxkLWJyaW5nLXVwLXRvLTMtaW5jaGVzLW9mLXJhaW4tdG8tbmV3LWplcnNledIBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">STORM WATCH: Severe storms today with damaging wind, flooding possible; heavy rain overnight</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">News 12 New Jersey</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiTmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LndhdnkuY29tL2Jsb2dzL3dlYXRoZXItYmxvZy9ibG9nLWhlYXZ5LXJhaW4tbGlrZWx5LXRoaXMtYWZ0ZXJub29uL9IBUmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LndhdnkuY29tL2Jsb2dzL3dlYXRoZXItYmxvZy9ibG9nLWhlYXZ5LXJhaW4tbGlrZWx5LXRoaXMtYWZ0ZXJub29uL2FtcC8?oc=5" target="_blank">Blog: Heavy rain likely this afternoon</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">WAVY.com</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiamh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmNic25ld3MuY29tL25ld3lvcmsvbmV3cy9maXJzdC1hbGVydC1mb3JlY2FzdC1uZXcteW9yay13ZWF0aGVyLWZsb29kLXdhdGNoLXN1bmRheS1qdWx5LTktMjAyMy_SAW5odHRwczovL3d3dy5jYnNuZXdzLmNvbS9hbXAvbmV3eW9yay9uZXdzL2ZpcnN0LWFsZXJ0LWZvcmVjYXN0LW5ldy15b3JrLXdlYXRoZXItZmxvb2Qtd2F0Y2gtc3VuZGF5LWp1bHktOS0yMDIzLw?oc=5" target="_blank">First Alert Forecast: Yellow Alert for Sunday afternoon storms, Flood Watch issued for most</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">CBS News</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiS2h0dHBzOi8vd3d3LndwcmkuY29tL3dlYXRoZXItbm93L3dlYXRoZXItbm93LWxvdHMtb2YtY2xvdWRzLXNvbWUtc3VuLXRvZGF5L9IBT2h0dHBzOi8vd3d3LndwcmkuY29tL3dlYXRoZXItbm93L3dlYXRoZXItbm93LWxvdHMtb2YtY2xvdWRzLXNvbWUtc3VuLXRvZGF5L2FtcC8?oc=5" target="_blank">Weather Now: Lots of Clouds, Some Sun Today</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">WPRI.com</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2kyb091ZkNCSGNGSVRkZ2V0d3F5Z0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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title: 6 victims in French Valley Airport plane crash identified - KTLA Los Angeles
link:
https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2o0Ny1pZkNCR1N5OHNTa01tdjVDZ0FQAQ?oc=5

content:
<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiW2h0dHBzOi8va3RsYS5jb20vbmV3cy9sb2NhbC1uZXdzLzYtdmljdGltcy1pbi1mcmVuY2gtdmFsbGV5LWFpcnBvcnQtcGxhbmUtY3Jhc2gtaWRlbnRpZmllZC_SAV9odHRwczovL2t0bGEuY29tL25ld3MvbG9jYWwtbmV3cy82LXZpY3RpbXMtaW4tZnJlbmNoLXZhbGxleS1haXJwb3J0LXBsYW5lLWNyYXNoLWlkZW50aWZpZWQvYW1wLw?oc=5" target="_blank">6 victims in French Valley Airport plane crash identified</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">KTLA Los Angeles</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiRGh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LnlhaG9vLmNvbS9uZXdzL3NpeC1kZWFkLXNtYWxsLXBsYW5lLWNyYXNoLTE3MzkxMDQ5MC5odG1s0gFNaHR0cHM6Ly9uZXdzLnlhaG9vLmNvbS9hbXBodG1sL25ld3Mvc2l4LWRlYWQtc21hbGwtcGxhbmUtY3Jhc2gtMTczOTEwNDkwLmh0bWw?oc=5" target="_blank">6 dead in Southern California crash of private jet as visibility changed rapidly</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Yahoo! Voices</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiSGh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm55dGltZXMuY29tLzIwMjMvMDcvMDgvdXMvY2Vzc25hLXBsYW5lLWNyYXNoLWNhbGlmb3JuaWEuaHRtbNIBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">6 Dead in Plane Crash in Murietta, Calif.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The New York Times</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiUmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmZveGxhLmNvbS9uZXdzL3JpdmVyc2lkZS1jb3VudHktYWlycG9ydC1zZWVzLTJuZC1mYXRhbC1jcmFzaC1pbi1hLXdlZWvSAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">Riverside County airport sees 2nd fatal crash in a week</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">FOX 11 Los Angeles</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CCAiC0liSTJnNnpYb213mAEB?oc=5" target="_blank">UPDATE: Plane crash kills everyone on board in California | LiveNOW from FOX</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">LiveNOW from FOX</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2o0Ny1pZkNCR1N5OHNTa01tdjVDZ0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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title: GOP states quit the program that fights voter fraud. Now they’re scrambling. - Yahoo News
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https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2ljN18tYUNCRkc3bXlnTDdaUFBTZ0FQAQ?oc=5

content:
<a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiRGh0dHBzOi8vbmV3cy55YWhvby5jb20vZ29wLXN0YXRlcy1xdWl0LXByb2dyYW0tZmlnaHRzLTExMDAwMDA3Ni5odG1s0gFMaHR0cHM6Ly9uZXdzLnlhaG9vLmNvbS9hbXBodG1sL2dvcC1zdGF0ZXMtcXVpdC1wcm9ncmFtLWZpZ2h0cy0xMTAwMDAwNzYuaHRtbA?oc=5" target="_blank">GOP states quit the program that fights voter fraud. Now they’re scrambling.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Yahoo News</font><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2ljN18tYUNCRkc3bXlnTDdaUFBTZ0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong>


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title: 9 wounded in Cleveland mass shooting; manhunt for gunman underway - USA TODAY
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https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2l4amVlVkNCSEZxU3lvRnBORGpDZ0FQAQ?oc=5

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<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiWmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LnVzYXRvZGF5LmNvbS9zdG9yeS9uZXdzL25hdGlvbi8yMDIzLzA3LzA5L2NsZXZlbGFuZC1tYXNzLXNob290aW5nLzcwMzk1Mzg5MDA3L9IBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">9 wounded in Cleveland mass shooting; manhunt for gunman underway</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">USA TODAY</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiTmh0dHBzOi8vZm94OC5jb20vbmV3cy9pLXRlYW0vMTItcGVvcGxlLXNob3QtaW4tdHdvLWNsZXZlbGFuZC1zaG9vdGluZ3MtcG9saWNlL9IBUmh0dHBzOi8vZm94OC5jb20vbmV3cy9pLXRlYW0vMTItcGVvcGxlLXNob3QtaW4tdHdvLWNsZXZlbGFuZC1zaG9vdGluZ3MtcG9saWNlL2FtcC8?oc=5" target="_blank">14 people shot, 1 fatally, in overnight CLE shootings</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">WJW FOX 8 News Cleveland</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMihwFodHRwczovL3d3dy53a3ljLmNvbS9hcnRpY2xlL25ld3MvY3JpbWUvY2xldmVsYW5kLXBvbGljZS1tdWx0aXBsZS1wZW9wbGUtc2hvdC13LTZ0aC1zdC1kb3dudG93bi85NS04NjllODBjZS04ZWMyLTQ4OTgtYWZjZi00NDgxYjgyNmQ3MWTSAYsBaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cud2t5Yy5jb20vYW1wL2FydGljbGUvbmV3cy9jcmltZS9jbGV2ZWxhbmQtcG9saWNlLW11bHRpcGxlLXBlb3BsZS1zaG90LXctNnRoLXN0LWRvd250b3duLzk1LTg2OWU4MGNlLThlYzItNDg5OC1hZmNmLTQ0ODFiODI2ZDcxZA?oc=5" target="_blank">Cleveland Police: Nine people shot on West 6th Street downtown</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">WKYC.com</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiWWh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmNsZXZlbGFuZDE5LmNvbS8yMDIzLzA3LzA5L3Nob290aW5nLWRvd250b3duLWNsZXZlbGFuZC1ob3NwaXRhbGl6ZXMtOS1wZW9wbGUv0gEA?oc=5" target="_blank">Downtown Cleveland mass shooting injures 9</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Cleveland 19 News</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiVGh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmNsZXZlbGFuZDE5LmNvbS9nYWxsZXJ5LzIwMjMvMDcvMDkvc2NlbmUtcGVvcGxlLXNob3QtZG93bnRvd24tY2xldmVsYW5kL9IBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">FROM THE SCENE: 9 people shot in Downtown Cleveland</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Cleveland 19 News</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2l4amVlVkNCSEZxU3lvRnBORGpDZ0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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title: U.S. Airstrike Targets ISIS Leader in Eastern Syria - US Central Command
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https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2pHMzdXY0NCR1hyNFdzd1BtZHdDZ0FQAQ?oc=5

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<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiggFodHRwczovL3d3dy5jZW50Y29tLm1pbC9NRURJQS9QUkVTUy1SRUxFQVNFUy9QcmVzcy1SZWxlYXNlLVZpZXcvQXJ0aWNsZS8zNDUyMTI4L3VzLWFpcnN0cmlrZS10YXJnZXRzLWlzaXMtbGVhZGVyLWluLWVhc3Rlcm4tc3lyaWEv0gEA?oc=5" target="_blank">U.S. Airstrike Targets ISIS Leader in Eastern Syria</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">US Central Command</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiQ2h0dHBzOi8vbmV3cy55YWhvby5jb20vdXMtZHJvbmUtc3RyaWtlLWtpbGxzLWlzbGFtaWMtMTMwMTI0NTMzLmh0bWzSAUtodHRwczovL25ld3MueWFob28uY29tL2FtcGh0bWwvdXMtZHJvbmUtc3RyaWtlLWtpbGxzLWlzbGFtaWMtMTMwMTI0NTMzLmh0bWw?oc=5" target="_blank">US drone strike kills an Islamic State group leader in Syria, the Defense Department says</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Yahoo News</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiamh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LnRpbWVzb2Zpc3JhZWwuY29tL2xpdmVibG9nX2VudHJ5L3VzLWNsYWltcy10by1raWxsLWlzbGFtaWMtc3RhdGUtbGVhZGVyLWluLXN5cmlhLWRyb25lLXN0cmlrZS_SAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">US claims to kill Islamic State leader in Syria drone strike</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The Times of Israel</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiWWh0dHBzOi8vYWJjMTMuY29tL3VzLWRyb25lLXN0cmlrZS1pc2xhbWljLXN0YXRlLWxlYWRlci11c2FtYS1hbC1tdWhhamlyLWNlbnRjb20vMTM0ODE4MzQv0gEA?oc=5" target="_blank">US drones 'harassed' by Russian jets kill top Islamic State leader in airstrike: officials</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">KTRK-TV</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiamh0dHBzOi8vYWJjbmV3cy5nby5jb20vSW50ZXJuYXRpb25hbC93aXJlU3RvcnkvZHJvbmUtc3RyaWtlLXN5cmlhLWtpbGxzLTEtbWlsaXRhbnQtaXNsYW1pYy1zdGF0ZS0xMDA4NDU3MzHSAW5odHRwczovL2FiY25ld3MuZ28uY29tL2FtcC9JbnRlcm5hdGlvbmFsL3dpcmVTdG9yeS9kcm9uZS1zdHJpa2Utc3lyaWEta2lsbHMtMS1taWxpdGFudC1pc2xhbWljLXN0YXRlLTEwMDg0NTczMQ?oc=5" target="_blank">A drone strike in Syria kills 1 militant with Islamic State links and wounds a passerby</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">ABC News</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2pHMzdXY0NCR1hyNFdzd1BtZHdDZ0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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title: Russia-Ukraine war news: Azov commanders return to Ukraine with Zelensky - The Washington Post
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<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiSGh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lndhc2hpbmd0b25wb3N0LmNvbS93b3JsZC8yMDIzLzA3LzA5L3J1c3NpYS11a3JhaW5lLXdhci1uZXdzL9IBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">Russia-Ukraine war news: Azov commanders return to Ukraine with Zelensky</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The Washington Post</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CCAiC1lkblV4cUQ4RGFJmAEB?oc=5" target="_blank">Turkey lets Azov fighters go back to Ukraine, breaking deal with Russia | DW News</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">DW News</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiUGh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmNubi5jb20vZXVyb3BlL2xpdmUtbmV3cy9ydXNzaWEtdWtyYWluZS13YXItbmV3cy0wNy0wOS0yMy9pbmRleC5odG1s0gFUaHR0cHM6Ly9hbXAuY25uLmNvbS9jbm4vZXVyb3BlL2xpdmUtbmV3cy9ydXNzaWEtdWtyYWluZS13YXItbmV3cy0wNy0wOS0yMy9pbmRleC5odG1s?oc=5" target="_blank">Russia's war in Ukraine: Live updates</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">CNN</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CCAiCzJ3R1J3V1o1YlM0mAEB?oc=5" target="_blank">Zelenskiy brings home Azovstal commanders</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Reuters</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiSGh0dHBzOi8vbmV3cy55YWhvby5jb20vYXpvdnN0YWwtY29tbWFuZGVycy1wcm9taXNlLWJhdHRsZS0yMDA2MDIxMjguaHRtbNIBUGh0dHBzOi8vbmV3cy55YWhvby5jb20vYW1waHRtbC9hem92c3RhbC1jb21tYW5kZXJzLXByb21pc2UtYmF0dGxlLTIwMDYwMjEyOC5odG1s?oc=5" target="_blank">Azovstal commanders promise to have their say in battle</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Yahoo News</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2lpdXYtbENCSGhQTkFySGhlaFVDZ0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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title:
Zelenskyy to ABC: How Russia-Ukraine war could end, thoughts on US politics and Putin's weakness - ABC News

content:
<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiY2h0dHBzOi8vYWJjbmV3cy5nby5jb20vUG9saXRpY3MvemVsZW5za3l5LWFiYy1ydXNzaWEtdWtyYWluZS13YXItZW5kLXRob3VnaHRzLXVzL3N0b3J5P2lkPTEwMDkwMzI1NdIBZ2h0dHBzOi8vYWJjbmV3cy5nby5jb20vYW1wL1BvbGl0aWNzL3plbGVuc2t5eS1hYmMtcnVzc2lhLXVrcmFpbmUtd2FyLWVuZC10aG91Z2h0cy11cy9zdG9yeT9pZD0xMDA5MDMyNTU?oc=5" target="_blank">Zelenskyy to ABC: How Russia-Ukraine war could end, thoughts on US politics and Putin's weakness</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">ABC News</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiaWh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LnVzYXRvZGF5LmNvbS9zdG9yeS9uZXdzL3dvcmxkL3VrcmFpbmUvMjAyMy8wNy8wOS91a3JhaW5lLXJ1c3NpYS13YXItbGl2ZS11cGRhdGVzLzcwMzk1NDcxMDA3L9IBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">Ukraine Russia live updates: Zelenskyy skeptical of Trump ending war</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">USA TODAY</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiYWh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmNubi5jb20vdmlkZW9zL3dvcmxkLzIwMjMvMDcvMDUvemVsZW5za3ktbXVzaWMtZXJpbi1idXJuZXR0LXNvdC1pbnR2LWludGwtbGRuLXZweC5jbm7SAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">Watch: Zelensky reveals his favorite band</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">CNN</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiZ2h0dHBzOi8vYWJjbmV3cy5nby5jb20vUG9saXRpY3Mvd2Vlay10cmFuc2NyaXB0LTctOS0yMy11a3JhaW5pYW4tcHJlc2lkZW50LXZvbG9keW15ci9zdG9yeT9pZD0xMDA4NTA0MjbSAWtodHRwczovL2FiY25ld3MuZ28uY29tL2FtcC9Qb2xpdGljcy93ZWVrLXRyYW5zY3JpcHQtNy05LTIzLXVrcmFpbmlhbi1wcmVzaWRlbnQtdm9sb2R5bXlyL3N0b3J5P2lkPTEwMDg1MDQyNg?oc=5" target="_blank">'This Week' Transcript 7-9-23: Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy and White House NSC Coordinator for Strategic Communications</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">ABC News</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMifWh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmNubi5jb20vdmlkZW9zL3dvcmxkLzIwMjMvMDcvMDUvdm9sb2R5bXlyLXplbGVuc2t5LXVrcmFpbmUtY29sbGFib3JhdGlvbi1ydXNzaWFucy13YXItZXhjbHVzaXZlLWludHYtZWJvZi12cHguY25u0gEA?oc=5" target="_blank">Watch: Zelensky on whether there's forgiveness for Ukrainians collaborating with Russians</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">CNN</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2pEa2F5ZENCRjhZV200X0k4bEN5Z0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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title: Pope Francis names 21 new cardinals, including prelates based in Jerusalem and Hong Kong - CBS News
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<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiXmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmNic25ld3MuY29tL25ld3MvcG9wZS1mcmFuY2lzLW5ldy1jYXJkaW5hbHMtcHJlbGF0ZXMtYmFzZWQtaW4tamVydXNhbGVtLWhvbmcta29uZy_SAWJodHRwczovL3d3dy5jYnNuZXdzLmNvbS9hbXAvbmV3cy9wb3BlLWZyYW5jaXMtbmV3LWNhcmRpbmFscy1wcmVsYXRlcy1iYXNlZC1pbi1qZXJ1c2FsZW0taG9uZy1rb25nLw?oc=5" target="_blank">Pope Francis names 21 new cardinals, including prelates based in Jerusalem and Hong Kong</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">CBS News</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMic2h0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm5jcm9ubGluZS5vcmcvdmF0aWNhbi92YXRpY2FuLW5ld3MvcG9wZS1mcmFuY2lzLW5hbWVzLTIxLW5ldy1jYXJkaW5hbHMtaW5jbHVkaW5nLXZhdGljYW5zLWFtYmFzc2Fkb3ItdXPSAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">Pope Francis names 21 new cardinals, including Vatican's ambassador to US</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">National Catholic Reporter</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiSWh0dHBzOi8vY2EubmV3cy55YWhvby5jb20vcG9wZS1mcmFuY2lzLWFubm91bmNlcy1jYXJkaW5hbHMtMTAzNzM5MzQ5Lmh0bWzSAVFodHRwczovL2NhLm5ld3MueWFob28uY29tL2FtcGh0bWwvcG9wZS1mcmFuY2lzLWFubm91bmNlcy1jYXJkaW5hbHMtMTAzNzM5MzQ5Lmh0bWw?oc=5" target="_blank">Pope Francis puts stamp on Church future with new cardinals</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Yahoo News Canada</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMibWh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LnRpbWVzb2Zpc3JhZWwuY29tL2xpdmVibG9nX2VudHJ5L3BvcGUtZnJhbmNpcy1uYW1lcy1uZXctamVydXNhbGVtLXByZWxhdGUtYW1vbmctMjEtbmV3LWNhcmRpbmFscy_SAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">Pope Francis names new Jerusalem prelate among 21 new cardinals</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The Times of Israel</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CCAiCzVuVllKVmpqdm5zmAEB?oc=5" target="_blank">Pope names 21 cardinals, including U.S.-born Archbishop Prevost</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Catholic News Service</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2pKa19LbUNCRkY5NmNTVGdNb2xTZ0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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title: BBC presenter: Corporation in touch with police over explicit photo allegations - BBC
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https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2k2NmYta0NCSDJ1QUdwSVNDaVN5Z0FQAQ?oc=5

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<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiNGh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmJiYy5jb20vbmV3cy9lbnRlcnRhaW5tZW50LWFydHMtNjYxNDcwMDPSAThodHRwczovL3d3dy5iYmMuY29tL25ld3MvZW50ZXJ0YWlubWVudC1hcnRzLTY2MTQ3MDAzLmFtcA?oc=5" target="_blank">BBC presenter: Corporation in touch with police over explicit photo allegations</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">BBC</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CCAiC2pwdkJ3MkZnZnBnmAEB?oc=5" target="_blank">Watch Sky News live: BBC suspends presenter accused of paying teen for sexually explicit photos</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Sky News</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CCAiC1o4SEdvNVNGSG5RmAEB?oc=5" target="_blank">“There Are More Female Perpetrators Than Society Like to Acknowledge” says Child Abuse Activist</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">TalkTV</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMilAFodHRwczovL3d3dy5zY21wLmNvbS9uZXdzL3dvcmxkL2V1cm9wZS9hcnRpY2xlLzMyMjcwNzkvdWstbGF3bWFrZXJzLXVyZ2UtYmJjLXByb2JlLXVuZGVyd2Vhci1jYWxsLWFsbGVnYXRpb25zLXdoaWxlLWJyb2FkY2FzdGVycy1wcmVzZW50ZXJzLWRpc3RhbmNl0gGUAWh0dHBzOi8vYW1wLnNjbXAuY29tL25ld3Mvd29ybGQvZXVyb3BlL2FydGljbGUvMzIyNzA3OS91ay1sYXdtYWtlcnMtdXJnZS1iYmMtcHJvYmUtdW5kZXJ3ZWFyLWNhbGwtYWxsZWdhdGlvbnMtd2hpbGUtYnJvYWRjYXN0ZXJzLXByZXNlbnRlcnMtZGlzdGFuY2U?oc=5" target="_blank">BBC suspends presenter for underwear call allegation as UK lawmakers urge probe</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">South China Morning Post</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiNGh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmJiYy5jb20vbmV3cy9lbnRlcnRhaW5tZW50LWFydHMtNjYxNDU3NDfSAThodHRwczovL3d3dy5iYmMuY29tL25ld3MvZW50ZXJ0YWlubWVudC1hcnRzLTY2MTQ1NzQ3LmFtcA?oc=5" target="_blank">BBC presenter faces new allegations over explicit photos</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">BBC</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2k2NmYta0NCSDJ1QUdwSVNDaVN5Z0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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title: Powerball results for 07/08/23; did anyone win the $630 million jackpot? - MLive.com
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title: Amazon Prime Day 2023: 195+ Amazon deals to shop now - USA TODAY
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title: Alzheimer's drug gives hope to Israeli patients and their families - Ynetnews
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title:
How the U.S. Postal Service changes, as of today, and what happens if UPS goes on strike? - OregonLive

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title: Why this two-year-old GPU is still the one you should buy - Digital Trends
link:
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title: Apple iMac rumor suggests a 32-inch version is being considered - The Verge
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title: Jony Ive Made a 'Gentle' Redesign of a $60,000 Turntable - Gizmodo
link:
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title: Should You Buy a Gaming Monitor on Amazon Prime Day 2023? - IGN
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Elton John Receives Coldplay Tribute As He Signs Off Final European Tour With Emotional Farewell - Deadline

content:
<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMicGh0dHBzOi8vZGVhZGxpbmUuY29tLzIwMjMvMDcvZWx0b24tam9obi1yZWNlaXZlcy1jb2xkcGxheS10cmlidXRlLWxhc3QtbmlnaHQtZmFyZXdlbGwtdG91ci1zdG9ja2hvbG0tMTIzNTQzMjU3OS_SAXRodHRwczovL2RlYWRsaW5lLmNvbS8yMDIzLzA3L2VsdG9uLWpvaG4tcmVjZWl2ZXMtY29sZHBsYXktdHJpYnV0ZS1sYXN0LW5pZ2h0LWZhcmV3ZWxsLXRvdXItc3RvY2tob2xtLTEyMzU0MzI1NzkvYW1wLw?oc=5" target="_blank">Elton John Receives Coldplay Tribute As He Signs Off Final European Tour With Emotional Farewell</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Deadline</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiXWh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmNubi5jb20vMjAyMy8wNy8wOC9lbnRlcnRhaW5tZW50L2VsdG9uLWpvaG4tbGFzdC1jb25jZXJ0LWZhcmV3ZWxsLXRvdXIvaW5kZXguaHRtbNIBYWh0dHBzOi8vYW1wLmNubi5jb20vY25uLzIwMjMvMDcvMDgvZW50ZXJ0YWlubWVudC9lbHRvbi1qb2huLWxhc3QtY29uY2VydC1mYXJld2VsbC10b3VyL2luZGV4Lmh0bWw?oc=5" target="_blank">‘Tonight is the final night’: Elton John says goodbye to over 50 years of touring with last show on his farewell tour</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">CNN</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMikAFodHRwczovL20udGltZXNvZmluZGlhLmNvbS9lbnRlcnRhaW5tZW50L2VuZ2xpc2gvbXVzaWMvbmV3cy9jaHJpcy1tYXJ0aW4tbWFrZXMtYS12aWRlby1jYW1lby1hdC1lbHRvbi1qb2hucy1maW5hbC1zaG93L2FydGljbGVzaG93LzEwMTYwOTY0NC5jbXPSAZQBaHR0cHM6Ly9tLnRpbWVzb2ZpbmRpYS5jb20vZW50ZXJ0YWlubWVudC9lbmdsaXNoL211c2ljL25ld3MvY2hyaXMtbWFydGluLW1ha2VzLWEtdmlkZW8tY2FtZW8tYXQtZWx0b24tam9obnMtZmluYWwtc2hvdy9hbXBfYXJ0aWNsZXNob3cvMTAxNjA5NjQ0LmNtcw?oc=5" target="_blank">Chris Martin makes a video cameo at Elton John's final show</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">timesofindia.com</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiZGh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LnRoZWxvY2FsLnNlLzIwMjMwNzA5L2VsdG9uLWpvaG4taGFpbHMtZmFucy1hdC1lbW90aW9uYWwtZmluYWwtZmFyZXdlbGwtc2hvdy1pbi1zdG9ja2hvbG3SAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">Elton John hails fans at emotional final farewell show in Stockholm</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The Local Sweden</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiuAFodHRwczovL3d3dy5lbGtoYXJ0dHJ1dGguY29tL2xpZmVzdHlsZXMvZW50ZXJ0YWlubWVudC9yZWNvcmQtbWFuLXNpci1lbHRvbi1qb2huLXMtZmFyZXdlbGwteWVsbG93LWJyaWNrLXJvYWQtdG91ci1iZWNvbWVzLWZpcnN0LXRvLWJyZWFrL2ltYWdlXzA2NTAzZTUzLTRmMWEtNThkNy05MDIxLTQ3YjVmZmFmOTM1OS5odG1s0gEA?oc=5" target="_blank">Record Man! Sir Elton John's 'Farewell Yellow Brick Road' tour becomes first to break the $900MILLION mark</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The Elkhart Truth</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2pjMXVLU0NCRmVheFZKaW9kX2lpZ0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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title: Horoscope for Sunday, July 9, 2023 - Chicago Sun-Times
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‘Insidious: The Red Door’ Sinks ‘Indiana Jones’ With $32.7M Box Office Opening, ‘Joy Ride’ Stalls - Hollywood Reporter

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title: Imagine Dragons deliver Summerfest finale, decade after historic night - Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
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title: F1 British GP: Verstappen scores sixth consecutive win ahead of Norris, Hamilton - Motorsport.com
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Alexander Volkanovski Doesn't Rule Out Islam Makhachev Rematch At UFC 294 | UFC 290 | MMA Fighting - MMAFightingonSBN

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title: Phoenix Suns to face off with Lakers, others in NBA In-Season Tournament - Arizona Sports
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title: Exploring the Universe's “First Light” With NASA's James Webb Space Telescope - SciTechDaily
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title: MIT scientists develop super speedy AI system for biology research - Interesting Engineering
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title: Substance Abuse Is Climbing Among Seniors - The New York Times
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link: https://itsfoss.com/linux-exit-codes/
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title: What are Exit Codes in Linux?
categories: Explain|Jargon Buster
description:
Unraveling the mystery of exit codes in Linux. Learn what are the exit codes and why and how they are used.

content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/exit-codes-in-linux.png" alt="What are Exit Codes in Linux?"><p>An exit code or exit status tells us about the status of the last executed command. Whether the command was completed successfully or ended with an error. This is obtained after the command terminates. </p>
<p><strong>The basic ideology is that programs return the exit code <code>0</code> to indicate that it executed successfully without issues. Code <code>1</code> or anything other than 0 is considered unsuccessful. </strong></p>
<p>There are many more exit codes other than 0 and 1, which I&apos;ll cover in this article. </p>
<h2 id="various-exit-codes-in-linux-shell">Various exit codes in Linux shell</h2>
<p>Let us take a quick look at the prominent exit codes in the Linux shell:</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Exit code</th>
<th>Meaning of the code</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>0</code></td>
<td>Command executed with no errors</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>1</code></td>
<td>Code for generic errors</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>2</code></td>
<td>Incorrect command (or argument) usage</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>126</code></td>
<td>Permission denied (or) unable to execute</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>127</code></td>
<td>Command not found, or PATH error</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>128+n</code></td>
<td>Command terminated externally by passing signals, or it encountered a fatal error</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>130</code></td>
<td>Termination by Ctrl+C or SIGINT (<em>termination code 2 or keyboard interrupt</em>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>143</code></td>
<td>Termination by SIGTERM (<em>default termination</em>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>255/*</code></td>
<td>Exit code exceeded the range 0-255, hence wrapped up</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-blue"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4CB;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>The termination signals like </span><code><span>130</span></code><span> (SIGINT or </span><code><span>^C</span></code><span>) and </span><code><span>143</span></code><span> (SIGTERM) are prominent, which are just </span><code><span>128+n</span></code><span> signals with </span><code><span>n</span></code><span> standing for the termination code.</span></p></div></div>
<p>Now that you are briefly familiar with the exit codes let&apos;s see about their usage.</p>
<h2 id="retrieving-the-exit-code">Retrieving the exit code</h2>
<p>The exit code of the previously executed command is stored in the <a href="https://linuxhandbook.com/bash-special-variables/?ref=itsfoss.com">special variable</a> <code>$?</code>. You can retrieve the exit status by running:</p>
<pre><code>echo $?</code></pre>
<p>This will be used in all our demonstrations to retrieve the exit code.</p>
<p>Note that the <em>exit</em> command supports carrying the same exit code of the previous command executed. </p>
<h2 id="exit-code-0">Exit code 0</h2>
<p>Exit code <code>0</code> means that the command is executed without errors. This is ideally the best case for the completion of commands. </p>
<p>For example, let us run a basic command like this</p>
<pre><code>neofetch 

echo $?</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/exit_code_0.png" class="kg-image" alt="What are Exit Codes in Linux?" loading="lazy" width="1118" height="582" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/exit_code_0.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/exit_code_0.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/exit_code_0.png 1118w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption><span>Exit code 0 (successful execution)</span></figcaption></figure>
<p>This exit code <code>0</code> means that the particular command was executed successfully, nothing more or less. Let us demonstrate some more examples.</p>
<p>You may try <a href="https://itsfoss.com/how-to-find-the-process-id-of-a-program-and-kill-it-quick-tip/">killing a process</a>; it will also return the code <code>0</code>. </p>
<pre><code>pkill lxappearance</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/exit_code_0.gif" class="kg-image" alt="What are Exit Codes in Linux?" loading="lazy" width="676" height="396" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/exit_code_0.gif 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/exit_code_0.gif 676w"><figcaption><span>Killing an application (same shell) results in code 0</span></figcaption></figure>
<p>Viewing a file&apos;s contents will also return an exit code 0, which implies <strong>only</strong> that the &apos;cat&apos; command executed successfully. </p>
<h2 id="exit-code-1">Exit code 1</h2>
<p>Exit code <code>1</code> is also a common one. It generally means the command terminated with a generic error. </p>
<p>For example, using the <a href="https://itsfoss.com/package-manager/">package manager</a> without sudo permissions results in code 1. In Arch Linux, if I try this:</p>
<pre><code>pacman -Sy </code></pre>
<p>It will give me exist code as 1 meaning the last command resulted in error.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/exit_code_1.png" class="kg-image" alt="What are Exit Codes in Linux?" loading="lazy" width="1118" height="204" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/exit_code_1.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/exit_code_1.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/exit_code_1.png 1118w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption><span>Exit status 1 (impermissible operation)</span></figcaption></figure>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-blue"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4CB;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>If you try this in Ubuntu-based distros (</span><code><span>apt update</span></code><span> without sudo), you get 100 as an error code for running &apos;apt&apos; without permissions. This is not a standardized error code, but one specific to apt.</span></p></div></div>
<p>While this is a general understanding, we can also interpret this as &quot;operation impermissible&quot;. </p>
<p>Operations like dividing by zero also result in code 1. </p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/exit_code_1-division_by_0-.png" class="kg-image" alt="What are Exit Codes in Linux?" loading="lazy" width="1118" height="191" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/exit_code_1-division_by_0-.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/exit_code_1-division_by_0-.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/exit_code_1-division_by_0-.png 1118w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption><span>Division by zero</span></figcaption></figure>
<h2 id="exit-code-2">Exit code 2</h2>
<p>This exit code is given out when the command executed has a syntax error. Misusing the arguments of commands also results in this error. </p>
<p>It generally suggests that the command could not execute due to incorrect usage. </p>
<p>For example, I added two hyphens to an option that&apos;s supposed to have one hyphen. Code 2 was given out.</p>
<pre><code>grep --z file.txt</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/exit_status_2-misusing_arguments--1.png" class="kg-image" alt="What are Exit Codes in Linux?" loading="lazy" width="1118" height="254" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/exit_status_2-misusing_arguments--1.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/exit_status_2-misusing_arguments--1.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/exit_status_2-misusing_arguments--1.png 1118w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption><span>Invalid argument results in code 2</span></figcaption></figure>
<p>When permission is denied, like accessing the /root folder, you get error code 2. </p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/exit_code_2-permission_denied-.png" class="kg-image" alt="What are Exit Codes in Linux?" loading="lazy" width="1115" height="275" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/exit_code_2-permission_denied-.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/exit_code_2-permission_denied-.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/exit_code_2-permission_denied-.png 1115w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption><span>Permission denied</span></figcaption></figure>
<h2 id="exit-code-126">Exit code 126</h2>
<p>126 is a peculiar exit code since it is used to indicate a command or script was not executed due to a permission error.</p>
<p>This error can be found when you try executing a shell script without giving execution permissions. </p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/exit_code_126.png" class="kg-image" alt="What are Exit Codes in Linux?" loading="lazy" width="1117" height="276" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/exit_code_126.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/exit_code_126.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/exit_code_126.png 1117w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption><span>Exit code 126 due to insufficient permissions</span></figcaption></figure>
<p>Note that this exit code appears only for the &apos;<em>execution</em>&apos; of scripts/commands without sufficient permissions, which is different from a generic Permission Denied error. </p>
<p>So, on&apos;t confuse it with the previous example you saw with exit code 2. There, ls command ran and the permission issue came with the directory it was trying to execute. Here, the permission issues came from the script itself.</p>
<h2 id="exit-code-127">Exit code 127</h2>
<p>This is another common one. Exit code 127 refers to &quot;<a href="https://itsfoss.com/bash-command-not-found/">command not found</a>&quot;. It usually occurs when there&apos;s a typo in the command executed or the required executable is not in the $PATH variable.</p>
<p>For example, I often see this error when I try executing a script without its path.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/exit_code_127.png" class="kg-image" alt="What are Exit Codes in Linux?" loading="lazy" width="1115" height="265" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/exit_code_127.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/exit_code_127.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/exit_code_127.png 1115w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption><span>Script executed without the path gives &quot;command not found&quot;</span></figcaption></figure>
<p>Or when the executable file you&apos;re trying to run, is not listed in the <code>$PATH</code> variable. You can rectify this by <a href="https://itsfoss.com/add-directory-to-path-linux/">adding the parent directory to the PATH variable</a>.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/add-directory-to-path-linux/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">How to Add a Directory to PATH in Linux</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Learn all the essential steps about adding a directory to the PATH in Linux and making those changes permanently.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="What are Exit Codes in Linux?"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">Abhishek Prakash</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">It&apos;s FOSS</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2021/05/set-up-path-linux.png" alt="What are Exit Codes in Linux?"></div></a></figure>
<p>You&apos;ll also get this exit code when you type commands that do not exist.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/exit_code_127-command_not_found--1.png" class="kg-image" alt="What are Exit Codes in Linux?" loading="lazy" width="1115" height="265" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/exit_code_127-command_not_found--1.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/exit_code_127-command_not_found--1.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/exit_code_127-command_not_found--1.png 1115w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption><i><em class="italic">Unmount</em></i><span> is not a command, and </span><i><em class="italic">Screenfetch</em></i><span> is not installed</span></figcaption></figure>
<h2 id="exit-code-series-128n">Exit code series 128+n</h2>
<p>When an application or command is terminated or its execution fails due to a fatal error, the adjacent code to 128 is produced (128+n), where n is the signal number.</p>
<p>This includes all types of termination codes, like <code>SIGTERM</code>, <code>SIGKILL</code>, etc that apply to the value &apos;n&apos; here. </p>
<h3 id="code-130-or-sigint">Code 130 or SIGINT</h3>
<p><code>SIGINT</code> or <strong>Sig</strong>nal for Keyboard <strong><u>Int</u></strong>errupt is induced by interrupting the process by termination signal 2, or by Ctrl+C. </p>
<p>Since the termination signal is 2, we get a code 130 (128+2). Here&apos;s a video demonstrating the interrupt signal for <code>lxappearance</code>.</p>
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            <figcaption><p><span>SIGINT(2) termination or Keyboard Interrupt (^C) that gives code 130</span></p></figcaption>
        </figure>
<h3 id="code-137-or-sigkill">Code 137 or SIGKILL</h3>
<p>The <code>SIGKILL</code> termination <strong>sig</strong>nal that <strong>kill</strong>s the process instantly has a termination signal 9. This is the last method one should use while terminating an application. </p>
<p>The exit code thrown is 137 since the termination signal is 9 (128+9). </p>
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            <figcaption><p><span>SIGKILL(9) termination that gives code 137</span></p></figcaption>
        </figure>
<h3 id="code-143-or-sigterm">Code 143 or SIGTERM </h3>
<p><code>SIGTERM</code> or <strong>Sig</strong>nal to <strong>Term</strong>inate is the default behavior when a process is killed without specifying arguments. </p>
<p>The termination code for SIGTERM is 15, hence this signal gets an exit code of 143 (128+15). </p>
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            <figcaption><p><span>SIGTERM(15) termination that gives code 143</span></p></figcaption>
        </figure>
<p>There are other termination signals that you may not have known before; they too have their own exit codes similar to these. You can check them out here:</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://linuxhandbook.com/termination-signals/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">How to use SIGINT and other Termination Signals in Linux</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Terminating executing process is more than just kill -9. Here are some of the prominent termination signals and their usage.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://linuxhandbook.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2021/08/Linux-Handbook-New-Logo.png" alt="What are Exit Codes in Linux?"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">Sagar Sharma</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Linux Handbook</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://linuxhandbook.com/content/images/2022/10/termination-signals-linux.png" alt="What are Exit Codes in Linux?"></div></a></figure>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-blue"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4CB;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>Note that these signals may not appear if terminated from the same session from which the process was started. If you&apos;re reproducing these, terminate from a different shell. </span><br><br><span>On a personal note, signal 128 was impossible to reproduce.</span></p></div></div>
<h2 id="what-if-the-code-exceeds-255">What if the code exceeds 255?</h2>
<p>Recent versions of Bash retain the original exit code value even beyond 255, but generally, if the code exceeds 255, then it is wrapped up. </p>
<p>That is, code 256 becomes &apos;0&apos;, 257 becomes &apos;1&apos;, 383 becomes &apos;127&apos;, and so on and so forth. To ensure better compatibility, keep the exit codes between 0 and 255. </p>
<h2 id="wrapping-up">Wrapping up</h2>
<p>I hope you learned something about the exit codes in the Linux shell. Using them can come in handy for troubleshooting various issues. </p>
<p>If you are using these codes in a shell script, make sure you understand the meaning of each code in order to make it easier for troubleshooting. </p>
<p>In case you need a reference, check out the Bash series here:</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/create-bash-script/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Bash Basics #1: Create and Run Your First Bash Shell Script</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Start learning bash scripting with this new series. Create and run your first bash shell script in the first chapter.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="What are Exit Codes in Linux?"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">Abhishek Prakash</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">It&apos;s FOSS</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/Bash-script-hello-world.png" alt="What are Exit Codes in Linux?"></div></a></figure>
<p>That&apos;s all about the article. Feel free to let me know in the comments section if I have missed anything. </p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/newsletter/foss-weekly-23-27/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: FOSS Weekly #23.27: Peppermint OS, Warp Terminal, Math Bash and More
categories: Newsletter
description:
Red Hat fiasco continues and we have an opinion on it. Apart from that you see the continuation of our Bash Basics and Terminal Tuesday series.

content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/foss-weekly-23-27.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.27: Peppermint OS, Warp Terminal, Math Bash and More"><p>Achievement unlocked &#x1F525;&#x1F973; &#x1F38A;</p><p>It&apos;s FOSS crossed <a href="https://twitter.com/itsfoss2?ref=itsfoss.com">100K followers on Twitter</a>. That&apos;s good news.</p><p>What&apos;s better is that we crossed <a href="https://mastodon.social/@itsfoss?ref=itsfoss.com">10K followers on Mastodon</a>, the open source, decentralized <a href="https://itsfoss.com/mainstream-social-media-alternaives/">Twitter alternative</a>.</p><p>Now, that&apos;s the real achievement.</p><p><strong>&#x1F4AC; Let&apos;s see what you get in this edition of FOSS Weekly:</strong></p><ul><li>Continuation of our Bash Basics series</li><li>A post-quantum-secure cloud storage solution is in the works by Tutanota</li><li>And other Linux news, videos, and, of course, memes!</li></ul><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%93%B0-linux-news">&#x1F4F0; Linux news</h2><ul><li>System76 has launched a <a href="https://news.itsfoss.com/nebula-system76-pc-case/?ref=itsfoss.com">new PC case series</a>. </li><li>PeppermintOS&apos;s Debian-12 based release is here with a <a href="https://news.itsfoss.com/peppermint-os-debian-12/?ref=itsfoss.com">major rebrand</a>.</li><li><a href="https://news.itsfoss.com/canonical-lxd-project/?ref=itsfoss.com">Canonical moves LXD project</a> under its wings.</li><li><a href="https://libreboot.org/news/libreboot20230625.html?ref=itsfoss.com">Libreboot released</a> a new version.</li><li>Tutanota&apos;s latest project <a href="https://news.itsfoss.com/tutanota-post-quantum-secure-cloud/?ref=itsfoss.com">aims to provide</a> a post-quantum-secure cloud offering.</li><li>ReactOS is not dead; they recently published a blog with <a href="https://reactos.org/blogs/newsletter-102/?ref=itsfoss.com">progress updates</a>.</li></ul><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A7%A0-what-we%E2%80%99re-thinking-about">&#x1F9E0; What we&#x2019;re thinking about</h2><p>Yeah... still cannot get over Red Hat&apos;s decision. Here&apos;s an opinion piece on why it&apos;s a bad move in the long run. It got quite a buzz in the last few days.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://news.itsfoss.com/red-hat-fiasco/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">The Suicide Attempt by Red Hat [Opinion]</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">The latest decision to put Red Hat&#x2019;s source code behind a paywall may hurt its direct competitors today but it will negatively impact Red Hat tomorrow.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/08/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.27: Peppermint OS, Warp Terminal, Math Bash and More"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS News</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Community</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/suicide-attempt-redhat.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.27: Peppermint OS, Warp Terminal, Math Bash and More"></div></a></figure><ul><li><a href="https://almalinux.org/blog/our-value-is-our-values/?ref=itsfoss.com">Reaction from Alma Linux</a></li><li><a href="https://rockylinux.org/news/keeping-open-source-open/?ref=itsfoss.com">Reaction from Rocky Linux</a></li><li><a href="https://www.suse.com/c/navigating-changes-in-the-open-source-landscape/?ref=itsfoss.com">Reaction from SUSE Linux</a></li></ul><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A7%AE-tutorials">&#x1F9EE; Tutorials</h2><p>In the fourth chapter of our Bash Basics series, learn to do basic mathematics in Bash.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/bash-arithmetic-operation/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Bash Basics Series #4: Arithmetic Operations</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">In the fourth chapter of the series, learn to use basic mathematics in Bash.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.27: Peppermint OS, Warp Terminal, Math Bash and More"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/bash-series-4-arithmetic-operations.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.27: Peppermint OS, Warp Terminal, Math Bash and More"></div></a></figure><p>&apos;ls&apos; is the most used command in Linux; learn how to use it efficiently.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/ls-command/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Using ls Command in Linux</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">ls is one of the simplest and most frequently used commands is Linux. 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link: https://itsfoss.com/birthday-wish-linux-terminal/
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read: False
type: Rss
title: Display Animated ASCII Birthday Wish in Linux Terminal
categories: Terminal Fun
description:
Make the special occasion for your loved ones even more special by creating an ASCII birthday animation in the Linux terminal.

content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/birthday-wish-linux-terminal.png" alt="Display Animated ASCII Birthday Wish in Linux Terminal &#x1F382;"><p>Birthdays are special occasions, and it&#x2019;s very satisfying and a pleasure to get birthday wishes from loved ones. </p>
<p>As a Linux user, you can surprise our friends and family with some cool birthday wishes from the terminal.</p>
<p>Here&apos;s a birthday card (or should I say animation) I created for the birthday of Abhishek Sir.</p>
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        </figure>
<p>Everyone in the team liked it so much that I was requested to do a tutorial on it. I am only glad to comply as it may help our readers :)</p>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-red"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x270B;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>This tutorial requires editing config files in the terminal. Proficiency with Linux terminals and commands make it easier to follow this tutorial.</span></p></div></div>
<h2 id="install-pybirthdaywish">Install PyBirthdayWish</h2>
<p>PyBirthdayWish is a small Python program through which you can create beautiful terminal birthday wishes. With music too! </p>
<p>The program itself is not available in the default repositories of Ubuntu. You need to install it using Pip.</p>
<div class="kg-card kg-button-card kg-align-center"><a href="https://github.com/hemantapkh/PyBirthdayWish?ref=itsfoss.com" class="kg-btn kg-btn-accent">PyBirthdayWish GitHub</a></div>
<p>First, <a href="https://itsfoss.com/install-pip-ubuntu/">install pip in Ubuntu</a>, using the command below:</p>
<pre><code>sudo apt install python3-pip</code></pre>
<p>Once Pip is installed, you can clone the repo and install the program:</p>
<pre><code>git clone https://github.com/hemantapkh/PyBirthdayWish.git &amp;&amp; cd PyBirthdayWish &amp;&amp; pip install -r requirements.txt</code></pre>
<p>On their repo, you can check the <code>.requirements.txt</code> file to know what are the requirements as mentioned in the above command.</p>
<p>After the installation is complete, inside the <code>PyBirthdayWish</code> directory, that you have cloned, run the command below:</p>
<pre><code>python3 PyBirthdayWish.py</code></pre>
<p>This will ask you to press F11 and then enter to go full screen mode and then play the animation.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-gallery-card kg-width-wide kg-card-hascaption"><div class="kg-gallery-container"><div class="kg-gallery-row"><div class="kg-gallery-image"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/animation-page-1.png" width="1490" height="926" loading="lazy" alt="Display Animated ASCII Birthday Wish in Linux Terminal &#x1F382;" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/07/animation-page-1.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/07/animation-page-1.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/animation-page-1.png 1490w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></div><div class="kg-gallery-image"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/animation-page-2.png" width="1490" height="941" loading="lazy" alt="Display Animated ASCII Birthday Wish in Linux Terminal &#x1F382;" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/07/animation-page-2.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/07/animation-page-2.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/animation-page-2.png 1490w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></div></div></div><figcaption><p><span>Birthday Wish Animation in Terminal</span></p></figcaption></figure>
<p>There is music too, but not shown here.</p>
<p>It&apos;s highly customizable. <strong>Let me show various levels of optional customization you can do with this tool.</strong></p>
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<h2 id="create-the-default-birthday-wish">Create the default birthday wish</h2>
<p>In the above program, there are three wish Python files that can be used for the animation. They are, <em><code>example</code> </em>(default), <em><code>art</code></em> and <em><code>artwithstars</code></em>. You can open these three files in text editor to get an overview.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/arts-directory-contents.png" class="kg-image" alt="Display Animated ASCII Birthday Wish in Linux Terminal &#x1F382;" loading="lazy" width="1358" height="270" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/07/arts-directory-contents.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/07/arts-directory-contents.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/arts-directory-contents.png 1358w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption><span>Default art files</span></figcaption></figure>
<p>Now, if you want to use the <em><code>artwithstars</code></em> file instead of the default example, open the <em><code>config.py</code></em> in <a href="https://itsfoss.com/command-line-text-editors-linux/">any available text editor</a>, replace the <em><code>arts</code></em> entry with the required name and save it, as shown in the screenshot below:</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/add-art-with-stars.png" class="kg-image" alt="Display Animated ASCII Birthday Wish in Linux Terminal &#x1F382;" loading="lazy" width="1358" height="602" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/07/add-art-with-stars.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/07/add-art-with-stars.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/add-art-with-stars.png 1358w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption><span>Change the design file</span></figcaption></figure>
<p>After that, in the <code>PyBirthdayWish</code> directory, run:</p>
<pre><code>python3 PyBirthdayWish.py</code></pre>
<p>And you will get the new animation.</p>
<h2 id="create-a-custom-birthday-wish">Create a custom birthday wish</h2>
<p>What if you want to print the name of your loved one, instead of the default text? This needs a little bit of patience because you need to edit the art file without destroying it.</p>
<p>First, make a backup copy of the design art files you want. Which is basically copying the file in the same <code>arts</code> directory but with a different name; say <code>friend.py</code>. </p>
<p>Now, open the design art file with the text editor of your choice. Replace the text in the art file with the one you need. It will be wise to use the symbols <code>| _ \ /</code> for creating the text, design etc. You can use an <a href="https://patorjk.com/software/taag/?ref=itsfoss.com#p=display&amp;f=Big&amp;t=Friend">online tool to convert text to ASCII</a>.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/new-text-added-to-art-file-friend.png" class="kg-image" alt="Display Animated ASCII Birthday Wish in Linux Terminal &#x1F382;" loading="lazy" width="1885" height="885" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/07/new-text-added-to-art-file-friend.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/07/new-text-added-to-art-file-friend.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/07/new-text-added-to-art-file-friend.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/new-text-added-to-art-file-friend.png 1885w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption><span>New text &quot;Friend&quot; added as a new file</span></figcaption></figure>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-green"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4A1;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>Typing one character moves the rest of the animation one character forward. Similarly, removing a character moves the rest of the design, one character backward. So, you should add a space if you remove a character. Similarly, remove one space if you added a new character on a particular line. This should be done in real-time so that you can view the changes. This way, you can match the rest of the design and not destroy the looks, when completed.</span></p></div></div>
<p>After completing the edit, save it. Now, open <em>config.py</em> and change the art file to show your file.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/edit-config-file-to-add-custom-py-file.png" class="kg-image" alt="Display Animated ASCII Birthday Wish in Linux Terminal &#x1F382;" loading="lazy" width="1358" height="602" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/07/edit-config-file-to-add-custom-py-file.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/07/edit-config-file-to-add-custom-py-file.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/edit-config-file-to-add-custom-py-file.png 1358w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption><span>Change the config file to highlight the new file</span></figcaption></figure>
<p>You can now run to get your required text inside the animation:</p>
<pre><code>python3 PyBirthdayWish.py</code></pre>
<h2 id="use-your-own-music-file">Use your own music file</h2>
<p>You can use your own music file as part of this animation.</p>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-red"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F6A7;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>If you are planning to upload the video on YouTube of other such sites, please use copyright-free music to avoid issues.</span></p></div></div>
<p>Copy your music file inside the cloned directory.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/showing-mymusic-file-in-directory.png" class="kg-image" alt="Display Animated ASCII Birthday Wish in Linux Terminal &#x1F382;" loading="lazy" width="1339" height="289" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/07/showing-mymusic-file-in-directory.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/07/showing-mymusic-file-in-directory.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/showing-mymusic-file-in-directory.png 1339w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption><span>Custom music file is copied inside the directory</span></figcaption></figure>
<p>Edit the <em>config.py</em> file to add the new music, as shown in the screenshot below:</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/custom-music-file.png" class="kg-image" alt="Display Animated ASCII Birthday Wish in Linux Terminal &#x1F382;" loading="lazy" width="1339" height="708" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/07/custom-music-file.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/07/custom-music-file.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/custom-music-file.png 1339w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption><span>Custom music file added to config file</span></figcaption></figure>
<p>Done! Now, if you execute the run command, <code>python3 PyBirthdayWish.py</code>, the custom music will be played along with the animation.</p>
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<h2 id="create-an-executable">Create an executable</h2>
<p><strong>If you want to send the above wish message as an executable to a friend, there is a way for this too. </strong></p>
<p>An associated pyinstaller will be installed to the <code>.local/bin</code> directory, which will not be on your path.</p>
<p>So <a href="https://itsfoss.com/add-directory-to-path-linux/">add that directory to your path</a> using:</p>
<pre><code>export PATH=$PATH:/home/team/.local/bin</code></pre>
<p>To make it permanent, add it to your <code>~/.bashrc</code> file.</p>
<p>After you are done with the art file editing and changing the config file to reflect the change, use the command below to create an executable:</p>
<pre><code>pyinstaller --noconfirm --onefile --console --icon &quot;icon.ico&quot; --no-embed-manifest --add-data &quot;arts:arts/&quot;  --add-data &quot;config.py:.&quot; --add-data &quot;HappyBirthday.mp3:.&quot; --add-data &quot;PyBirthdayWish.py:.&quot;  &quot;PyBirthdayWish.py&quot;</code></pre>
<p>It will create an executable file named &#x201C;PyBirthdayWish&#x201D; to the <code>PyBirthdayWish/dist</code> directory.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/PyBirthdayWish-executable-location.png" class="kg-image" alt="Display Animated ASCII Birthday Wish in Linux Terminal &#x1F382;" loading="lazy" width="1001" height="414" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/07/PyBirthdayWish-executable-location.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/07/PyBirthdayWish-executable-location.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/PyBirthdayWish-executable-location.png 1001w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption><span>Executable file location</span></figcaption></figure>
<p>Copy this executable and send to anybody who want to view this. They can execute it with:</p>
<pre><code>./PyBirthdayWish</code></pre>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-red"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F6A7;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>Always be cautious while running executables from unknown external sources.</span></p></div></div>
<h2 id="more-terminal-fun">More terminal fun</h2>
<p>Like Birthdays, Christmas too is a special occasion. You can give some festive touch to your Linux desktop if you want.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/christmas-linux-wallpaper/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Celebrate Christmas in Linux Way: Give Your Linux System a Christmas Touch</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">It&#x2019;s the&#xA0;holiday season and many of you might be celebrating Christmas already. From the team of It&#x2019;s FOSS, I would like to wish you a Merry Christmas and a happy new year. To continue the festive mood, I&#x2019;ll show you some really awesome Linux wallpapers on</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="Display Animated ASCII Birthday Wish in Linux Terminal &#x1F382;"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">Abhishek Prakash</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">It&apos;s FOSS</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2016/12/linux-christmas-makeover.png" alt="Display Animated ASCII Birthday Wish in Linux Terminal &#x1F382;"></div></a></figure>
<p>If you liked ASCII animation, you may like ASCII art, too. </p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/ascii-image-converter/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Convert Images to ASCII Art in Linux Terminal</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Want some fun in the Linux terminal? How about converting a regular image into ASCII art? This tool lets you convert any image into ASCII art.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="Display Animated ASCII Birthday Wish in Linux Terminal &#x1F382;"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">Abhishek Prakash</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">It&apos;s FOSS</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2021/05/convert-ascii-image-linux.png" alt="Display Animated ASCII Birthday Wish in Linux Terminal &#x1F382;"></div></a></figure>
<p>And why just stop here? Explore more ASCII tools.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/ascii-art-linux-terminal/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">10 Tools to Generate and Have Fun With ASCII Art in Linux Terminal</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Linux terminal is not as scary as you think. Of course, it could be intimidating in the beginning but once you know the terminal better, you start loving it. You are likely to use the terminal for serious work. But there are many fun stuff you can do in the</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="Display Animated ASCII Birthday Wish in Linux Terminal &#x1F382;"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">Abhishek Prakash</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">It&apos;s FOSS</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2022/07/ascii-art-tools-linux.png" alt="Display Animated ASCII Birthday Wish in Linux Terminal &#x1F382;"></div></a></figure>
<p>Enjoy using Linux in this fun way :)</p>
<p><em>&#x1F5E8; Let me know if you face any issues with this tool and I&apos;ll try to help in my capacity.</em></p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/ls-command/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: Using ls Command in Linux
categories: Linux Commands
description:
ls is one of the simplest and most frequently used commands is Linux. Learn to use it effectively in this tutorial.

content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/using-ls-command-in-linux.png" alt="Using ls Command in Linux"><p>In my opinion, the ls command is the <a href="https://itsfoss.com/essential-ubuntu-commands/">most used Linux command</a> as it is often used to verify the outcome of the previous operation by <a href="https://itsfoss.com/list-directory-content/">listing the directory contents</a>.</p>
<p>The ls command stands for a list; all it does is list the contents of the specified directory. </p>
<p>In this tutorial, I&apos;ll walk you through multiple examples of using the ls command.</p>
<p>I will also share some practice questions to test the learnings.</p>
<h2 id="how-to-use-the-ls-command">How to use the ls command </h2>
<p>To use the ls command, you&apos;d have to follow the simple command syntax:</p>
<pre><code>ls [OPTIONS] Targeted_Directory</code></pre>
<p>Here,</p>
<ul><li><code>[OPTIONS]</code>: It is used to tweak the default behavior of the ls command.</li><li><code>Targeted_Directory</code>: This is where you provide the directory name or the absolute path to the directory.</li></ul>
<p>You might wonder what happens when you use the ls command without any options. And to answer that, I used the ls command in my current working directory:</p>
<pre><code>ls </code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/use-the-ls-command-to-list-the-contents-of-the-working-directory.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using ls Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="756" height="195" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/07/use-the-ls-command-to-list-the-contents-of-the-working-directory.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/use-the-ls-command-to-list-the-contents-of-the-working-directory.png 756w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>As you can see, it listed all the directories and files available in the current working directory. But you can do a lot more than just getting the names and files present in the current working directory.</p>
<p>Let me show you how.</p>
<h3 id="1-list-files-and-directories-with-ownership">1. List files and directories with ownership </h3>
<p>One of the primary use of the ls command to find the permissions and ownership of a particular file or a directory.</p>
<p>For that you&apos;d have to use the <code>-l</code> option (also called long listing) with the ls command:</p>
<pre><code>ls -l</code></pre>
<p>Once you do that, you can expect similar output:</p>
<pre><code>sagar@itsFOSS:~$ ls -lh
-rwxrw-r-- 1 sagar sagar 666M Dec 10 18:16 Fedora.iso</code></pre>
<p>Notice how I used an addition <code>-h</code> option? I&apos;ll discuss it in the next section.</p>
<p>For now, if the output looks too complicated, then let me simplify things for you:</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/explain-read-write-permissions-in-linux-filesystem.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using ls Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="968" height="499" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/07/explain-read-write-permissions-in-linux-filesystem.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/explain-read-write-permissions-in-linux-filesystem.png 968w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>As you can see, each text block has its own meaning such as the permissions for owner, group, and others.</p>
<p>If you want to dive deep into file permissions, I would recommend <a href="https://linuxhandbook.com/linux-file-permissions/?ref=itsfoss.com">our detailed guide on file permissions in Linux:</a></p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://linuxhandbook.com/linux-file-permissions/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Linux File Permissions and Ownership Explained with Examples</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Linux file permissions explained in simpler terms. Also learn how to change the file permissions and ownership in Linux in this detailed beginner&#x2019;s guide.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://linuxhandbook.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2021/08/Linux-Handbook-New-Logo.png" alt="Using ls Command in Linux"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">Abhishek Prakash</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Linux Handbook</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://linuxhandbook.com/content/images/2020/06/linux-file-permission-featured.jpeg" alt="Using ls Command in Linux"></div></a></figure>
<h3 id="2-get-information-in-a-human-readable-format">2. Get information in a human-readable format</h3>
<p>By default, the file size is shown in bytes which is not the best way to know your file size. So how do you get the same info but in human-readable form?</p>
<p>Simple. You use the <code>-h</code> option with the ls command:</p>
<pre><code>ls -l -h</code></pre>
<p>And here&apos;s the comparison between the default and the human-readable form:</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/list-files-using-the-ls-command-in-human-readable-format.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using ls Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1280" height="241" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/07/list-files-using-the-ls-command-in-human-readable-format.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/07/list-files-using-the-ls-command-in-human-readable-format.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/list-files-using-the-ls-command-in-human-readable-format.png 1280w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption><span>Comparison between the default and the human-readable form (Click to expand)</span></figcaption></figure>
<p>Much better. Isn&apos;t it?</p>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-green"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4A1;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>The ls command is good to see the file sizes. However, it won&apos;t give you the directory size which is almost always displayed as 4K. To get directory size, use the du command.</span></p></div></div>
<h3 id="3-list-hidden-files">3. List hidden files </h3>
<p>Like any other file manager, the ls command won&apos;t list the hidden files (I mean they are supposed to be hidden. Right?).</p>
<p>But what if you want to <a href="https://itsfoss.com/show-hidden-files-linux/">list the hidden files</a> along with the regular files? To do so, you can use the <code>-a</code> option:</p>
<pre><code>ls -a</code></pre>
<p>As you can see, the filename starting with a dot <code>.</code> are hidden files.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/list-hidden-files-in-Linux-terminal-using-the-ls-command.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using ls Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1280" height="219" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/07/list-hidden-files-in-Linux-terminal-using-the-ls-command.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/07/list-hidden-files-in-Linux-terminal-using-the-ls-command.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/list-hidden-files-in-Linux-terminal-using-the-ls-command.png 1280w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption><span>Click to expand</span></figcaption></figure>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-green"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4A1;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>You may also use </span><code><span>ls -A</span></code><span> which works almost the same as </span><code><span>ls -a</span></code><span> except it won&apos;t include the </span><code><span>.</span></code><span> and </span><code><span>..</span></code><span> directories.</span></p></div></div>
<h3 id="4-list-files-recursively">4. List files recursively </h3>
<p>There are <a href="https://linuxhandbook.com/list-files-recursively/?ref=itsfoss.com">multiple ways to list files recursively</a> and using the ls command is one of them. </p>
<p>In case you don&apos;t know, listing files recursively means listing files of all the sub-directories present until the last element of every sub-directory is shown.</p>
<p>And to list files recursively, you can use the <code>-R</code> flag as shown:</p>
<pre><code>ls -R</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/list-files-recursilvely-in-Linux-using-the-ls-command.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using ls Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="756" height="331" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/07/list-files-recursilvely-in-Linux-using-the-ls-command.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/list-files-recursilvely-in-Linux-using-the-ls-command.png 756w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>In a way, it gives you the current directory structure. Personally, I prefer the  for this purpose but you&apos;ll have to install it first.</p>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-green"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4A1;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>You don&apos;t have to be in the directory to list its content. You can also list directory contents by providing its absolute or relative path like this: </span><code><span>ls /var/log</span></code></p></div></div>
<h3 id="5-differentiate-between-files-and-directories-while-using-ls">5. Differentiate between files and directories while using ls</h3>
<p>While the different colors for files and directories should do the job. But due to some reason, if you want to symbolize files and directories here you have it.</p>
<p>In the ls command, you have a <code>-F</code> flag that adds a forward slash <code>/</code> to every directory name:</p>
<pre><code>ls -F</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/differenciate-between-files-and-directories-while-using-the-ls-command.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using ls Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="756" height="138" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/07/differenciate-between-files-and-directories-while-using-the-ls-command.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/differenciate-between-files-and-directories-while-using-the-ls-command.png 756w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<h3 id="6-list-only-files-with-certain-file-extensions">6. List only files with certain file extensions </h3>
<p>There are times when you only want to list files with specific file extensions and trust me this is the easiest of all.</p>
<p>To do that, you don&apos;t have to use any options. Just append the file extension to the Asterisk <code>*</code> such as <code>*.png</code>, <code>*.txt</code>, etc:</p>
<pre><code>ls *.extension</code></pre>
<p>For example, if I only want to list the ISO files, then, I will be using the following command:</p>
<pre><code>ls *.iso</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/list-files-of-a-specific-file-extensions.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using ls Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="756" height="138" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/07/list-files-of-a-specific-file-extensions.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/list-files-of-a-specific-file-extensions.png 756w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<h3 id="7-sort-output-based-on-size">7. Sort output based on size</h3>
<p>To sort the output based on the file size, you&apos;d have to use the <code>-S</code> flag and it will list files from largest to the smallest manner (descending):</p>
<pre><code>ls -lhS</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/sort-files-based-on-their-file-size-using-the-ls-command.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using ls Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="756" height="240" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/07/sort-files-based-on-their-file-size-using-the-ls-command.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/sort-files-based-on-their-file-size-using-the-ls-command.png 756w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>Similarly, if you want to reverse this order to list the smallest files first, you can use the <code>-r</code> flag to reverse the order:</p>
<pre><code>ls -lhSr</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/sort-files-from-smallest-to-largest-using-the-ls-command.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using ls Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="756" height="240" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/07/sort-files-from-smallest-to-largest-using-the-ls-command.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/sort-files-from-smallest-to-largest-using-the-ls-command.png 756w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<h3 id="8-sort-files-based-on-date-and-time">8. Sort files based on date and time</h3>
<p>The ls commands includes the modified time in its listing.</p>
<p>To list the newest files first, you can use the <code>-t</code> flag as shown:</p>
<pre><code>ls -lht</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/show-newest-files-first-while-using-the-ls-command.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using ls Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="756" height="240" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/07/show-newest-files-first-while-using-the-ls-command.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/show-newest-files-first-while-using-the-ls-command.png 756w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>You can use the <code>-r</code> flag as I explained previously to reverse the order here too.</p>
<pre><code>ls -lrt</code></pre>
<p>This will give you the latest modified files at the bottom of the display. This is particularly helpful if you have too many files in the directory and want to see which files were modified recently. I used this while troubleshooting my software project.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/output_for_ls_-lrt-1.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using ls Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="756" height="227" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/07/output_for_ls_-lrt-1.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/output_for_ls_-lrt-1.png 756w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<h2 id="lets-summarize-what-youve-learned-so-far">Let&apos;s summarize what you&apos;ve learned so far!</h2>
<p>Here, I will share a table with multiple options that were used with the ls command in this tutorial:</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Command</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>ls -l</code></td>
<td>Long list of files and directories</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>ls -lh</code></td>
<td>Prints information in human-readable form</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>ls -a</code></td>
<td>Include hidden files in listing</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>ls -R</code></td>
<td>List files recursively</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>ls -F</code></td>
<td>Add a forward slash to the directory name</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>ls *.ext</code></td>
<td>List files having specific extensions</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>ls -lS</code></td>
<td>Sort files based on file size</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>ls -lt</code></td>
<td>Sort files based on time</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>-r</code></td>
<td>Reverse the sorting (combined with S or t)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

<h2 id="%F0%9F%8F%8B%EF%B8%8Fand-practice-your-learning">&#x1F3CB;&#xFE0F;And practice your learning</h2>
<p>Practicing what you&apos;ve learned is always a good idea, which is why we try to add a practice section in each terminal guide.</p>
<p>So here are some simple practice exercise of the ls command:</p>
<ul><li>List the contents of the <code>/var/log</code></li><li><a href="https://itsfoss.com/save-command-output-to-file-linux/">Save the command output</a> in a file named output.txt</li><li>Identify the 3 most recent files (Use time based sorting)</li><li>Display the files based on their size but in reverse order</li><li>Check if there are any hidden files</li></ul>
<p>That would be good practice for you. Stay tuned for more Linux command learning.</p>
<p>And if you are new to the terminal, don&apos;t forget to follow our Terminal Basics series</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/tag/terminal-basics/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Linux Command Tutorials for Absolute Beginners</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Never used Linux commands before? No worries. This tutorial series is for absolute beginners to the Linux terminal.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="Using ls Command in Linux"><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">It&apos;s FOSS</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/03/terminal-basics-series-tag.png" alt="Using ls Command in Linux"></div></a></figure>
<p>Enjoy :)</p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/bash-arithmetic-operation/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: Bash Basics Series #4: Arithmetic Operations
description: In the fourth chapter of the series, learn to use basic mathematics in Bash.
categories: Bash Basics
content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/bash-series-4-arithmetic-operations.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #4: Arithmetic Operations"><p>You can do a lot of things with bash scripts. Performing simple arithmetic operations with the variables is one of them.</p>
<p>The syntax for arithmetic operations in the bash shell is this:</p>
<pre><code>$((arithmetic_operation))</code></pre>
<p>Let&apos;s say you have to calculate the sum of two variables. You do it like this:</p>
<pre><code>sum=$(($num1 + $num2))</code></pre>
<p>There is no restriction on the use of white space inside the (()). You can use <code>$(( $num1+ $num2))</code>, <code>$(( $num1+ $num2 ))</code> or <code>$(( $num1+ $num2 ))</code>. It all will work the same.</p>
<p>Before I discuss it in detail with examples, let me share the arithmetic operators it supports.</p>
<h2 id="basic-arithmetic-operators-in-bash">Basic arithmetic operators in Bash</h2>
<p>Here&apos;s a list of the arithmetic operators in the Bash shell.</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Operator</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>+</td>
<td>Addition</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>-</td>
<td>Subtraction</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>*</td>
<td>Multiplication</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>/</td>
<td>Integer division (without decimal)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>%</td>
<td>Modulus division (only remainder)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>**</td>
<td>Exponentiation (a to the power b)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-red"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F6A7;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>Bash does not support floating points (decimals). You&apos;ll have to use other commands like </span><code><span>bc</span></code><span> to deal with them.</span></p></div></div>
<h2 id="addition-and-subtraction-in-bash">Addition and subtraction in bash</h2>
<p>Let&apos;s see it by writing a script that takes two numbers from the user and then prints their sum and subtraction.</p>
<pre><code>#!/bin/bash

read -p &quot;Enter first number: &quot; num1
read -p &quot;Enter second number: &quot; num2

sum=$(($num1+$num2))
sub=$(($num1-$num2))
echo &quot;The summation of $num1 and $num2 is $sum&quot;
echo &quot;The substraction of $num2 from $num1 is $sub&quot;</code></pre>
<p>I believe you are familiar with using the read command to <a href="https://itsfoss.com/bash-pass-arguments/">accept user input in bash</a> from the previous chapter.</p>
<p>You should focus on these two lines:</p>
<pre><code>sum=$(($num1+$num2))
sub=$(($num1-$num2))</code></pre>
<p>Save this script as <code>sum.sh</code> and run it. Give it some inputs and check the result.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/addition-substraction-bash-script.png" class="kg-image" alt="Bash Basics Series #4: Arithmetic Operations" loading="lazy" width="823" height="417" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/07/addition-substraction-bash-script.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/addition-substraction-bash-script.png 823w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<h2 id="multiplication-in-bash">Multiplication in bash</h2>
<p>Let&apos;s move to multiplication now.</p>
<p>Here&apos;s a sample script that converts kilometers into meters (and troubles US readers :D). For reference, 1 kilometer is equal to 1000 meters. </p>
<pre><code>#!/bin/bash

read -p &quot;Enter distance in kilometers: &quot; km
meters=$(($km*1000))

echo &quot;$km KM equals to $meters meters&quot;</code></pre>
<p>Save the script as <code>multi.sh</code>, give it execute permission and run it. Here&apos;s a sample output:</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/multiplication-bash-script.png" class="kg-image" alt="Bash Basics Series #4: Arithmetic Operations" loading="lazy" width="807" height="294" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/07/multiplication-bash-script.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/multiplication-bash-script.png 807w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>Looks good, no? Let&apos;s move on to division.</p>
<h2 id="division-in-bash-scripts">Division in bash scripts</h2>
<p>Let&apos;s see division with a very simple script:</p>
<pre><code>#!/bin/bash

num1=50
num2=5

result=$(($num1/$num2))

echo &quot;The result is $result&quot;</code></pre>
<p>You can easily guess the result:</p>
<pre><code>The result is 10</code></pre>
<p>That&apos;s fine. But let&apos;s change the numbers and try to divide 50 by 6. Here&apos;s what it shows as result:</p>
<pre><code>The result is 8</code></pre>
<p><strong>But that&apos;s not correct. </strong>The correct answer should be 8.33333.</p>
<p>That&apos;s because bash only deals with integers by default. You need additional CLI tools to handle floating points (decimals).</p>
<p>The most popular tool is <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/bc/manual/html_mono/bc.html?ref=itsfoss.com">bc</a> which is quite a powerful calculator language to deal with mathematical operations. However, you don&apos;t need to go into detail for now.</p>
<p>You have to &apos;echo&apos; the arithmetic operation to bc via pipe:</p>
<pre><code>echo &quot;$num1/$num2&quot; | bc -l</code></pre>
<p>So, the previous script is modified into:</p>
<pre><code>#!/bin/bash

num1=50
num2=6

result=$(echo &quot;$num1/$num2&quot; | bc -l)

echo &quot;The result is $result&quot;</code></pre>
<p>And now you get the result:</p>
<pre><code>The result is 8.33333333333333333333</code></pre>
<p>Notice the <code>result=$(echo &quot;$num1/$num2&quot; | bc -l)</code>, it now uses the command substitution that you saw in <a href="https://itsfoss.com/bash-use-variables/">chapter 2 of this series</a>.</p>
<p>The <code>-l</code> option loads standard math library. By default, bc will go up to 20 decimal points. You can change the scale to something smaller in this way:</p>
<pre><code>result=$(echo &quot;scale=3; $num1/$num2&quot; | bc -l)</code></pre>
<p>Let&apos;s see some more examples of floating points in bash.</p>
<h2 id="handling-floating-points-in-bash-scripts">Handling floating points in bash scripts</h2>
<p>Let&apos;s modify the <code>sum.sh</code> script to handle floating points.</p>
<pre><code>#!/bin/bash

read -p &quot;Enter first number: &quot; num1
read -p &quot;Enter second number: &quot; num2

sum=$( echo &quot;$num1+$num2&quot; | bc -l)
sub=$( echo &quot;scale=2; $num1-$num2&quot; | bc -l)
echo &quot;The summation of $num1 and $num2 is $sum&quot;
echo &quot;The substraction of $num2 from $num1 is $sub&quot;</code></pre>
<p>Try running it now and see if handles floating points properly or not:</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/floating-point-bash.png" class="kg-image" alt="Bash Basics Series #4: Arithmetic Operations" loading="lazy" width="820" height="318" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/07/floating-point-bash.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/07/floating-point-bash.png 820w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<h2 id="%F0%9F%8F%8B%EF%B8%8F%F0%9F%A4%B8-exercise-time">&#x1F3CB;&#xFE0F;&#x1F938; Exercise time</h2>
<p>Time to do some maths and bash exercises together.</p>
<p><strong>Exercise 1</strong>: Create a script that accepts input in GB and outputs its equivalent value in MB and KB.</p>
<p><strong>Exercise 2</strong>: Write a script that takes two arguments and outputs the result in exponential format.</p>
<p>So, if you enter 2 and 3, the output will be 8, which is 2 to the power 3.</p>
<p><strong>Hint</strong>: Use the exponentiation operator **</p>
<p><strong>Exercise 3</strong>: Write a script that converts Centigrade to Fahrenheit.</p>
<p><strong>Hint</strong>: Use the formula F = C x (9/5) + 32. You&apos;ll have to use <code>bc</code> command here.</p>
<p>You can discuss the exercises and their solution in the community.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.community/t/practice-exercise-in-bash-basics-series-4-arithmetic-operations/10831?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Practice exercise in Bash Basics Series #4: Arithmetic Operations</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">If you are following the Bash Basics series on It&#x2019;s FOSS, you can submit and discuss the answers to the exercise at the end of the chapter: Fellow experienced members are encouraged to provide their feedback to new members. Do note that there could be more than one answer to a given problem.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.community/uploads/default/optimized/1X/f274f9749e3fd8b4d6fbae1cf90c5c186d2f699c_2_180x180.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #4: Arithmetic Operations"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">abhishek</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">It&apos;s FOSS Community</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.community/uploads/default/original/1X/f274f9749e3fd8b4d6fbae1cf90c5c186d2f699c.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #4: Arithmetic Operations"></div></a></figure>
<p>In the next chapter, you&apos;ll learn about arrays in Bash. Stay tuned.</p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/remove-software-repositories-ubuntu/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: How to Remove Software Repositories from Ubuntu
categories: Ubuntu
description:
From apt-add-repository to Software & Updates tool, here are several ways to remove software repositories from Ubuntu.

content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/how-to-remove-software-repos-in-ubuntu.png" alt="How to Remove Software Repositories from Ubuntu"><p>You can <a href="https://itsfoss.com/adding-external-repositories-ubuntu/">add external repositories in Ubuntu</a> to access packages unavailable in the official repositories.</p><p>For example, if you <a href="https://itsfoss.com/brave-web-browser/">install Brave browser in Ubuntu</a>, you add its repository to your system. If you add a PPA, that is added as an external repository too. </p><p>When you don&apos;t need the specific software, you remove it. However, the external repository is still added. You can, and you should also remove it to keep your system pristine.</p><p>Ubuntu lets you remove a software repository easily. There are different ways to do that:</p><ol><li><strong>Using apt-add-repository command to remove the repository </strong></li><li><strong>Using GUI to remove the repository (for desktop users)</strong></li><li><strong>By modifying the file contents of the /etc/apt/sources.list file (for experts)</strong></li></ol><p>But before that, I highly advise <a href="https://itsfoss.com/package-manager/">getting familiar with the concept of package managers</a> and repositories if you are new to this concept.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/package-manager/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">What is a Package Manager in Linux?</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Learn about packaging system and package managers in Linux. You&#x2019;ll learn how do they work and what kind of package managers available.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="How to Remove Software Repositories from Ubuntu"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2020/10/linux-package-manager-explanation.png" alt="How to Remove Software Repositories from Ubuntu"></div></a></figure><h2 id="method-1-remove-the-repository-using-apt-%F0%9F%A4%96">Method 1. Remove the repository using apt &#x1F916;</h2><p>Did you know you can also use the <a href="https://itsfoss.com/apt-command-guide/">apt command</a> to remove repositories? Well, technically, it&apos;s not part of the core apt command but it works in similar fashion.</p><p>You can use the <code>add-apt-repository</code> or <code>apt-add-repository</code> commands (both represent the same command) while dealing with external repositories. </p><p>First, list the added repositories using the following command:</p><pre><code>apt-add-repository --list</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/list-enabled-repositories-in-Ubuntu.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Remove Software Repositories from Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="973" height="249" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/list-enabled-repositories-in-Ubuntu.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/list-enabled-repositories-in-Ubuntu.png 973w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>Once done, you can use the apt-add-repository command with the <code>-r</code> flag in shown manner to remove the directory:</p><pre><code>sudo apt-add-repository -r repo_name</code></pre><p>For example, if I want to remove the <strong>yarn</strong> repository, I would have to use the following command:</p><pre><code>sudo add-apt-repository -r deb https://dl.yarnpkg.com/debian/ stable main</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/Remove-repository-using-the-apt-add-repository-command-in-Ubuntu.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Remove Software Repositories from Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="1011" height="213" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/Remove-repository-using-the-apt-add-repository-command-in-Ubuntu.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/Remove-repository-using-the-apt-add-repository-command-in-Ubuntu.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/Remove-repository-using-the-apt-add-repository-command-in-Ubuntu.png 1011w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>Press the <strong>Enter</strong> key for confirmation.</p><p>Next, update the repositories using the following:</p><pre><code>sudo apt update</code></pre><p>And now, if you list enabled repositories, you won&apos;t find the removed repository here:</p><pre><code>apt-add-repository --list</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/confirm-repository-removal-process-by-listing-enabled-repositories-in-Ubuntu.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Remove Software Repositories from Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="950" height="226" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/confirm-repository-removal-process-by-listing-enabled-repositories-in-Ubuntu.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/confirm-repository-removal-process-by-listing-enabled-repositories-in-Ubuntu.png 950w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>There you have it!</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/apt-command-guide/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Using apt Commands in Linux [Ultimate Guide]</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">This guide shows you how to use apt commands in Linux with examples so that you can manage packages effectively.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="How to Remove Software Repositories from Ubuntu"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2017/07/apt-commands-example.png" alt="How to Remove Software Repositories from Ubuntu"></div></a></figure><h2 id="method-2-remove-the-software-repository-in-ubuntu-using-gui-%F0%9F%96%A5%EF%B8%8F">Method 2. Remove the software repository in Ubuntu using GUI &#x1F5A5;&#xFE0F;</h2><div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-red"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F6A7;</div><div class="kg-callout-text">Removing a repository you know nothing about is not recommended as it may restrict you from installing your favorite package in the future, so make sure you know what you are up to.</div></div><p>Being <a href="https://itsfoss.com/best-linux-beginners/">one of the best distros for beginners,</a> You can use GUI to remove the repository without needing the terminal.</p><p>To do so, first, open the software and updates the app from the system menu:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/search-for-software-and-updates-from-the-system-menu.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Remove Software Repositories from Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="891" height="273" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/search-for-software-and-updates-from-the-system-menu.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/search-for-software-and-updates-from-the-system-menu.png 891w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>Now, click on <code>Other Software</code> section, and it will list PPAs and external repositories in your system.</p><p>The ones listed as checked &#x2705; are enabled ones.</p><p>To remove a repository, you&apos;d have to follow <strong>three simple steps</strong>:</p><ul><li><strong>Select a repository that needs to be removed </strong></li><li><strong>Click on the remove button</strong></li><li><strong>And finally, hit the close button</strong></li></ul><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/remove-the-repository-from-Ubuntu-using-GUI-1.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Remove Software Repositories from Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="912" height="517" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/remove-the-repository-from-Ubuntu-using-GUI-1.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/remove-the-repository-from-Ubuntu-using-GUI-1.png 912w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>Once you click on the close button, it will open a prompt asking you to update the information as you make changes.</p><p>Simply click on the <code>Reload</code> button:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/Click-on-reload-to-after-removing-repository-from-Ubuntu-and-save-changes.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Remove Software Repositories from Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="698" height="283" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/Click-on-reload-to-after-removing-repository-from-Ubuntu-and-save-changes.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/Click-on-reload-to-after-removing-repository-from-Ubuntu-and-save-changes.png 698w"></figure><p>Alternatively, you can update the repository from the command line to take effect from the changes:</p><pre><code>sudo apt update</code></pre><h2 id="method-3-remove-the-repository-by-removing-its-directory-for-experts-%F0%9F%A7%91%E2%80%8D%F0%9F%92%BB">Method 3. Remove the repository by removing its directory (for experts &#x1F9D1;&#x200D;&#x1F4BB;)</h2><p>Previously, I explained how you could use tools (GUI and CLI) to remove a repository; here, you will modify the system directory (<strong>/etc/apt/sources.list.d</strong>) responsible for managing repositories.</p><p>So first, change your working directory to <code>sources.list.d</code> and list its contents:</p><pre><code>cd /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ &amp;&amp; ls</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/list-contents-of-sources.list.d-directory.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Remove Software Repositories from Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="789" height="266" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/list-contents-of-sources.list.d-directory.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/list-contents-of-sources.list.d-directory.png 789w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>Here, you will find the list of all the repositories. </p><p>If you notice carefully, there will be two files for one repo. Once with the <code>.list</code> extension and one with the <code>.save</code> extension.</p><p>You will have to remove the one having the <code>.list</code> extension:</p><pre><code>sudo rm Repo_name.list</code></pre><p>For example, here, I removed the <strong>node repo</strong> using the command below:</p><pre><code>sudo rm nodesource.list</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/remove-repository-by-removing-the-repository-directory-in-Ubuntu.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Remove Software Repositories from Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="789" height="119" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/remove-repository-by-removing-the-repository-directory-in-Ubuntu.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/remove-repository-by-removing-the-repository-directory-in-Ubuntu.png 789w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>To take effect from the changes, update the repository index with:</p><pre><code>sudo apt update</code></pre><p>Want to know more about the <a href="https://itsfoss.com/sources-list-ubuntu/">sources.list</a>? Read this article.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/sources-list-ubuntu/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">What is the Use of sources.list File in Ubuntu Linux?</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Understanding the concept of sources.list in Ubuntu will help you understand and fix common update errors in Ubuntu.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="How to Remove Software Repositories from Ubuntu"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2022/12/sources-lits-file-ubuntu.png" alt="How to Remove Software Repositories from Ubuntu"></div></a></figure><h2 id="additional-step-remove-gpg-keys-after-removing-the-repository-for-advanced-users">Additional Step: Remove GPG keys after removing the repository (for advanced users)</h2><p>If you wish to remove the GPG keys after removing the repository, here&apos;s how you do it.</p><p>First, list the existing GPG keys using the following command:</p><pre><code>apt-key list</code></pre><p>Now, the output may seem confusing to some users.</p><p>Here&apos;s what to remember:</p><ul><li>The GPG key name will be placed above the dashed line (----)</li><li>The public key is in the second line</li></ul><p>For example, here&apos;s the relevant data of the Chrome GPG key:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/list-GPG-keys-in-Ubuntu.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Remove Software Repositories from Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="813" height="260" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/list-GPG-keys-in-Ubuntu.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/list-GPG-keys-in-Ubuntu.png 813w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>To remove the GPG key, you can use the last two strings of the public key (without any space).</p><p>For example, here&apos;s how I will remove the GPG key of the Chrome browser using the last two strings of its public key (D38B 4796):</p><pre><code>sudo apt-key del D38B4796</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/remove-GPG-key-in-Ubuntu.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Remove Software Repositories from Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="813" height="175" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/remove-GPG-key-in-Ubuntu.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/remove-GPG-key-in-Ubuntu.png 813w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>Similarly, you can also use the entire public key. But this time, you have to include spaces between two strings, as shown:</p><pre><code>sudo apt-key del &quot;72EC F46A 56B4 AD39 C907  BBB7 1646 B01B 86E5 0310&quot;</code></pre><h2 id="careful-with-what-you-add-and-what-you-remove">Careful with what you add and what you remove</h2><p>Especially when you are a new Linux user, you will encounter many exciting things and repositories you will add and remove.</p><p>While it is good to experiment, you should always be careful about anything you add/remove to your system. You should keep some things in mind, like: <em>Does it include updated packages? Is it a trusted or maintained repository?</em> </p><p>Being cautious will keep your system free from unnecessary repositories and packages.</p><p><strong>I hope this guide helps you remove the repository you do not want! </strong></p><p><em>Feel free to let me know if you face any issues in the comments below, and consider joining our <a href="https://itsfoss.community/?ref=itsfoss.com">It&apos;s FOSS Community forum</a> to get faster help! </em></p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/install-wine-ubuntu/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: How to Install Wine in Ubuntu
categories: Installation|Ubuntu
description:
Looking to run Windows-only software on Ubuntu? Wine is your friend. Learn to install Wine in Ubuntu Linux.

content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/install-wine-on-ubuntu.png" alt="How to Install Wine in Ubuntu"><p>With some effort, you can <a href="https://itsfoss.com/use-windows-applications-linux/">run Windows applications on Linux</a> using Wine. Wine is a tool you can try when must use an Windows-only application on Linux. </p><p>Please note that <strong>you CANNOT run any Windows games or software with Wine</strong>. Please go through the <a href="https://appdb.winehq.org/?ref=itsfoss.com">database of supported applications</a>. The software rated platinum or gold have a higher chance of running smoothly with Wine.</p><p>If you have found a Windows-only software that <a href="https://www.winehq.org/?ref=itsfoss.com">Wine</a> supports well and now looking to use it, this tutorial will help you with the Wine installation on Ubuntu.</p><div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-green"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4A1;</div><div class="kg-callout-text">If you have Wine installed before, you should remove it completely to avoid any conflict. Also, you should refer to its <a href="https://wiki.winehq.org/Download?ref=itsfoss.com" rel="noopener noreferrer">download page</a> for additional instructions for specific Linux distributions.</div></div><h2 id="installing-wine-on-ubuntu">Installing Wine on Ubuntu</h2><p>There are various ways to install Wine on your system. Almost all the Linux distros come with Wine in their package repository. </p><p>Most of the time, the latest stable version of Wine is available via the package repository.</p><ol><li><strong>Install WINE from Ubuntu&#x2019;s repository (easy but may not be the latest version)</strong></li><li><strong>Install WINE from Wine&#x2019;s repository (slightly more complicated but gives the latest version)</strong></li></ol><p>Please be patient and follow the steps one by one to install and use Wine. There are several steps involved here.</p><div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-red"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F6A7;</div><div class="kg-callout-text">Keep in mind that Wine installs too many packages. You will see a massive list of packages and install sizes of around 1.3 GB.</div></div><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/01/WINE-download-and-install-size.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Install Wine in Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="1304" height="682" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/01/WINE-download-and-install-size.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/01/WINE-download-and-install-size.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/01/WINE-download-and-install-size.png 1304w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption><em>Wine download and installed size</em></figcaption></figure><h3 id="method-1-install-wine-from-ubuntu-easy">Method 1. Install WINE from Ubuntu (easy)</h3><p>Wine is available in Ubuntu&apos;s Official repositories, where you can easily install it. However, the version available this way may not be the latest.</p><p>Even if you are using a 64-bit installation of Ubuntu, you will need to add 32-bit architecture support on your distro, which will benefit you in installing specific software.</p><p>Type in the commands below:</p><pre><code>sudo dpkg --add-architecture i386</code></pre><p>Then install Wine using:</p><pre><code>sudo apt update
sudo apt install wine</code></pre><h3 id="method-2-install-the-latest-version-from-wine%E2%80%99s-repository">Method 2: Install the latest version from Wine&#x2019;s repository </h3><p>Wine is one such program that receives heavy developments in a short period. So, it is always recommended to install the latest stable version of Wine to get more software support.</p><p><strong>First, remove any existing Wine installation</strong>. </p><p><strong>Step 1</strong>: Make sure to add 32-bit architecture support:</p><pre><code>sudo dpkg --add-architecture i386</code></pre><p><strong>Step 2</strong>: Download and add the repository key:</p><pre><code>sudo mkdir -pm755 /etc/apt/keyrings
sudo wget -O /etc/apt/keyrings/winehq-archive.key https://dl.winehq.org/wine-builds/winehq.key</code></pre><p><strong>Step 3</strong>: Now download the WineHQ sources file. </p><div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-red"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F6A7;</div><div class="kg-callout-text">This step depends on the Ubuntu or Mint version you are using. Please <a href="https://itsfoss.com/how-to-know-ubuntu-unity-version/">check your Ubuntu version</a> or <a href="https://itsfoss.com/check-linux-mint-version/">Mint version</a>. Once you have that information, use the commands for your respective versions.</div></div><p>For <strong>Ubuntu 23.04 Lunar Lobster</strong>, use the command below:</p><pre><code>sudo wget -NP /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ https://dl.winehq.org/wine-builds/ubuntu/dists/lunar/winehq-lunar.sources</code></pre><p>If you have <strong>Ubuntu 22.04 or Linux Mint 21.X series</strong>, use the command below:</p><pre><code>sudo wget -NP /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ https://dl.winehq.org/wine-builds/ubuntu/dists/jammy/winehq-jammy.sources</code></pre><p>If you are running <strong>Ubuntu 20.04 or Linux Mint 20.X series</strong>, use:</p><pre><code>sudo wget -NP /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ https://dl.winehq.org/wine-builds/ubuntu/dists/focal/winehq-focal.sources</code></pre><p><strong>Ubuntu 18.04 or Linux Mint 19.X series</strong> users can use the command below to add the sources file:</p><pre><code>sudo wget -NP /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ https://dl.winehq.org/wine-builds/ubuntu/dists/bionic/winehq-bionic.sources</code></pre><p>Once done, update the package information and install the wine-stable package.</p><pre><code>sudo apt install --install-recommends winehq-stable</code></pre><p>If you want the development or staging version, use <code>winehq-devel</code> or <code>winehq-staging</code> respectively.</p><h2 id="initial-wine-configuration">Initial Wine configuration</h2><p>Once Wine is installed, run the following:</p><pre><code>winecfg</code></pre><p>This will create the <strong>virtual C: Drive</strong> for installing Windows applications.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/01/CDrive-in-nautilus.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Install Wine in Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="1246" height="614" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/01/CDrive-in-nautilus.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/01/CDrive-in-nautilus.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/01/CDrive-in-nautilus.png 1246w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption><em>C: Drive in Nautilus File Manager</em></figcaption></figure><p>While following these steps, sometimes, you may not find the &#x201C;<strong>Open With Wine Windows Program Loader</strong>&#x201D; option in Nautilus right-click menu.</p><p>In that case, fix it by <a href="https://learnubuntu.com/ln-command/?ref=itsfoss.com">creating a soft link</a> to appropriate directory:</p><pre><code>sudo ln -s /usr/share/doc/wine/examples/wine.desktop /usr/share/applications/</code></pre><p>And restart your system to get the change.</p><h2 id="using-wine-to-run-windows-applications">Using Wine to run Windows applications</h2><p>Once you have installed Wine and configured it by running <code>winecfg</code>, now is the time to install Windows apps. </p><p>Here, the 7Zip.exe file is used for demonstration purposes. I know I should have used a better example, as 7Zip is available on Linux. Still, the process remains the same for other applications.</p><p>Firstly, download the 7Zip .exe file from their <a href="https://www.7-zip.org/download.html?ref=itsfoss.com">official downloads page</a>.</p><p>Now, right-click on the file and select &quot;Open With Wine Windows Program Loader&quot; option:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/01/open-exe-file-with-wine.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Install Wine in Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="1343" height="804" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/01/open-exe-file-with-wine.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/01/open-exe-file-with-wine.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/01/open-exe-file-with-wine.png 1343w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption><em>Open EXE file with Wine Program loader</em></figcaption></figure><p>This will prompt us to install the file. Click <strong>Install</strong> and let it complete. Once done, you can open the 7zip like any other native app.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/01/7-zip-in-Ubuntu-activities-overview.webp" class="kg-image" alt="How to Install Wine in Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="968" height="347" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/01/7-zip-in-Ubuntu-activities-overview.webp 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/01/7-zip-in-Ubuntu-activities-overview.webp 968w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption><em>7Zip in Ubuntu Activities Overview</em></figcaption></figure><p>You can use <code>wine uninstaller</code> command to uninstall any installed application. </p><p>Here&apos;s a dedicated tutorial on <a href="https://itsfoss.com/use-windows-applications-linux/">using Wine to run Windows software</a> on Linux:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/use-windows-applications-linux/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Run Windows Applications on Linux [Beginners Guide]</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Here&#x2019;s a detailed step-by-step guide with screenshots to show how you can run Windows software on Linux using Wine.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="How to Install Wine in Ubuntu"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/run-windows-apps-on-linux.png" alt="How to Install Wine in Ubuntu"></div></a></figure><h2 id="remove-wine-from-ubuntu">Remove Wine from Ubuntu</h2><p>If you don&apos;t find Wine interesting or if Wine doesn&apos;t run the application you want properly, you may need to uninstall Wine. To do this, follow the below steps.</p><p><strong>Remove Wine installed through the Ubuntu repository</strong></p><p>To remove wine installed through repositories, first run:</p><pre><code>sudo apt remove --purge wine</code></pre><p>Update your package information:</p><pre><code>sudo apt update</code></pre><p>Now, use the <code>autoclean</code> command to clear the local repository of retrieved package files that are virtually useless.</p><pre><code>sudo apt-get autoclean
sudo apt-get clean</code></pre><p>Remove those packages that are installed but no longer required using:</p><pre><code>sudo apt autoremove</code></pre><p>Now reboot the system.</p><p><strong>Remove Wine installed through the Wine repository</strong></p><p>Remove the installed <code>wine-stable</code> package.</p><pre><code>sudo apt remove --purge wine-stable</code></pre><p>Update your package information:</p><pre><code>sudo apt update</code></pre><p>Now, use the <code>autoclean</code> and <code>clean</code> command to clear the local repository of retrieved package files that are virtually useless.</p><pre><code>sudo apt-get autoclean
sudo apt-get clean</code></pre><p>Now remove the sources file added earlier. Use your respective distribution folder. Here, Ubuntu 22.04 is used.</p><pre><code>sudo rm /etc/apt/sources.list.d/winehq-jammy.sources</code></pre><p>Once this is removed, update your system package information:</p><pre><code>sudo apt update</code></pre><p>Optionally, remove the key file you had added earlier if you want.</p><pre><code>sudo rm /etc/apt/keyrings/winehq-archive.key</code></pre><p>Now remove any residual files manually.</p><h2 id="still-have-questions-about-using-wine">Still have questions about using Wine?</h2><p>You may also go through our tutorial on using Wine. It should answer some more questions you might have.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/use-windows-applications-linux/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Run Windows Applications on Linux [Beginners Guide]</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Here&#x2019;s a detailed step-by-step guide with screenshots to show how you can run Windows software on Linux using Wine.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="How to Install Wine in Ubuntu"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/run-windows-apps-on-linux.png" alt="How to Install Wine in Ubuntu"></div></a></figure><p>There is no place better than the Wine Project website. They have a dedicated FAQ (frequently asked questions) page:</p><div class="kg-card kg-button-card kg-align-center"><a href="https://wiki.winehq.org/FAQ?ref=itsfoss.com" class="kg-btn kg-btn-accent">Wine FAQs</a></div><p>If you still have questions, you can browse through <a href="https://wiki.winehq.org/Main_Page?ref=itsfoss.com">their wiki</a> for detailed <a href="https://www.winehq.org/documentation?ref=itsfoss.com">documentation</a> or ask your doubts in <a href="https://forum.winehq.org/?ref=itsfoss.com">their forum</a>. </p><p>Alternatively, if you don&apos;t mind spending some money, you can opt for CrossOver. It&apos;s basically Wine but with premium support. You can also contact their team for your questions.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card kg-card-hascaption"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://www.codeweavers.com/store?ad=838&amp;ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Purchase CrossOver Through the CodeWeavers Store Today!</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Buy CrossOver Mac and CrossOver Linux through the CodeWeavers store. Choose from 12 month and lifetime license plans. Renewals are also available for purchase.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://media.codeweavers.com/pub/crossover/website/images/cw_logo_128.png" alt="How to Install Wine in Ubuntu"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">CodeWeavers</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://www.codeweavers.com/images/og-images/og-default.png" alt="How to Install Wine in Ubuntu"></div></a><figcaption>Wine with support, your purchase supports wine development (affiliate link)</figcaption></figure><p>In my opinion, you should resort to Wine only when you cannot find an alternative to the software you must use. Even in that case, it&apos;s not guaranteed to work with Wine.</p><p>And yet, Wine provides some hope for Windows migrants to Linux.</p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/newsletter/foss-weekly-23-26/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More
description: Red Hat's upsetting trend continues. Among other things, learn about Exodia OS, a new Linux distro.
categories: Newsletter
content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/foss-weekly-23-26.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More"><p><a href="https://news.itsfoss.com/red-hat-restricts-source-code/?ref=itsfoss.com">Red Hat made a decision to restrict access to its source code</a> for paying customers only. This move is likely to &apos;kill&apos; projects like Rocky Linux and Alma Linux that have filled the void left by CentOS (<a href="https://itsfoss.com/centos-stream-fiasco/">also killed by Red Hat</a>).</p><p>The reason, in my opinion, is that Red Hat doesn&apos;t want paying (enterprise) clients to go for its clones like Rocky and Alma Linux. From CentOS discontinuation to this, the move is money-inspired.</p><p><strong>&#x1F4AC; Let&apos;s see what else you get in this edition of FOSS Weekly:</strong></p><ul><li>Continuation of our Bash Basics series</li><li>Exodia OS, an alternative to Kali Linux</li><li>A new non-LTS Linux Kernel was released recently</li><li>And other Linux news, videos, and, of course, memes!</li></ul><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%93%B0-linux-news">&#x1F4F0; Linux news</h2><ul><li><strong>Big News</strong>: <a href="https://news.itsfoss.com/red-hat-restricts-source-code/?ref=itsfoss.com">Red Hat&apos;s source code lockout</a> will affect many CentOS alternatives.</li><li><a href="https://news.itsfoss.com/fedora-workstation-39-webui/?ref=itsfoss.com">Fedora&apos;s Anaconda WebUI installer</a> is now closer to implementation than ever before.</li><li>A <a href="https://cassidyjames.com/blog/freedesktop-accent-colors-gnome-proposal/?ref=itsfoss.com">new proposal has been floated</a> that might see GNOME have support for accent colors in the future.</li><li>Zorin OS is finally <a href="https://news.itsfoss.com/zorin-os-upgrader/?ref=itsfoss.com">providing a tool to upgrade</a> to newer version releases.</li></ul><p>Linux Kernel 6.4 was recently released as a non-LTS release with many upgrades.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://news.itsfoss.com/linux-kernel-6-4/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Linux Kernel 6.4 Released: Embracing Apple M2, New Hardware, and More Rust Code</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">It&#x2019;s a new Linux Kernel release day! Hardware enthusiast? Dive in to learn more what Linux Kernel 6.4 brings in.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/08/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS News</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Sourav Rudra</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/linux-kernel-6-4-release.jpg" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A7%A0-what-we%E2%80%99re-thinking-about">&#x1F9E0; What we&#x2019;re thinking about</h2><p>Software Freedom Conservancy thinks that Red Hat&apos;s decision to restrict access to source code for paying customers may have violated GPL.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://sfconservancy.org/blog/2023/jun/23/rhel-gpl-analysis/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">A Comprehensive Analysis of the GPL Issues With the Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) Business Model</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">This article was originally published primarily as a response to IBM&#x2019;s Red Hat&#x2019;s change to no longer publish complete, corresponding source (CCS) for RHEL and the prior discontinuation of CentOS Linux (which are related events, as described below). We hope that this will serve as a compre&#x2026;</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://sfconservancy.org/favicon.ico" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">Software Freedom Conservancy</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Bradley M. Kuhn</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://sfconservancy.org/img/conservancy-logo.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A7%AE-tutorials">&#x1F9EE; Tutorials</h2><p>In the third installment of our Bash Basics series, you will learn how to pass arguments to bash scripts and make them interactive.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/bash-pass-arguments/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Bash Basics #3: Pass Arguments and Accept User Inputs</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Learn how to pass arguments to bash scripts and make them interactive in this chapter of the Bash Basics series.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/bash-series-3-passing-args-user-inputs.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More"></div></a></figure><p>The Terminal Tuesday continues with the <a href="https://itsfoss.com/cat-command/">cat command</a>.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/cat-command/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Using cat Command in Linux</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Cat command can be used for more than just displaying file contents.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Sagar Sharma</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cat-command.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More"></div></a></figure><p>Xfce user? Here are some theme suggestions for you.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/best-xfce-themes/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">11 Themes to Make Xfce Look Modern and Beautiful</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Xfce desktop looks outdated? No worries. Here are some of the best themes to make your Xfce desktop look beautiful.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Community</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2022/05/best-xfce-themes.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More"></div></a></figure><h2 id="%F0%9F%93%B9-what-we-are-watching">&#x1F4F9; What we are watching</h2><p>Gedit can be turned into Gedit++ with some simple tips and tweaks.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-embed-card"><iframe width="200" height="113" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/NOreqPuX9Sg?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen title="11 Tips and Tweaks to Get More Out of Gedit Editor in Linux"></iframe></figure><hr><h2 id="%E2%9C%A8-project-highlights">&#x2728; Project highlights</h2><p>We recently tested out a Kali Linux alternative that can be used for pen testing purposes.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://news.itsfoss.com/exodia-os/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Exodia OS is a Linux Distro for Cybersecurity Enthusiasts</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">A new alternative to Kali Linux fans. What do you think?</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/08/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS News</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Sourav Rudra</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/exodia-os-first-look.jpg" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More"></div></a></figure><p>Reddit&apos;s controversial API changes have resulted in the rise of alternative platforms, one such undertaking is Lemmy.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://news.itsfoss.com/lemmy/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Lemmy: A Decentralized Open-Source Reddit Alternative To Explore</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Are you looking for an open-source Reddit alternative? Well, this is something!</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/08/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS News</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Sourav Rudra</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/lemmy-reddit-alternative.jpg" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A7%A9-puzzle-for-pro-members-only">&#x1F9E9; Puzzle (for Pro members only)</h2><p>Uncover the names of various Linux distributions that offer alternatives to the systemd init system.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/puzzle/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Puzzle of The Week: Word Search #3: Systemd-free Linux Distributions</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Exercise those &#x2018;little gray cells&#x2019; of yours and solve this puzzle.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/puzzle-of-the-week.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%9B%8D%EF%B8%8F-interesting-deal-for-you">&#x1F6CD;&#xFE0F; Interesting deal for you</h2><p>Internxt is offering 2 TB cloud storage for a mere &#x20AC;10.79 a year as part of their summer sale. (<strong>WILL BE OVER IN 2 DAYS!</strong>)</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://internxt.sjv.io/c/1995707/1296883/14378?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Internxt Pricing &#x2013; Get Up To 10GB Free!</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Sign up for an Internxt secure cloud storage subscription and get access to our monthly newsletter filled with the latest tech news and updates.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://internxt.sjv.io/favicon.ico" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More"></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://internxt.com/images/previewLink/PreviewGenericEN.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%92%A1-quick-handy-tip">&#x1F4A1; Quick handy tip</h2><p>You can enable autosave feature in Gedit from <strong>Preferences -&gt; Editor</strong>. By default, it autosaves every 10 minutes but you can change the duration to your liking.</p><p>It won&apos;t work with a brand new text file that has never been saved before.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/image-8.png" class="kg-image" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More" loading="lazy" width="1231" height="648" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/image-8.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/image-8.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/image-8.png 1231w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A4%A3-meme-of-the-week">&#x1F923; Meme of the week</h2><p>Why fight among ourselves when we can unite against close-source operating systems?</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/meme.png" class="kg-image" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More" loading="lazy" width="1080" height="1300" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/meme.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/meme.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/meme.png 1080w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%97%93%EF%B8%8F-tech-trivia">&#x1F5D3;&#xFE0F; Tech Trivia</h2><p>The iconic video game company, Atari, was founded by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney on June 27, 1972. Their first and hugely successful game, Pong, led to the start of the video game industry.</p><p>Did you own an Atari?</p><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A7%91%E2%80%8D%F0%9F%A4%9D%E2%80%8D%F0%9F%A7%91-fossverse-corner">&#x1F9D1;&#x200D;&#x1F91D;&#x200D;&#x1F9D1; FOSSverse corner</h2><p>An interesting thread where Community members share why they switched to Linux. </p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.community/t/windows-refugees-why-have-you-changed-to-linux/10656/12?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Windows refugees, why have you changed to Linux?</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">The difference is, in Linux one can fix things. Linux may have more things to fix, but at least you are not powerless.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.community/uploads/default/optimized/1X/f274f9749e3fd8b4d6fbae1cf90c5c186d2f699c_2_180x180.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS Community</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">kovacslt</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.community/uploads/default/original/1X/f274f9749e3fd8b4d6fbae1cf90c5c186d2f699c.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.26: Linux Kernel 6.4, Red Hat Lock Down, Exodia OS and More"></div></a></figure><p>Come, share your thoughts, too.</p><hr><h2 id="%E2%9D%A4%EF%B8%8F-enjoying-foss-weekly">&#x2764;&#xFE0F; Enjoying FOSS Weekly?</h2><p><strong>Forward it to Linux-using friends</strong> and encourage them to subscribe (hint: <a href="https://itsfoss.com/signup/">it&apos;s here</a>).</p><p><a href="https://itsfoss.com/11th-anniversary-offer">Become a Pro member</a> and show your support &#x1F64F;</p><p>Share your views and opinion on 11 years of It&apos;s FOSS (I may include it on It&apos;s FOSS testimonial pages).</p><p><strong>Something else?</strong> Share it with me by pressing the reply button.</p><p>Don&apos;t stop loving It&apos;s FOSS :)</p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/cat-command/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: Using cat Command in Linux
description: Cat command can be used for more than just displaying file contents.
categories: Linux Commands
content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cat-command.png" alt="Using cat Command in Linux"><p>The cat command is used to print the file contents of text files. </p>
<p>At least, that&apos;s what most Linux users use it for and there is nothing wrong with it.</p>
<p>Cat actually stands for &apos;concatenate&apos; and was created to <a href="https://linuxhandbook.com/merge-files/?ref=itsfoss.com">merge text files</a>. But withsingle argument, it prints the file contents. And for that reason, it is a go-to choice for users to read files in the terminal without any additional options.</p>
<h2 id="using-the-cat-command-in-linux">Using the cat command in Linux</h2>
<p>To use the cat command, you&apos;d have to follow the given command syntax:</p>
<pre><code>cat [options] Filename(s)</code></pre>
<p>Here,</p>
<ul><li><code>[options]</code> are used to modify the default behavior of the cat command such as using the <code>-n</code> option to get numbers for each line.</li><li><code>Filename</code> is where you&apos;ll enter the filename of the file that you want to work with.</li></ul>
<p>To make things easy, I will be using a text file named <code>Haruki.txt</code> throughout this guide which contains the following text lines:</p>
<pre><code>Hear the Wind Sing (1979)
Pinball, 1973 (1980)
A Wild Sheep Chase (1982)
Hard-Boiled Wonderland and the End of the World (1985)
Norwegian Wood (1987)
Dance Dance Dance (1990)
South of the Border, West of the Sun (1992)
The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle (1994)
Sputnik Sweetheart (1999)
Kafka on the Shore (2002)
After Dark (2004)
1Q84 (2009-2010)
Colorless Tsukuru Tazaki and His Years of Pilgrimage (2013)
Men Without Women (2014)
Killing Commendatore (2017)</code></pre>
<p>So, what will be the output when used without any options? Well, let&apos;s have a look:</p>
<pre><code>cat Haruki.txt</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/use-cat-command-in-Linux.png" alt="Using cat Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="836" height="401" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/use-cat-command-in-Linux.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/use-cat-command-in-Linux.png 836w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>As you can see, it printed the whole text file! </p>
<p>But you can do a lot more than just this. Let me show you some practical examples.</p>
<h3 id="1-create-new-files">1. Create new files </h3>
<p>Most Linux users use the touch command to <a href="https://itsfoss.com/create-files/">create new files</a> but the same can be done using the cat command too!</p>
<p>The cat command has one advantage over the touch command in this case, as you can add text to the file while creating. Sounds cool. Isn&apos;t it?</p>
<p>To do so, you&apos;d have to use the cat command by appending the filename to the <code>&gt;</code> as shown:</p>
<pre><code>cat &gt; Filename</code></pre>
<p>For example, here, I created a file named <code>NewFile.txt</code>:</p>
<pre><code>cat &gt; NewFile.txt</code></pre>
<p>Once you do that, there&apos;ll be a blinking cursor asking you to write something and finally, you can use  <code>Ctrl + d</code> to save the changes.</p>
<p><strong>If you wish to create an empty file, then just press the <code>Ctrl + d</code> without making any changes.</strong></p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/Cat.svg" alt="Using cat Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="840" height="407"></figure>
<p>That&apos;s it! Now, you can use the ls command to show the <a href="https://itsfoss.com/list-directory-content/">contents of the current working directory</a>:</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/use-the-ls-command-to-list-the-contents-of-the-current-working-directory.png" alt="Using cat Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="836" height="191" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/use-the-ls-command-to-list-the-contents-of-the-current-working-directory.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/use-the-ls-command-to-list-the-contents-of-the-current-working-directory.png 836w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<h3 id="2-copy-the-file-contents-to-a-different-file">2. Copy the file contents to a different file</h3>
<p>Think of a scenario where you want to redirect the file content of <strong>FileA</strong> to the <strong>FileB</strong></p>
<p>Sure, you can copy and paste. But what if there are hundreds or thousands of lines?</p>
<p>Simple. You use the cat command with the redirection of data flow. To do so, you&apos;d have to follow the given command syntax:</p>
<pre><code>cat FileA &gt; FileB</code></pre>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-red"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F6A7;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>If you use the above syntax to redirect file contents, it will erase the file contents of the FileB and then will redirect the file contents of the FileA.</span></p></div></div>
<p>For example, I will be using two text files FileA and FileB which contains the following:</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/check-the-file-contents-using-the-cat-command.png" alt="Using cat Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="836" height="179" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/check-the-file-contents-using-the-cat-command.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/check-the-file-contents-using-the-cat-command.png 836w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>And now, if I use the redirection from FileA to FileB, it will remove the data of FileB and then redirect the data of FileA:</p>
<pre><code>cat FileA &gt; FileB</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/redirect-the-file-content-using-the-cat-command.png" alt="Using cat Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="836" height="158" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/redirect-the-file-content-using-the-cat-command.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/redirect-the-file-content-using-the-cat-command.png 836w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>Similarly, you can do the same with multiple files:</p>
<pre><code>cat FileA FileB &gt; FileC</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/redirect-file-content-of-multiple-files-using-the-cat-command.png" alt="Using cat Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="836" height="290" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/redirect-file-content-of-multiple-files-using-the-cat-command.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/redirect-file-content-of-multiple-files-using-the-cat-command.png 836w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>As you can see, the above command removed the data of FileC and then redirected the data of FileA and FileB.</p>
<h3 id="append-the-content-of-one-file-to-another">Append the content of one file to another</h3>
<p>There are times when you want to append data to the existing data and in that case, you&apos;ll have to use the <code>&gt;&gt;</code> instead of single <code>&gt;</code>:</p>
<pre><code>cat FileA &gt;&gt; FileB</code></pre>
<p>For example, here, I will be redirecting two files <code>FileA</code> and <code>FileB</code> to the <code>FileC</code>:</p>
<pre><code>cat FileA.txt FileB.txt &gt;&gt; FileC.txt</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/redirect-file-content-without-overriding-using-the-cat-command.png" alt="Using cat Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="836" height="310" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/redirect-file-content-without-overriding-using-the-cat-command.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/redirect-file-content-without-overriding-using-the-cat-command.png 836w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>As you can see, it preserved the data of the <code>FileC.txt</code> and the data was appended at the end of it.</p>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-green"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4A1;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>You can use the </span><code><span>&gt;&gt;</span></code><span> to add new lines to an existing file. Use </span><code><span>cat &gt;&gt; filename</span></code><span> and start adding the text you want and finally save the changes with </span><code><span>Ctrl+D</span></code><span>.</span></p></div></div>
<h3 id="4-show-the-numbers-of-line">4. Show the numbers of line</h3>
<p>You may encounter such scenarios where you want to see the number of lines, and that can be achieved using the <code>-n</code> option:</p>
<pre><code>cat -n File</code></pre>
<p>For example, here, I used the <code>-n</code> option with the <code>Haruki.txt</code>:</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/get-the-number-of-the-lines-in-the-cat-command.png" alt="Using cat Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="836" height="410" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/get-the-number-of-the-lines-in-the-cat-command.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/get-the-number-of-the-lines-in-the-cat-command.png 836w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<h3 id="5-remove-the-blank-lines">5. Remove the blank lines </h3>
<p>Left multiple blank lines in your text document? The cat command will fix it for you!</p>
<p>To do so, all you have to do is use the <code>-s</code> flag.</p>
<p>But there&apos;s one downside of using the <code>-s</code> flag. You&apos;re still left with one blank space:</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/remove-blank-lines-with-the-cat-command.png" alt="Using cat Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1250" height="454" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/remove-blank-lines-with-the-cat-command.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/remove-blank-lines-with-the-cat-command.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/remove-blank-lines-with-the-cat-command.png 1250w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>As you can see, it works but the results are close to the expectations.</p>
<p>So how would you remove all the empty lines? By piping it to the grep command:</p>
<pre><code>cat File | grep -v &apos;^$&apos;</code></pre>
<p>Here, the <code>-v</code> flag will filter out the results as per <code>the </code>specified pattern and  <code>&apos;^$&apos;</code> is a regular expression that matches the empty lines.</p>
<p>And here are the results when I used it over the <code>Haruki.txt</code>:</p>
<pre><code>cat Haruki.txt | grep -v &apos;^$&apos;</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/remove-all-the-blank-lines-in-text-files-using-the-cat-command-piped-with-grep-regular-expression.png" alt="Using cat Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1210" height="454" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/remove-all-the-blank-lines-in-text-files-using-the-cat-command-piped-with-grep-regular-expression.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/remove-all-the-blank-lines-in-text-files-using-the-cat-command-piped-with-grep-regular-expression.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/remove-all-the-blank-lines-in-text-files-using-the-cat-command-piped-with-grep-regular-expression.png 1210w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>Once you have the perfect output, you can redirect it to a file to save the output:</p>
<pre><code>cat Haruki.txt | grep -v &apos;^$&apos; &gt; File</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/save-output-of-cat-command-by-redirection.png" alt="Using cat Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="836" height="248" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/save-output-of-cat-command-by-redirection.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/save-output-of-cat-command-by-redirection.png 836w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<h2 id="thats-what-youve-learned-so-far">That&apos;s what you&apos;ve learned so far</h2>
<p>Here&apos;s a quick summary of what I explained in this tutorial:</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Command</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>cat &lt;Filename&gt;</code></td>
<td>Prints the file content to the terminal.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>cat &gt;File</code></td>
<td>Create a new file.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>cat FileA &gt; FileB</code></td>
<td>File contents of the <code>FileB</code> will be overridden by the <code>FileA</code>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>cat FileA &gt;&gt; FileB</code></td>
<td>File contents of the <code>FileA</code> will be appended at the end of the <code>FileB</code>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>cat -n File</code></td>
<td>Shows the number of lines while omitting the file contents of the File.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>cat File | more</code></td>
<td>Piping the cat command to the more command to deal with large files. Remember, it won&apos;t let you scroll up!</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>cat File | less</code></td>
<td>Piping the cat command to the less command, which is similar to above, but it allows you to scroll both ways.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>cat File | grep -v &apos;^$&apos;</code></td>
<td>Removes all the empty lines from the file.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

<h2 id="%F0%9F%8F%8B%EF%B8%8Fits-time-to-exercise">&#x1F3CB;&#xFE0F;It&apos;s time to exercise</h2>
<p>If you learned something new, executing it with different possibilities is the best way to remember.</p>
<p>And for that purpose, here are some simple exercises you can do with the cat command. They will be super basic as cat too is<a href="https://learnubuntu.com/top-ubuntu-commands/?ref=itsfoss.com"> one of the most basic commands</a>.</p>
<p>For practice purposes, you can <a href="https://github.com/itsfoss/text-files?ref=itsfoss.com">use our text files from GitHub.</a></p>
<ol><li>How would you create an empty file using the cat command?</li><li>Redirect output produced by the cat command to a new file <code>IF.txt</code></li><li>Can you redirect three or more file inputs to one file? If yes, then how?</li></ol>


link: https://itsfoss.com/bash-pass-arguments/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: Bash Basics Series #3: Passing Arguments and Accepting User Inputs
categories: Bash Basics
description:
Learn how to pass arguments to bash scripts and make them interactive in this chapter of the Bash Basics series.

content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/bash-series-3-passing-args-user-inputs.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #3: Passing Arguments and Accepting User Inputs"><p>Let&apos;s have arguments... with your bash scripts &#x1F609;</p>
<p>You can make your bash script more useful and interactive by passing variables to it.</p>
<p>Let me show you this in detail with examples.</p>
<h2 id="pass-arguments-to-a-shell-script">Pass arguments to a shell script</h2>
<p>When you run a shell script, you can add additional variables to it in the following fashion:</p>
<pre><code>./my_script.sh var1 var2</code></pre>
<p>Inside the script, you can use $1 for the 1st argument, $2 for the 2nd argument and so on.</p>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-green"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4A1;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>$0 is a special variable that holds the name of the script being executed.</span></p></div></div>
<p>Let&apos;s see it with an actual example. Switch to the directory where you keep your practice bash scripts.</p>
<pre><code>mkdir -p bash_scripts &amp;&amp; cd bash_scripts
</code></pre>
<p>Now, create a new shell script named <code>arguments.sh</code> (I could not think of any better names) and add the following lines to it:</p>
<pre><code>#!/bin/bash

echo &quot;Script name is: $0&quot;
echo &quot;First argument is: $1&quot;
echo &quot;Second argument is: $2&quot;</code></pre>
<p>Save the file and make it executable. Now run the script like you always do but this time add any two strings to it. You&apos;ll see the details printed on the screen.</p>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-red"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F6A7;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>Arguments are separated by a white space (space, tab). If you have an argument with space in it, use double quotes around it otherwise it will be counted as separate arguments.</span></p></div></div>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/run-bash-script-with-arguments.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #3: Passing Arguments and Accepting User Inputs" loading="lazy" width="846" height="399" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/run-bash-script-with-arguments.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/run-bash-script-with-arguments.png 846w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-green"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4A1;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p dir="ltr"><span>Bash scripts support up to 255 arguments. But for arguments 10 and above, you have to use curly braces ${10}, ${11}...${n}.</span></p></div></div>
<p>As you can see, the $0 represents the script name while the rest of the arguments are stored in the numbered variables. There are some other special variables that you may use in your scripts.</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Special Variable</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>$0</td>
<td>Script name</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$1, $2...$9</td>
<td>Script arguments</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>${n}</td>
<td>Script arguments from 10 to 255</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$#</td>
<td>Number of arguments</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$@</td>
<td>All arguments together</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$$</td>
<td>Process id of the current shell</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$!</td>
<td>Process id of the last executed command</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$?</td>
<td>Exit status of last executed command</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-blue"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F3CB;&#xFE0F;&#x200D;&#x2640;&#xFE0F;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>Modify the above script to display the number of arguments.</span></p></div></div>
<h3 id="what-if-the-number-of-arguments-doesnt-match">What if the number of arguments doesn&apos;t match?</h3>
<p>In the above example, you provided the bash script with two arguments and used them in the script. </p>
<p>But what if you provided only one argument or three arguments?</p>
<p>Let&apos;s do it actually.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/passing-non-matching-arguments-bash-shell.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #3: Passing Arguments and Accepting User Inputs" loading="lazy" width="846" height="399" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/passing-non-matching-arguments-bash-shell.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/passing-non-matching-arguments-bash-shell.png 846w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>As you can see above, when you provided more than expected arguments, things were still the same. Additional arguments are not used so they don&apos;t create issues.</p>
<p>However, when you provided fewer than expected arguments, the script displayed empty space. This could be problematic if part of your script is dependent on the missing argument.</p>
<h2 id="accepting-user-input-and-making-an-interactive-bash-script">Accepting user input and making an interactive bash script</h2>
<p>You can also create bash scripts that prompt the user to provide input through the keyboard. This makes your scripts interactive.</p>
<p>The read command provides this feature. You can use it like this:</p>
<pre><code>echo &quot;Enter something&quot;
read var</code></pre>
<p>The echo command above is not required but then the end user won&apos;t know that they have to provide input. And then everything that the user enters before pressing the return (enter) key is stored in <code>var</code> variable.</p>
<p>You can also display a prompt message and get the value in a single line like this:</p>
<pre><code>read -p &quot;Enter something? &quot; var</code></pre>
<p>Let&apos;s see it in action. Create a new <code>interactive.sh</code> shell script with the following content:</p>
<pre><code>#!/bin/bash

echo &quot;What is your name, stranger?&quot;
read name
read -p &quot;What&apos;s your full name, $name? &quot; full_name
echo &quot;Welcome, $full_name&quot;</code></pre>
<p>In the above example, I used the <code>name</code> variable to get the name. And then I use the <code>name</code> variable in the prompt and get user input in <code>full_name</code> variable. I used both ways of using the read command.</p>
<p>Now if you give the execute permission and then run this script, you&apos;ll notice that the script displays <code>What is your name, stranger?</code> and then waits for you to enter something from the keyboard. You provide input and then it displays <code>What&apos;s your full name</code> type of message and waits for the input again.</p>
<p>Here&apos;s a sample output for your reference:</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/interactive-bash-shell-script.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #3: Passing Arguments and Accepting User Inputs" loading="lazy" width="954" height="350" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/interactive-bash-shell-script.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/interactive-bash-shell-script.png 954w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<h2 id="%F0%9F%8F%8B%EF%B8%8F-exercise-time">&#x1F3CB;&#xFE0F; Exercise time</h2>
<p>Time to practice what you learned. Try writing simple bash scripts for the following scenarios.</p>
<p><strong>Exercise 1</strong>: Write a script that takes three arguments. You have to make the script display the arguments in reverse order.</p>
<p><strong>Expected output</strong>:</p>
<pre><code>abhishek@itsfoss:~/bash_scripts$ ./reverse.sh ubuntu fedora arch
Arguments in reverse order:
arch fedora ubuntu</code></pre>
<p><strong>Exercise 2</strong>: Write a script that displays the number of arguments passed to it.</p>
<p><strong>Hint</strong>: Use special variable $#</p>
<p><strong>Expected output</strong>: </p>
<pre><code>abhishek@itsfoss:~/bash_scripts$ ./arguments.sh one and two and three
Total number of arguments: 5</code></pre>
<p><strong>Exercise 3</strong>: Write a script that takes a filename as arguments and displays its line number.</p>
<p><strong>Hint</strong>: Use wc command for counting the line numbers.</p>
<p>You may discuss your solution in the community.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.community/t/practice-exercise-in-bash-basics-series-3-pass-arguments-and-accept-user-inputs/10799?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Practice Exercise in Bash Basics Series #3: Pass Arguments and Accept User Inputs</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">If you are following the Bash Basics series on It&#x2019;s FOSS, you can submit and discuss the answers to the exercise at the end of the chapter: Fellow experienced members are encouraged to provide their feedback to new members. Do note that there could be more than one answer to a given problem.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.community/uploads/default/optimized/1X/f274f9749e3fd8b4d6fbae1cf90c5c186d2f699c_2_180x180.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #3: Passing Arguments and Accepting User Inputs"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">abhishek</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">It&apos;s FOSS Community</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.community/uploads/default/original/1X/f274f9749e3fd8b4d6fbae1cf90c5c186d2f699c.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #3: Passing Arguments and Accepting User Inputs"></div></a></figure>
<p>Great! So now you can (pass) argument :) In the next chapter, you&apos;ll learn to perform basic mathematics in bash.</p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/newsletter/foss-weekly-23-25/
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read: False
type: Rss
title: FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff
description: The bash basic series continues and so does the Linux learning.
categories: Newsletter
content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/foss-weekly-23-25.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"><p>Reintroducing the &apos;request your tutorial&apos; feature &#x1F9BE;</p><p>You might face some issues in your desktop Linux life. And if you did not find a good tutorial for your problem, feel free to <a href="https://itsfoss.community/c/topic-ideas/25?ref=itsfoss.com">request a tutorial through our Community platform</a>. You can also suggest topics that you think should be covered on It&apos;s FOSS.</p><p>The 11th-anniversary offer ends this week. <strong><em><a href="https://itsfoss.com/11th-anniversary-offer">Opt for Pro Subscription</a> at 11% discount and get two ebooks: <a href="https://linuxhandbook.gumroad.com/l/mEsrwA?ref=itsfoss.com">Learn Linux Quickly</a> and <a href="https://linuxhandbook.gumroad.com/l/ejfGu?ref=itsfoss.com">Learn Bash Quickly</a>. </em></strong>Pro members can download the books for free <a href="https://itsfoss.com/pro-resources/">from this page</a>.</p><p><strong>&#x1F4AC; Let&apos;s see what you get in this edition of FOSS Weekly:</strong></p><ul><li>The second article in our Bash Basics series.</li><li>A couple of office suite software updates.</li><li><a href="https://itsfoss.com/11th-anniversary-offer">11% celebratory discount on It&apos;s FOSS Pro subscription</a> (and two Linux and Bash books)</li><li>And other Linux news, videos, and, of course, memes!</li></ul><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%93%B0-linux-news">&#x1F4F0; Linux news</h2><p>ONLYOFFICE 7.4 was recently released with drawing support, radar charts, plugins upgrade and more.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://news.itsfoss.com/onlyoffice-7-4-release/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Open Source Microsoft Office Alternative ONLYOFFICE Releases Version 7.4</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">There is a new release of the awesome ONLYOFFICE.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/08/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS News</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Sourav Rudra</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/ONLYOFFICE_7.4_Featured_Image.jpg" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"></div></a></figure><p>Similarly, SoftMaker Office 2024 (non-FOSS) recently introduced ChatGPT and DeepL integration.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://news.itsfoss.com/softmaker-office-2024/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">SoftMaker Office 2024 Releases With Integrated ChatGPT and DeepL</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">SoftMaker is a well-known office suite for Linux and other platforms. Check out its latest release here.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/08/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS News</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Sourav Rudra</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/softmaker-office-2024-release.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A7%A0-what-we%E2%80%99re-thinking-about">&#x1F9E0; What we&#x2019;re thinking about</h2><p>The predictions of Richard Stallman have become a reality, and copyleft is becoming increasingly important.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://ploum.net/2023-06-19-more-rms.html?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">We need more of Richard Stallman, not less</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">We need more of Richard Stallman, not less &#xE9;crit par Ploum, Lionel Dricot, ing&#xE9;nieur, &#xE9;crivain de science-fiction, d&#xE9;veloppeur de logiciels libres.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://ploum.net/files/favicon.ico" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://ploum.net/files/rms2019.jpg" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A7%AE-tutorials">&#x1F9EE; Tutorials</h2><p>Continue the journey to the Bash world with the second chapter in the Bash Basics series. </p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/bash-use-variables/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Bash Basics #2: Use Variables in Bash Scripts</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">In this chapter of the Bash Basics series, learn about using variables in Bash scripts.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/variables-in-bash.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"></div></a></figure><p>This week&apos;s #TerminalTuesday covers the simple but essential cd command.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/cd-command/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Using cd Command in Linux</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Learn about using one of the basic but essential Linux commands that is used for switching directories.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cd-command.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"></div></a></figure><p>Embrace Flatpak on Ubuntu with this new guide.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/flatpak-ubuntu/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Install and Use Flatpak on Ubuntu</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Ubuntu may come with Snap by default but you could still enjoy the Flatpak universal packages on it.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/install-flatpak-ubuntu.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"></div></a></figure><h2 id="%F0%9F%93%B9-what-we-are-watching">&#x1F4F9; What we are watching</h2><p>NixOS is getting more attention these days.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-embed-card"><iframe width="200" height="113" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/DMQWirkx5EY?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen title="NIX OS: the BEST package manager on the MOST SOLID Linux distribution"></iframe></figure><hr><h2 id="%E2%9C%A8-application-highlights">&#x2728; Application highlights</h2><p>Here&apos;s a clipboard app that offers a lot of functionality.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://news.itsfoss.com/clipboard/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Meet &#x2018;Clipboard&#x2019;: An Open-Source App That Aims to Turn Up Your Productivity</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">The clipboard app is a useful open-source tool with lots of features to improve your productivity.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/08/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS News</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Sourav Rudra</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/clipboard-first-look.jpg" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"></div></a></figure><p>Take control of your emails by opting for one of these open-source email servers.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/open-source-email-servers/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">12 Best Open Source Email Servers</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Here&#x2019;s a list of open-source mail servers that you can use to send/receive emails and store mail.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Ankush Das</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/opensource-email-servers.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%93%A5-dont-miss-11-years-of-its-foss">&#x1F4E5; Don&apos;t miss: 11 years of It&apos;s FOSS</h2><p>Test your bash knowledge with this unique collection of bash challenges.</p>
        <div class="kg-card kg-file-card kg-file-card-medium">
            <a class="kg-file-card-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/content/files/2023/06/Bash_It_Out_LHB.pdf" title="Download" download>
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        <p>Pro members can get two additional books on Linux commands and Bash on this page. You have to be logged in, of course.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/pro-resources/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Pro Member Resources</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">It&#x2019;s FOSS Pro members have more benefits now &#x1F929; Here are two premium ebooks that are available for purchase by everyone. Learn Linux Quickly - Linux Commands for BeginnersLearn Linux Quickly doesn&#x2019;t assume any prior Linux knowledge, which makes it a perfect fit for beginners. Nevertheless, inter&#x2026;</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/01/homepage-featured-image.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A7%A9-puzzle-for-pro-members-only">&#x1F9E9; Puzzle (for Pro members only)</h2><p>Guess the popular Linux applications in the form of scrambled words. </p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/puzzle/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Puzzle of The Week: Word Scramble #2: Guess Popular Linux Apps</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Exercise those &#x2018;little gray cells&#x2019; of yours and solve this puzzle.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/puzzle-of-the-week.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%9B%8D%EF%B8%8F-interesting-deals-for-you">&#x1F6CD;&#xFE0F; Interesting deals for you</h2><p>Learn today&#x2019;s most popular coding languages with this bundle of DRM-free e-books from O&#x2019;Reilly. <strong>Your purchase also supports Code for America.</strong></p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://www.humblebundle.com/books/popular-programming-languages-2023-oreilly-books?partner=itsfoss&amp;ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Humble Tech Book Bundle: Popular Programming Languages 2023 by O&#x2019;Reilly</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">We&#x2019;ve teamed up with O&#x2019;Reilly for our newest bundle. Get books on Rust, TypeScript, SQL, C, C#, C++, and more programming languages. Pay what you want &amp; support charity!</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://cdn.humblebundle.com/static/hashed/03df0490a53d595fd930f9fff52038366d60a05d.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">Humble Bundle</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://hb.imgix.net/aa920bf66450aaf7c970c1f26bcfb323a0f47a98.png?auto=compress,format&amp;h=630&amp;w=1200&amp;s=a1996968ee851fbd91b3cb0798b857d0" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"></div></a></figure><p>Internxt is offering 2 TB cloud storage for a mere &#x20AC;10.79 a year as part of their summer sale.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://internxt.sjv.io/c/1995707/1296883/14378?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Internxt Pricing &#x2013; Get Up To 10GB Free!</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Sign up for an Internxt secure cloud storage subscription and get access to our monthly newsletter filled with the latest tech news and updates.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://internxt.sjv.io/favicon.ico" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://internxt.com/images/previewLink/PreviewGenericEN.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A4%A3-meme-of-the-week">&#x1F923; Meme of the week</h2><p>We can only hope for that day to come!</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/memes10.png" class="kg-image" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff" loading="lazy" width="1080" height="1080" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/memes10.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/memes10.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/memes10.png 1080w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%97%93%EF%B8%8F-tech-trivia">&#x1F5D3;&#xFE0F; Tech Trivia</h2><p>On June 18, 1979, Microsoft introduced BASIC for 8086 16-bit microprocessors. This was a stepping stone for Microsoft as it partnered with Seattle Computer Products. </p><p>In 1980, IBM wanted to use CP/M operating system for its upcoming PC. The talks failed with CP/M creator Gary Kildall. In 1981, IBM awarded a contract to Microsoft for developing a CP/M like operating system.</p><p>Instead of developing it from scratch, Microsoft purchased a CP/M clone, 86-DOS, from Seattle Computer Products and sold it to IBM as PC DOS (later to be known as MS DOS).</p><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A7%91%E2%80%8D%F0%9F%A4%9D%E2%80%8D%F0%9F%A7%91-fossverse-corner">&#x1F9D1;&#x200D;&#x1F91D;&#x200D;&#x1F9D1; FOSSverse corner</h2><p>You can now request a tutorial through our Community platform.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.community/c/topic-ideas/25?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Topic Ideas</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">&lt;strong&gt;Could not find a tutorial on It&#x2019;s FOSS? You can request your tutorial or suggest a topic here.&lt;/strong&gt;</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.community/uploads/default/optimized/1X/f274f9749e3fd8b4d6fbae1cf90c5c186d2f699c_2_180x180.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS Community</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.community/uploads/default/original/2X/9/90ffc76d0224581f654c8df125acdf84fbc11a4f.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"></div></a></figure><p>And there are no &apos;small questions&apos; in the Community. You got a question? Ask away.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.community/t/ubuntu-23-04-plethora-of-updates/10731?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Ubuntu 23.04 Plethora of updates</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">For several weeks my two installations of Ubuntu 23.04 have been getting small &#x201C;Ubuntu Base&#x201D; or other system updates several times a week, even twice in one day. Is this normal? I&#x2019;ve started to wonder if these things are legitimate. I know 23.04 is an &#x201C;interim&#x201D; version, so maybe it&#x2019;s normal.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.community/uploads/default/optimized/1X/f274f9749e3fd8b4d6fbae1cf90c5c186d2f699c_2_180x180.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS Community</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">jimofadel</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.community/uploads/default/original/1X/f274f9749e3fd8b4d6fbae1cf90c5c186d2f699c.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.25: ONLYOFFICE, Clipboard App, Bash Variables and More Linux Stuff"></div></a></figure><p>Come. Join the Community &#x1FAF1;&#x1FAF2;</p><hr><h2 id="%E2%9D%A4%EF%B8%8F-enjoying-foss-weekly">&#x2764;&#xFE0F; Enjoying FOSS Weekly?</h2><p><strong>Forward it to Linux-using friends</strong> and encourage them to subscribe (hint: <a href="https://itsfoss.com/signup/">it&apos;s here</a>).</p><p><a href="https://itsfoss.com/11th-anniversary-offer">Become a Pro member</a> and show your support &#x1F64F;</p><p>Share your views and opinion on 11 years of It&apos;s FOSS (I may include it on It&apos;s FOSS testimonial pages).</p><p><strong>Something else?</strong> Share it with me by pressing the reply button.</p><p>Don&apos;t stop loving It&apos;s FOSS :)</p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/flatpak-ubuntu/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: Install and Use Flatpak on Ubuntu
categories: Ubuntu
description:
Ubuntu may come with Snap by default but you could still enjoy the Flatpak universal packages on it.

content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/install-flatpak-ubuntu.png" alt="Install and Use Flatpak on Ubuntu"><p>The Linux world has three &apos;universal&apos; packaging formats that allow running on &apos;any&apos; Linux distribution; Snap, Flatpak and AppImage.</p>
<p>Ubuntu comes baked-in with Snap but most distributions and developers avoid it because of its close source nature. They prefer <a href="https://itsfoss.com/what-is-flatpak/">Fedora&apos;s Flatpak packaging system</a>. </p>
<p>As an Ubuntu user, you are not restricted to Snap. You also can use Flatpak on your Ubuntu system.</p>
<p>In this tutorial, I&apos;ll discuss the following:</p>
<ul><li>Enabling Flatpak support on Ubuntu</li><li>Using Flatpak commands to manage packages</li><li>Getting packages from Flathub</li><li>Add Flatpak packages to Software Center</li></ul>
<p>Sounds exciting? Let&apos;s see them one by one.</p>
<h2 id="installing-flatpak-on-ubuntu">Installing Flatpak on Ubuntu</h2>
<p>You can easily install Flatpak using the following command:</p>
<pre><code>sudo apt install flatpak</code></pre>
<p>For <strong><em>Ubuntu 18.04 or older versions</em></strong>, use PPA:</p>
<pre><code>sudo add-apt-repository ppa:flatpak/stable
sudo apt update
sudo apt install flatpak</code></pre>
<h3 id="add-flathub-repo">Add Flathub repo</h3>
<p>You have installed Flatpak support in your Ubuntu system. However, if you try to install a Flatpak package, you&apos;ll get &apos;<a href="https://itsfoss.com/no-remote-ref-found-flatpak/">No remote refs found&apos; error</a>. That&apos;s because there are no Flatpak repositories added and hence Flatpak doesn&apos;t even know from where it should get the applications.</p>
<p>Flatpak has a centralized repository called Flathub. A number of Flatpak applications can be found and downloaded from here.</p>
<p>You should add the Flathub repo to access those applications.</p>
<pre><code>flatpak remote-add --if-not-exists flathub https://flathub.org/repo/flathub.flatpakrepo
</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/install-flatpak-1.svg" alt="Install and Use Flatpak on Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="386"><figcaption><span>Installing Flatpak and add Flathub Repo</span></figcaption></figure>
<p>Once Flatpak is installed and configured, <strong>restart your system</strong>. Otherwise, installed Flatpak apps won&apos;t be visible on your system menu. </p>
<p>Still, you can always run a flatpak app by running:</p>
<pre><code>flatpak run &lt;package-name&gt;</code></pre>
<h2 id="common-flatpak-commands">Common Flatpak Commands</h2>
<p>Now that you have Flatpak packaging support installed, it&apos;s time to learn some of the most common Flatpak commands needed for package management.</p>
<h3 id="search-for-a-package">Search for a Package</h3>
<p>Either use Flathub website or use the following command, if you know the application name:</p>
<pre><code>flatpak search &lt;package-name&gt;</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/flatpak-search.svg" alt="Install and Use Flatpak on Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="386"><figcaption><span>Search for a Package</span></figcaption></figure>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-red"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F6A7;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>Except for searching a flatpak package, on other instances, the &lt;package-name&gt; refers to the proper Flatpak package name, like </span><code><span>com.raggesilver.BlackBox</span></code><span> (Application ID in the above screenshot). You may also use the last word </span><code><span>Blackbox</span></code><span> of the Application ID.</span></p></div></div>
<h3 id="install-a-flatpak-package">Install a Flatpak package</h3>
<p>Here&apos;s the syntax for installing a Flatpak package:</p>
<pre><code>flatpak install &lt;remote-repo&gt; &lt;package-name&gt;</code></pre>
<p>Since almost all the times you&apos;ll be getting applications from Flathub, the remote repository will be <code>flathub</code>:</p>
<pre><code>flatpak install flathub &lt;package-name&gt;</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/flatpak-install-package.svg" alt="Install and Use Flatpak on Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="386"><figcaption><span>Install a Package</span></figcaption></figure>
<p>In some rare cases, you may install Flatpak packages from the developer&apos;s repository directly instead of Flathub. In that case, you use a syntax like this: </p>
<pre><code>flatpak install --from https://flathub.org/repo/appstream/com.spotify.Client.flatpakref</code></pre>
<h3 id="install-a-package-from-flatpakref">Install a package from flatpakref</h3>
<p>This is optional and rare too. But sometime, you will get a <code>.flatpakref</code> file for an application. This is <strong>NOT an offline installation</strong>. The .flatpakref has the necessary details about where to get the packages.</p>
<p>To install from such a file, open a terminal and run:</p>
<pre><code>flatpak install &lt;path-to-flatpakref file&gt;</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/install-flatpak-ref.svg" alt="Install and Use Flatpak on Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="386"><figcaption><span>Install Flatpakref</span></figcaption></figure>
<h3 id="run-a-flatpak-application-from-the-terminal">Run a Flatpak application from the terminal</h3>
<p>Again, something you won&apos;t be doing it often. Mostly, you&apos;ll search for the installing application in the system menu and run the application from there.</p>
<p>However, you can also run them from the terminal using:</p>
<pre><code>flatpak run &lt;package-name&gt;</code></pre>
<h3 id="list-installed-flatpak-packages">List installed Flatpak packages</h3>
<p>Want to see which Flatpak applications are installed on your system? List them like this:</p>
<pre><code>flatpak list</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/flatpak-list.svg" alt="Install and Use Flatpak on Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="386"><figcaption><span>List Installed Packages</span></figcaption></figure>
<h3 id="uninstall-a-flatpak-package">Uninstall a Flatpak package</h3>
<p>You can remove an installed Flatpak package in the following manner:</p>
<pre><code>flatpak uninstall &lt;package-name&gt;</code></pre>
<p>If you want to <strong>clear the leftover packages and runtimes, that are no longer needed</strong>, use:</p>
<pre><code>flatpak uninstall --unused</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/flatpak-uninstall-package-with-removal-of-unused.svg" alt="Install and Use Flatpak on Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="386"><figcaption><span>Remove a package</span></figcaption></figure>
<p>It may help you <a href="https://itsfoss.com/free-up-space-ubuntu-linux/">save some disk space on Ubuntu</a>.</p>
<h2 id="flatpak-commands-summary">Flatpak commands summary</h2>
<p>Here&apos;s a quick summary of the commands you learned above:</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Usage</th>
<th>Command</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Search for Packages</td>
<td>flatpak search <package-name></package-name></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Install a Package</td>
<td>flatpak install <package-name></package-name></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>List Installed Package</td>
<td>flatpak list</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Install from flatpakref</td>
<td>flatpak install &lt;package-name.flatpakref&gt;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Uninstall a Package</td>
<td>flatpak uninstall <package-name></package-name></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Uninstall Unused runtimes and packages</td>
<td>flatpak uninstall --unused</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

<h2 id="using-flathub-to-explore-flatpak-packages">Using Flathub to explore Flatpak packages</h2>
<p>I understand that searching for Flatpak packages through the command line is not the best experience and that&apos;s where the <a href="https://flathub.org/en-GB?ref=itsfoss.com">Flathub website</a> comes into picture.</p>
<p>You can browse the Flatpak application on Flathub, which provides additional details like verified publishers, total number of downloads etc.</p>
<p>You&apos;ll also get the commands you need to use for installing the applications at the bottom of the application page.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-gallery-card kg-width-wide kg-card-hascaption"><div class="kg-gallery-container"><div class="kg-gallery-row"><div class="kg-gallery-image"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/Flathub-apps-page-2.png" width="1438" height="916" loading="lazy" alt="Install and Use Flatpak on Ubuntu" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/Flathub-apps-page-2.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/Flathub-apps-page-2.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/Flathub-apps-page-2.png 1438w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></div><div class="kg-gallery-image"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/application-details-in-flathub-website-2.png" width="1436" height="884" loading="lazy" alt="Install and Use Flatpak on Ubuntu" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/application-details-in-flathub-website-2.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/application-details-in-flathub-website-2.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/application-details-in-flathub-website-2.png 1436w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></div></div></div><figcaption><p><span>Application Details in Flathub Official Website</span></p></figcaption></figure>
<h2 id="bonus-use-software-center-with-flatpak-package-support">Bonus: Use Software Center with Flatpak package support</h2>
<p>You can add the Flatpak packages to the GNOME Software Center application and use it for installing packages graphically.</p>
<p>There is a dedicated plugin to add Flatpak to GNOME Software Center.</p>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-red"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F6A7;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>Since Ubuntu 20.04, the default software center in Ubuntu is Snap Store and it does not support flatpak integration. So, installing the below package will result in two software centers simultaneously: one Snap and another DEB.</span></p></div></div>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/two-software-centers-in-Ubuntu.png" alt="Install and Use Flatpak on Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="1472" height="348" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/two-software-centers-in-Ubuntu.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/two-software-centers-in-Ubuntu.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/two-software-centers-in-Ubuntu.png 1472w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption><span>Two Software Center in Ubuntu</span></figcaption></figure>
<pre><code>sudo apt install gnome-software-plugin-flatpak</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/install-gnome-flatpak-plugin.svg" alt="Install and Use Flatpak on Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="386"><figcaption><span>Install GNOME Plugin</span></figcaption></figure>
<h2 id="conclusion">Conclusion</h2>
<p>You learned plenty of things here. You learned to enable Flatpak support in Ubuntu and manage Flatpak packages through the command line. You also learned about the integration with the Software Center.</p>
<p>I hope you feel a bit more comfortable with Flatpaks now. Since you discovered one of the three universal packages, how about <a href="https://itsfoss.com/use-appimage-linux/">learning about Appimages</a>?</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/use-appimage-linux/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">How to Use AppImage in Linux [Complete Guide]</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">What is AppImage? How to run it? How does it work? Here&#x2019;s the complete guide about using AppImage in Linux.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="Install and Use Flatpak on Ubuntu"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">Abhishek Prakash</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">It&apos;s FOSS</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2017/07/use-appimage-linux.png" alt="Install and Use Flatpak on Ubuntu"></div></a></figure>
<p><em>Let me know if you have questions or if you face any issues.</em></p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/cd-command/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: Using cd Command in Linux
categories: Linux Commands
description:
Learn about using one of the basic but essential Linux commands that is used for switching directories.

content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cd-command.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux"><p>The cd command in Linux is used for changing directories. cd is actually short for change directories.</p>
<p>It&apos;s one of the <a href="https://itsfoss.com/essential-ubuntu-commands/">essential Linux commands</a> that you must know. </p>
<p>Using the cd command is quite simple:</p>
<pre><code>cd path_to_directory</code></pre>
<p>It cannot go any simple than this, can it?</p>
<p>However, it&apos;s the path part that you should understand to easily travel through the <a href="https://linuxhandbook.com/linux-directory-structure/?ref=itsfoss.com">filesystem</a> without getting confused.</p>
<p>Here&apos;s a quick recall of absolute and relative paths.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://linuxhandbook.com/content/images/2021/04/absolute-vs-relative-path-linux.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux" loading="lazy"></figure>
<p>And if you need more details, I recommend reading this article.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://linuxhandbook.com/absolute-vs-relative-path/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Absolute vs Relative Path in Linux: What&#x2019;s the Difference?</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">In this essential Linux learning chapter, know about the relative and absolute paths in Linux. What&#x2019;s the difference between them and which one should you use.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://linuxhandbook.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2021/08/Linux-Handbook-New-Logo.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">Abhishek Prakash</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Linux Handbook</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://linuxhandbook.com/content/images/2021/04/absolute-relative-path-linux.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux"></div></a></figure>
<p>Let&apos;s see some examples of using the cd command.</p>
<h2 id="use-absolute-path-to-change-the-directory">Use absolute path to change the directory</h2>
<p>It will be easier to understand visually. Look at the image below.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/absolute-path-cd-1.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="800" height="500" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/absolute-path-cd-1.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/absolute-path-cd-1.png 800w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption><span>Absolute path travel to the python directory</span></figcaption></figure>
<p>My current location is my home directory (<code>/home/abhishek</code>) and I have to go to the <code>python</code> directory inside the <code>scripts</code> directory.</p>
<p>Let&apos;s say I want to use the absolute path. The absolute path to the pyth<code>/home/abhishek/scripts/python</code>.</p>
<pre><code>cd /home/abhishek/scripts/python</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cd-absolute-path.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1644" height="698" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/cd-absolute-path.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/cd-absolute-path.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/cd-absolute-path.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cd-absolute-path.png 1644w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<h2 id="use-relative-path-to-change-directories">Use relative path to change directories</h2>
<p>Let&apos;s take the same example but this time, I&apos;ll take the relative path.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/absolute-path-cd-2.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="800" height="500" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/absolute-path-cd-2.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/absolute-path-cd-2.png 800w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>The relative path to the <code>python</code> directory from my home directory is <code>scripts/python</code>. Let&apos;s use this:</p>
<pre><code>cd scripts/python</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cd-relative-path.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1644" height="698" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/cd-relative-path.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/cd-relative-path.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/cd-relative-path.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cd-relative-path.png 1644w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<h2 id="go-up-the-directory">Go up the directory</h2>
<p>So far, you are going down the &apos;flow&apos;. What if you have to go up a directory?</p>
<p>Let&apos;s say, you are in <code>/home/abhishek/scripts/python</code> and you have to up a directory to <code>scripts</code>?.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/relative-path-cd.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="800" height="500" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/relative-path-cd.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/relative-path-cd.png 800w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>Using the absolute path is always an option but it is quite lengthy. Instead, you can use the special directory notation <code>..</code>. The double dots (..) mean parent directory or up a directory. Single dot (.) means the current directory.</p>
<pre><code>cd ..</code></pre>
<p>Here&apos;s an example:</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cd-up-directory.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1644" height="698" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/cd-up-directory.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/cd-up-directory.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/cd-up-directory.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cd-up-directory.png 1644w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>You can use the <code>..</code> to travel up the path in the Linux filesystem hierarchy.</p>
<p>Suppose I am in the <code>python</code> directory in the above image and want to go to the <code>code</code> directory. Here&apos;s what I could do:</p>
<pre><code>cd ../../code</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/go-up-directory-cd-command.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1644" height="698" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/go-up-directory-cd-command.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/go-up-directory-cd-command.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/go-up-directory-cd-command.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/go-up-directory-cd-command.png 1644w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<h2 id="go-to-the-home-directory">Go to the home directory</h2>
<p>If you feel lost in all these directory travels and want to go back home, there are so many simple shortcuts.</p>
<p>In fact, the simplest of them is to use the cd command without any option.</p>
<pre><code>cd</code></pre>
<p>That will take you back to your home directory from anywhere on the filesystem.</p>
<p>Alternatively, you can use the <code>~</code> notation which means home directory.</p>
<pre><code>cd ~</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cd-go-back-home.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1644" height="664" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/cd-go-back-home.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/cd-go-back-home.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/cd-go-back-home.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cd-go-back-home.png 1644w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<h2 id="go-to-the-root-directory">Go to the root directory</h2>
<p>Though you won&apos;t use it as often as the previous one, it is still good to know.</p>
<p>If you want to go back to the root directory from where the filesystem begins, use this:</p>
<pre><code>cd /</code></pre>
<p>There is no &apos;magic&apos; involved here. <code>/</code> denotes root when used at the beginning of a path. Don&apos;t confuse it with path separators.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://linuxhandbook.com/content/images/2021/04/path-linux.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux" loading="lazy"></figure>
<h2 id="switch-back-to-the-previous-directory">Switch back to the previous directory</h2>
<p>This is a lifesaver or should I say timesaver. When you are deep inside a directory structure and then go to another directory and then you feel the need to go back to the previous location, this shortcut helps.</p>
<pre><code>cd -</code></pre>
<p>Not clear yet? Let me show an example.</p>
<p>I am in the location <code>/etc/apt/sources.list.d</code>. From here, I go to <code>/home/abhishek/scripts/python</code> to work on my code. And then I realized that I have to check something again in <code>/etc/apt/sources.list.d</code> directory.</p>
<p>The usual approach would be to do this which makes me type all the path again:</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cd-previous-directory.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1866" height="768" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/cd-previous-directory.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/cd-previous-directory.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/cd-previous-directory.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cd-previous-directory.png 1866w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>But the smart approach is to use this:</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/use-cd-shortcut-to-previous-directory-1.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1866" height="768" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/use-cd-shortcut-to-previous-directory-1.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/use-cd-shortcut-to-previous-directory-1.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/use-cd-shortcut-to-previous-directory-1.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/use-cd-shortcut-to-previous-directory-1.png 1866w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>See, no need to type the lengthy path again. Works wonder!</p>
<h2 id="%F0%9F%8F%8B%EF%B8%8F-exercise-time">&#x1F3CB;&#xFE0F; Exercise time</h2>
<p>If you want to practice the cd command, here&apos;s a little practice exercise for you.</p>
<ul><li>Open a terminal and go to the <code>/var/log</code> directory. <a href="https://itsfoss.com/list-directory-content/">Check the directory contents</a>. What do you see?</li><li>Now, go to <code>/var</code> directory. This is up a directory.</li><li>From here, go back to your home directory. </li></ul>
<p>And that&apos;s good enough content for you to get familiar with the cd command. Here are some other important commands you should know about.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/essential-ubuntu-commands/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">31 Basic Yet Essential Ubuntu Commands</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">An extensive list of essential Linux commands that every Ubuntu user will find helpful in their Linux journey.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">Abhishek Prakash</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">It&apos;s FOSS</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2022/11/must-know-linux-commands-for-ubuntu-user.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux"></div></a></figure>
<p>Let me know if you have questions or suggestions.</p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/bash-use-variables/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: Bash Basics Series #2: Using Variables in Bash
description: In this chapter of the Bash Basics series, learn about using variables in Bash scripts.
categories: Bash Basics
content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/variables-in-bash.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #2: Using Variables in Bash"><p>In the first part of the Bash Basics Series, I briefly mentioned variables. It is time to take a detailed look at them in this chapter.</p>
<p>If you have ever done any kind of coding, you must be familiar with the term &apos;variable&apos;. </p>
<p>If not, think of a variable as a box that holds up information, and this information can be changed over time.</p>
<p>Let&apos;s see about using them.</p>
<h2 id="using-variables-in-bash-shell">Using variables in Bash shell</h2>
<p>Open a terminal and use initialize a variable with a random number 4:</p>
<pre><code>var=4</code></pre>
<p>So now you have a variable named <code>var</code> and its value is <code>4</code>. Want to verify it? <strong>Access the value of a variable by adding $ before the variable name</strong>. It&apos;s called parameter expansion.</p>
<pre><code>abhishek@itsfoss:~$ echo The value of var is $var
The value of var is 4</code></pre>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-red"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F6A7;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>There must NOT be a space before or after </span><code><span>=</span></code><span> during variable initialization.</span></p></div></div>
<p>If you want, you can change the value to something else:</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/Using-variables-in-shell.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #2: Using Variables in Bash" loading="lazy" width="1592" height="740" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/Using-variables-in-shell.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/Using-variables-in-shell.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/Using-variables-in-shell.png 1592w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>In Bash shell, a variable can be a number, character, or string (of characters including spaces).</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/bash-variables-types.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #2: Using Variables in Bash" loading="lazy" width="1826" height="680" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/bash-variables-types.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/bash-variables-types.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/bash-variables-types.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/bash-variables-types.png 1826w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-green"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4A1;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>Like other things in Linux, the variable names are also case-sensitive. They can consist of letters, numbers and the underscore &quot;_&quot;.</span></p></div></div>
<h2 id="using-variables-in-bash-scripts">Using variables in Bash scripts</h2>
<p>Did you notice that I didn&apos;t run a shell script to show the variable examples? You can do a lot of things in the shell directly. When you close the terminal, those variables you created will no longer exist.</p>
<p>However, your distro usually adds global variables so that they can be accessed across all of your scripts and shells.</p>
<p>Let&apos;s write some scripts again. You should have the script directory created earlier but this command will take care of that in either case:</p>
<pre><code>mkdir -p bash_scripts &amp;&amp; cd bash_scripts</code></pre>
<p>Basically, it will create <code>bash_scripts</code> directory if it doesn&apos;t exist already and then switch to that directory.</p>
<p>Here. let&apos;s create a new script named <code>knock.sh</code> with the following text.</p>
<pre><code>#!/bin/bash

echo knock, knock
echo &quot;Who&apos;s there?&quot;
echo &quot;It&apos;s me, $USER&quot;</code></pre>
<p>Change the file permission and run the script. You learned it in the previous chapter.</p>
<p>Here&apos;s what it produced for me:</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/using-global-variable-bash-script.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #2: Using Variables in Bash" loading="lazy" width="1826" height="680" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/using-global-variable-bash-script.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/using-global-variable-bash-script.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/using-global-variable-bash-script.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/using-global-variable-bash-script.png 1826w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p><strong>Did you notice how it added my name to it automatically?</strong> That&apos;s the magic of the global variable $USER that contains the username.</p>
<p>You may also notice that I used the &quot; sometimes with echo but not other times. That was deliberate. <a href="https://linuxhandbook.com/quotes-in-bash/?ref=itsfoss.com">Quotes in bash</a> have special meanings. They can be used to handle white spaces and other special characters. Let me show an example.</p>
<h2 id="handling-spaces-in-variables">Handling spaces in variables</h2>
<p>Let&apos;s say you have to use a variable called <code>greetings</code> that has the value <code>hello and welcome</code>.</p>
<p>If you try initializing the variable like this:</p>
<pre><code>greetings=Hello and Welcome</code></pre>
<p>You&apos;ll get an error like this:</p>
<pre><code>Command &apos;and&apos; not found, but can be installed with:
sudo apt install and</code></pre>
<p>This is why you need to use either single quotes or double quotes:</p>
<pre><code>greetings=&quot;Hello and Welcome&quot;</code></pre>
<p>And now you can use this variable as you want.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/using-spaces-in-bash-variable.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #2: Using Variables in Bash" loading="lazy" width="1826" height="750" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/using-spaces-in-bash-variable.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/using-spaces-in-bash-variable.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/using-spaces-in-bash-variable.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/using-spaces-in-bash-variable.png 1826w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<h2 id="assign-the-command-output-to-a-variable">Assign the command output to a variable</h2>
<p>Yes! You can store the output of a command in a variable and use them in your script. It&apos;s called command substitution.</p>
<pre><code>var=$(command)</code></pre>
<p>Here&apos;s an example:</p>
<pre><code>abhishek@itsfoss:~$ today=$(date +%D)
abhishek@itsfoss:~$ echo &quot;Today&apos;s date is $today&quot;
Today&apos;s date is 06/19/23
abhishek@itsfoss:~$ 
</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/command-substitue-bash-variable.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #2: Using Variables in Bash" loading="lazy" width="1826" height="644" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/command-substitue-bash-variable.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/command-substitue-bash-variable.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/command-substitue-bash-variable.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/command-substitue-bash-variable.png 1826w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>The older syntax used backticks instead of $() for the command substitution. While it may still work, you should use the new, recommended notation.</p>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-green"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4A1;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>Variables change the value unless you declare a &apos;constant&apos; variable like this: </span><code><span>readonly pi=3.14</span></code><span>. In this case, the value of variable </span><code><span>pi</span></code><span> cannot be changed because it was declared </span><code><span>readonly</span></code><span>.</span></p></div></div>
<h2 id="%F0%9F%8F%8B%EF%B8%8F-exercise-time">&#x1F3CB;&#xFE0F; Exercise time</h2>
<p>Time to practice what you learned. Here are some exercise to test your learning.</p>
<p><strong>Exercise 1</strong>: Write a bash script that prints your username, present working directory, home directory and default shell in the following format.</p>
<pre><code>Hello, there
My name is XYZ
My current location is XYZ
My home directory is XYZ
My default shell is XYZ</code></pre>
<p><strong>Hint</strong>: Use global variables $USER, $PWD, $HOME and $SHELL.</p>
<p><strong>Exercise 2: </strong>Write a bash script that declares a variable named <code>price</code>. Use it to get the output in the following format:</p>
<pre><code>Today&apos;s price is $X
Tomorrow&apos;s price is $Y</code></pre>
<p>Where X is the initial value of the variable <code>price</code> and it is doubled for tomorrow&apos;s prices.</p>
<p><strong>Hint</strong>: Use \ to escape the special character $.</p>
<p>The answers to the exercises can be discussed in this dedicated thread in the community.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.community/t/practice-exercise-in-bash-basics-series-2-using-variables-in-bash/10742?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Practice Exercise in Bash Basics Series #2: Using Variables in Bash</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">If you are following the Bash Basics series on It&#x2019;s FOSS, you can submit and discuss the answers to the exercise at the end of the chapter: Fellow experienced members are encouraged to provide their feedback to new members. Do note that there could be more than one answer to a given problem.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.community/uploads/default/optimized/1X/f274f9749e3fd8b4d6fbae1cf90c5c186d2f699c_2_180x180.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #2: Using Variables in Bash"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">abhishek</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">It&apos;s FOSS Community</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.community/uploads/default/original/1X/f274f9749e3fd8b4d6fbae1cf90c5c186d2f699c.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #2: Using Variables in Bash"></div></a></figure>
<p>In the next chapter of the Bash Basics Series, you&apos;ll see how to make the bash scripts interactive by passing arguments and accepting user inputs.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/bash-pass-arguments/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Bash Basics #3: Pass Arguments and Accept User Inputs</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Learn how to pass arguments to bash scripts and make them interactive in this chapter of the Bash Basics series.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #2: Using Variables in Bash"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">Abhishek Prakash</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">It&apos;s FOSS</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/bash-series-3-passing-args-user-inputs.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #2: Using Variables in Bash"></div></a></figure>
<p>Enjoy learning bash.</p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/open-source-email-servers/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: Best Open Source Email Servers
description: Here's a list of open-source mail servers that you can use to send/receive emails and store mail.
categories: Software Recommendation
content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/opensource-email-servers.png" alt="Best Open Source Email Servers"><p>It is convenient to use email services like Gmail, Proton Mail, and Outlook to send and receive emails, no matter what <a href="https://itsfoss.com/best-email-clients-linux/">email client</a> you use.</p><p>And, for all of that, you utilize their mail servers for email transactions. So, your emails&apos; security, reliability, and privacy depend on someone else.</p><p>But what if you want to own your email infrastructure and have the data in your control? You need an open-source email server, which should solve your problem.</p><p>If you are still curious, an email server lets you:</p><ul><li><strong>Build your mail backend to store email accounts</strong></li><li><strong>Take control of the security and reliability by self-hosting</strong></li><li><strong>Host on your preferred server architecture</strong></li><li><strong>It gives you the ability to make unlimited accounts</strong></li></ul><p>Of course, this is not for the end users. Sysadmins in small to midscale businesses, self hosters will find these software interesting.</p><p>Considering now you have an idea of the benefits of an open-source email server, here are some of the best options that you can find:</p><div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-blue"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4CB;</div><div class="kg-callout-text">The list includes mail servers and some solutions that make it possible to build/create an email server. Some might offer managed services and others can be self-hosted.</div></div><h2 id="1-postal">1. Postal </h2><figure class="kg-card kg-embed-card"><iframe width="200" height="113" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/d1Lzw_Q_fJQ?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen title="Installing Postal and a quick tour"></iframe></figure><p><a href="https://github.com/postalserver/postal?ref=itsfoss.com">Postal</a> is a feature-rich mail server that can be utilized by websites and servers. It is <strong>tailored for outgoing emails</strong> with no mailbox management features.</p><p>The <a href="https://docs.postalserver.io/?ref=itsfoss.com">documentation</a> is helpful to get started with all the essentials. You can utilize a docker and configure Postal on your server. </p><p>With Postal, you can create mail servers/users for multiple organizations, access outgoing/incoming message queue, real-time delivery information, and built-in features to ensure emails get delivered.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Real-time delivery information</li><li>Click and open the tracking</li><li>Tailored for outgoing emails</li></ul><div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-red"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F6A7;</div><div class="kg-callout-text">Maintaining and configuring your email server is not an easy task. You should only proceed with setting up a mail server if you know all it takes to send/receive emails reliably.</div></div><h2 id="2-mailcow">2. mailcow</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/mailcow-ui.jpg" class="kg-image" alt="Best Open Source Email Servers" loading="lazy" width="1496" height="862" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/mailcow-ui.jpg 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/mailcow-ui.jpg 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/mailcow-ui.jpg 1496w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p><a href="https://mailcow.email/?ref=itsfoss.com">mailcow</a> is a mail server suite with tools that help you build a web server, manage your mailbox, and more.</p><p>If you are not looking to send transactional emails, mailcow has your back. You can consider it as a groupware.</p><p>Like other mail servers, it works with Docker, where each container represents an application, all connected.</p><p>mailcow&apos;s web interface lets you do everything from a single place. You can explore more about the project on its <a href="https://github.com/mailcow/mailcow-dockerized?ref=itsfoss.com">GitHub page</a> or <a href="https://docs.mailcow.email/?ref=itsfoss.com">documentation</a>.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Easy to manage and update</li><li>Affordable paid support</li><li>Can be coupled with other mail servers if needed</li></ul><p><strong>Suggested Read &#x1F4D6;</strong></p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://linuxhandbook.com/smtp-services/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">10 Free &amp; Paid SMTP Services For Transactional and Bulk Emails</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Here are some of the most popular SMTP relay services with their plans for your web app notifications.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://linuxhandbook.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2021/08/Linux-Handbook-New-Logo.png" alt="Best Open Source Email Servers"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">Linux Handbook</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Avimanyu Bandyopadhyay</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://linuxhandbook.com/content/images/2021/04/smtp-services.jpg" alt="Best Open Source Email Servers"></div></a></figure><h2 id="3-cuttlefish">3. Cuttlefish</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cuttlefish-ui.png" class="kg-image" alt="Best Open Source Email Servers" loading="lazy" width="683" height="516" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/cuttlefish-ui.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cuttlefish-ui.png 683w"></figure><p>Want a simple transactional email server? <a href="https://cuttlefish.io/?ref=itsfoss.com">Cuttlefish</a> is a no-nonsense open-source mail server that is incredibly easy to use.</p><p>You get a simple web UI to check the stats and keep an eye on your outgoing emails.</p><p>Compared to some full-fledged email services like Sendgird or Mailgun, Cuttlefish does not offer all kinds of features, <strong>considering it is in beta</strong> at the time. You can only opt for it if you need something super simple and you want to work reliably.</p><p>Explore more about it on its <a href="https://github.com/mlandauer/cuttlefish?ref=itsfoss.com">GitHub page</a>.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights </strong></p><ul><li>Simple transactional email server</li><li>Easy to use</li></ul><h2 id="4-apache-james">4. Apache James</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/james.jpg" class="kg-image" alt="Best Open Source Email Servers" loading="lazy" width="885" height="385" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/james.jpg 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/james.jpg 885w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p><a href="https://james.apache.org/?ref=itsfoss.com">James</a> is short for <strong>Java Apache Mail Enterprise Server</strong>.</p><p>As the name suggests, it is an enterprise-focused open source mail server built with Java. You can use the email server as SMTP relay or an IMAP server, as per requirements.</p><p>Compared to others, James may not be the easiest to configure or install. However, you can look at its <a href="https://james.apache.org/server/install.html?ref=itsfoss.com">documentation</a> or <a href="https://github.com/apache/james-project?ref=itsfoss.com">GitHub page</a> to judge for yourself. </p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Easy administration after setup</li><li>Reliable and used by open-source enterprises</li><li>Distributed server</li></ul><h2 id="5-haraka">5. Haraka</h2><p><a href="https://haraka.github.io/?ref=itsfoss.com">Haraka</a> is a modern open source SMTP server built with Node.js. If you can build it for your business/website, you do not need to look for other <a href="https://linuxhandbook.com/smtp-services/?ref=itsfoss.com">SMTP services</a>.</p><p>The mail server is tailored to provide the best performance. One of the highlights of Haraka is that it features a modular plugin system that will allow programmers to change the server&apos;s behavior to their heart&apos;s extent.</p><p>You can consider it an excellent scalable outbound mail delivery server. Some popular names like Craigslist and DuckDuckGo Email Protection make use of Haraka.</p><p>Explore more about it on its <a href="https://github.com/haraka/Haraka?ref=itsfoss.com">GitHub page</a>.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Built using Node.js</li><li>Plugin system to extend functionalities</li></ul><h2 id="6-modoboa">6. Modoboa</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/modoboa.jpg" class="kg-image" alt="Best Open Source Email Servers" loading="lazy" width="1184" height="688" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/modoboa.jpg 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/modoboa.jpg 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/modoboa.jpg 1184w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p><a href="https://modoboa.org/en/?ref=itsfoss.com">Modoboa</a> is an all-in-one open-source solution.</p><p>It can help you build a mail server and give you the ability to manage your emails. You can create calendars, add unlimited domains, create filtering rules, and access webmail. Modoboa also provides paid maintenance options if you want their professional help setting it up and managing it.</p><p>Not just an all-rounder solution, but it offers a quick way to get started with your email infrastructure.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>All-in-one option</li><li>Paid assistance available</li><li>Built-in monitoring</li></ul><h2 id="7-postfix">7. Postfix</h2><p>Postfix is a Mail Transfer Agent. It may not be a server on its own, but it couples with some other solutions that help you build an email server. </p><p>While mailcow includes <a href="https://www.postfix.org/?ref=itsfoss.com">Postfix</a> (and you can configure it along with similar solutions), you can choose to use it separately per your use case. Postfix is also the default Mail Transfer Agent in the Ubuntu server.</p><p>Postfix can be used as an external SMTP. Not to forget, you can also set up Postfix to <a href="https://www.linode.com/docs/guides/configure-postfix-to-send-mail-using-gmail-and-google-workspace-on-debian-or-ubuntu/?ref=itsfoss.com">work with Gmail</a>. It is easy to configure, and the documentation available for it is plenty useful.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Easy to configure</li><li>Flexible</li></ul><p><strong>Suggested Read &#x1F4D6;</strong></p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/secure-private-email-services/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Best Secure Email Services For Privacy Concerned People</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Can you call Gmail, Outlook, YahooMail etc secure email services? Well, they&#x2019;re definitely secure in the way that your data is (usually) safe from outside attackers. But when we talk of secure email service, the focus is on data security and privacy. Most of these free email services snoop</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="Best Open Source Email Servers"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Ankush Das</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2019/08/secure-email-services.png" alt="Best Open Source Email Servers"></div></a></figure><h2 id="8-maddy">8. Maddy</h2><p><a href="https://maddy.email/?ref=itsfoss.com">Maddy</a> is a great choice if you need a lightweight mail server implementation. The official description says it is a &quot;<em>Composable all-in-one mail server</em>&quot;.</p><p>When you compare Maddy with mailcow, you will find that it offers some of the features you get with mailcow, meaning it is not just limited to outgoing emails like others.</p><p>Maddy is popular for its use case, where it can replace multiple options like Postfix with a single implementation. You can send/receive, and store messages with Maddy via SMTP and IMAP. The storage feature is in beta at the time of writing the article.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Lightweight</li><li>Replaces multiple use-cases that you get with options like Postfix</li><li>No dependency on Docker</li></ul><h2 id="9-dovecot">9. Dovecot</h2><p><a href="https://www.dovecot.org/?ref=itsfoss.com">Dovecot</a> is an open-source IMAP server that works as a Mail Delivery Agent. It can work together with Postfix as both do different things.</p><p>Compared to other solutions, it offers easy administration, reliable email-sending capabilities, and self-healing powers.</p><p>Dovecot offers a premium offering for large infrastructure with professional support.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Easy Administration</li><li>Self-healing capabilities</li><li>Performance-focused</li></ul><h2 id="10-posteio">10. Poste.io</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/poste-mailserver.png" class="kg-image" alt="Best Open Source Email Servers" loading="lazy" width="1200" height="691" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/poste-mailserver.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/poste-mailserver.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/poste-mailserver.png 1200w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p><a href="https://poste.io/?ref=itsfoss.com">Poste.io</a> utilizes mail server solutions like Haraku, Dovecot, and other open-source components. Ranging from tools for spam filtering to an antivirus engine.</p><p>If you want to set up an open-source mail server using some of these components and be able to manage and secure things easily, Poste.io is an excellent choice.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Easy to manage and build using multiple open-source mail server components</li><li>Admin panel interface</li></ul><h2 id="11-iredmail">11. iRedMail</h2><p><a href="https://www.iredmail.org/?ref=itsfoss.com">iRedMail</a> is similar to mailcow which helps you build a mail server utilizing various open-source components. You can also manage your calendars with the mail server created.</p><p>While you can set it up for yourself, it provides paid professional support if you need it.</p><p>You get a web panel, Linux distro support to host it on, and the ability to create unlimited accounts.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Easy to use</li><li>Web panel for easy management</li></ul><h2 id="12-mailu">12. Mailu</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/mailu.png" class="kg-image" alt="Best Open Source Email Servers" loading="lazy" width="1126" height="284" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/mailu.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/mailu.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/mailu.png 1126w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p><a href="https://mailu.io/2.0/?ref=itsfoss.com">Mailu</a> is a Docker-based mail server that gives you the best of everything while limiting some features.</p><p>That does not mean it is bad; Mailu aims to focus on the necessary features without adding many capabilities that are not useful for most. Even with this objective, it stands out by adding ARM support, Kubernetes support, and a couple more things.</p><p>You get a standard mail server, advanced email features, a web admin interface, and privacy-focused features.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Simple interface</li><li>Focused solution without bells and whistles</li><li>ARM support</li></ul><h2 id="ready-to-build-and-manage-your-email-server">Ready to Build and Manage Your Email Server?</h2><p>With open-source tools and email servers, you can take control of your data and manage/optimize email transactions for your business or website.</p><p>As I mentioned, it takes a lot of work to do it. So, open-source self-hostable email servers can work if you want to have a customized experience and have a team that can be responsible for it.</p><p>&#x1F4AC; <em>I am sure there are many more options, like </em><a href="https://mailinabox.email/?ref=itsfoss.com"><em>mail in a box</em></a><em>, to help you deploy a mail server quickly.</em></p><p><em>Here, we tried to pick the best ones for your convenience. What is your favorite open-source email server?</em></p>


link: https://fedoramagazine.org/contribute-at-the-fedora-linux-test-week-for-kernel-6-4/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cDovL2ZlZG9yYW1hZ2F6aW5lLm9yZy9mZWVkLw==
read: False
type: Rss
title: Contribute at the Fedora Linux Test Week for Kernel 6.4
categories: Events|Fedora Project community|Fedora kernel testing|Kernel|Kernel test week|Test Day|testing
comments_url: https://fedoramagazine.org/contribute-at-the-fedora-linux-test-week-for-kernel-6-4/feed/
description:
The kernel team is working on final integration for Linux kernel 6.4. This version was just recently released, and will arrive soon in Fedora Linux. As a result, the Fedora Linux kernel and QA teams have organized a test week from Sunday, July 09, 2023 to Sunday, July 16, 2023. The wiki page in this [&#8230;]

content:
<p>The kernel team is working on final integration for Linux kernel 6.4. This version was just recently released, and will arrive soon in Fedora Linux. As a result, the Fedora Linux kernel and QA teams have organized a test week from Sunday, July 09, 2023 to Sunday, July 16, 2023. The wiki page in this article contains links to the test images you’ll need to participate. Please continue reading for details.</p>



<span id="more-38505"></span>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>How does a test week work?</strong></h2>



<p>A test week is an event where anyone can help ensure changes in Fedora Linux work well in an upcoming release. Fedora community members often participate, and the public is welcome at these events. If you’ve never contributed before, this is a perfect way to get started.</p>



<p>To contribute, you only need to be able to do the following things:</p>



<ul>
<li>Download test materials, which include some large files</li>



<li>Read and follow directions step by step</li>
</ul>



<p>The&nbsp;<a href="http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Test_Day:2023-07-09_Kernel_6.4_Test_Week" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wiki page</a>&nbsp;for the kernel test day has a lot of good information on what and how to test. After you’ve done some testing, you can log your results in the <a href="https://testdays.fedoraproject.org/events/160" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">test day&nbsp;web application</a>. If you’re available on or around the days of the event, please do some testing and report your results. We have <a href="https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/quick-docs/kernel/howto-kernel-testday/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">a document which provides&nbsp;all the necessary steps</a>.</p>



<p>Happy testing, and we hope to see you on one of the test days.</p>


link: https://fedoramagazine.org/how-to-use-testing-farm-outside-of-rhel/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cDovL2ZlZG9yYW1hZ2F6aW5lLm9yZy9mZWVkLw==
read: False
type: Rss
title: How to use Testing Farm outside of RHEL
categories: For Developers|ci|GitHub|kafka|Packit|strimzi|testing
comments_url: https://fedoramagazine.org/how-to-use-testing-farm-outside-of-rhel/feed/
description:
Find out how to on-board a strimzi-kafka-operator test suite to a testing-farm. Create a test plan in fmf, define the jobs for packit-as-a-service, and run tests in the testing-farm environment.

content:
<p>Continuous integration in public projects is widely used. But it has limitations such as the size of the resources and the execution time. For instance, when you use GitHub actions free tier, you are limited to agents with 2cpu and 7GiB of memory and a total execution time of 2000 minutes per month. Similar limitations are used by other CI providers like Azure Pipelines or Travis CI. The mentioned CI systems are popular. But for some use cases, free tier is not enough. Fortunately, for community projects which are maintained or co-maintained by Red Hat or Fedora/CentOS projects, there is Testing Farm.</p>



<span id="more-38493"></span>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Testing Farm</h2>



<p><a href="https://docs.testing-farm.io/general/0.1/index.html"><u>Testing Farm</u></a> is an open-source testing system offered as a service. Users can use Testing Farm in many ways &#8212; use CLI from the user&#8217;s local machine to create a machine for running the tests, integrate it into the project as a CI check via <a href="https://github.com/sclorg/testing-farm-as-github-action"><u>GitHub Actions</u></a> or <a href="https://packit.dev/"><u>Packit</u></a>, or just send HTTP requests to the service <a href="https://testing-farm.gitlab.io/api/"><u>API</u></a> with desired requirements.</p>



<p>The tests are defined via <a href="https://tmt.readthedocs.io/"><u>tmt</u></a> &#8212; Test Management Tool &#8212; that allows users to manage and execute tests in different environments. In case you are interested in more details about how Fedora manages the testing via tmt check the <a href="https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/ci/tmt/"><u>Fedora CI documentation</u></a>.</p>



<p>This blog post will focus on how to use Testing Farm with projects that have tests written and managed in different testing frameworks like JUnit.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Strimzi e2e tests</h3>



<p>As a reference project we use <a href="https://github.com/strimzi/strimzi-kafka-operator"><u>strimzi-kafka-operator</u></a> and its test suite. Test suite is written in Java and uses the Junit5 test framework. As an execution environment it requires a Kubernetes platform like OpenShift, Minikube, EKS, or similar. Due to these requirements it is not easy to run the tests with the full potential of parallel tests execution on Azure (used as the main CI tool in Strimzi organization).</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">How to onboard</h3>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Get the secret</h4>



<p>As the first step, you need to get access to the Testing Farm API. To achieve that you should follow the <a href="https://docs.testing-farm.io/general/0.1/onboarding.html"><u>onboarding guide</u></a> which is a part of the official documentation. This secret is specific to the user and is used for authentication and authorization to the service.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Add tmt to your project</h4>



<p>Even if users don&#8217;t use tmt for test case management, there are several parts to implement in the project to make Testing Farm understand your needs.</p>



<p>At first, you have to mark the root folder in your project with the <kbd>.fmf</kbd> directory, this can be done by using the <kbd>tmt init</kbd> command. For more details you can check our configuration in the Strimzi <a href="https://github.com/strimzi/strimzi-kafka-operator/tree/main/.fmf"><u>repository</u></a>.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Plan</h4>



<p>Plan for Testing Farm contains a test plan definition. This definition is composed of hardware requirements, preparation steps for creating a VM executor and specific plans. Specific plan defines selectors for tests that should be executed. As part of preparation steps we also spin-up the Minikube cluster and build and push Strimzi container images used during testing. On the bottom of the file we specify specific test plan names and its configuration for executions of specific tests defined later in this article.</p>



<p>You can see an example of our plan below.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted"># TMT test plan definition
# https://tmt.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview.html

# Baseline common for all test plans
###########################################################
summary: Strimzi test suite
discover:
  how: fmf

# Required HW
provision:
  hardware:
    memory: "&gt;= 24 GiB"
    cpu:
      processors: "&gt;= 8"

# Install required packages and scripts for running strimzi suite
prepare:
  - name: Install packages
    how: install
    package:
      - wget
      - java-17-openjdk-devel
      - xz
      - make
      - git
      - zip
      - coreutils

... ommited

  - name: Build strimzi images
    how: shell
    script: |
      # build images
      eval $(minikube docker-env)
      ARCH=$(uname -m)
      if [[ ${ARCH} == "aarch64" ]]; then
        export DOCKER_BUILD_ARGS="--platform linux/arm64 --build-arg TARGETPLATFORM=linux/arm64"
      fi
      export MVN_ARGS="-B -DskipTests -Dmaven.javadoc.skip=true --no-transfer-progress"
      export DOCKER_REGISTRY="localhost:5000"
      export DOCKER_ORG="strimzi"
      export DOCKER_TAG="test"
      
      make java_install
      make docker_build
      make docker_tag
      make docker_push

# Discover tmt defined tests in tests/ folder
execute:
  how: tmt

# Post install step to copy logs
finish:
  how: shell
  script: ./systemtest/tmt/scripts/copy-logs.sh
###########################################################

/smoke:
  summary: Run smoke strimzi test suite
  discover+:
    test:
      - smoke

/regression-operators:
  summary: Run regression strimzi test suite
  discover+:
    test:
      - regression-operators

/regression-components:
  summary: Run regression strimzi test suite
  discover+:
    test:
      - regression-components

/kraft-operators:
  summary: Run regression kraft strimzi test suite
  discover+:
    test:
      - kraft-operators

/kraft-components:
  summary: Run regression kraft strimzi test suite
  discover+:
    test:
      - kraft-components

/upgrade:
  summary: Run upgrade strimzi test suite
  provision:
    hardware:
      memory: "&gt;= 8 GiB"
      cpu:
        processors: "&gt;= 4"
  discover+:
    test:
      - upgrade</pre>



<p>To see the full version check <a href="https://github.com/strimzi/strimzi-kafka-operator/blob/main/systemtest/tmt/plans/main.fmf">our repository</a>.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Tests</h4>



<p>As a next step we need to say how to execute tests. We created a <a href="https://github.com/strimzi/strimzi-kafka-operator/blob/main/systemtest/tmt/tests/strimzi/test.sh"><u>simple shell script</u></a> which just calls maven command to execute Strimzi test suite. We also defined metadata for tests which specify environment variables for test suites and also other configuration like timeout, end others.</p>



<p>In this test metadata example you can see that we specify default env variables and configuration and specific tests override this configuration.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">test:
  ./test.sh
duration: 2h
environment:
  DOCKER_ORG: "strimzi"
  DOCKER_TAG: "test"
  TEST_LOG_DIR: "systemtest/target/logs"
  TESTS: ""
  TEST_GROUPS: ""
  EXCLUDED_TEST_GROUPS: "loadbalancer"
  CLUSTER_OPERATOR_INSTALLTYPE: bundle
adjust:
  - environment+:
      EXCLUDED_TEST_GROUPS: "loadbalancer,arm64unsupported"
    when: arch == aarch64, arm64

/smoke:
  summary: Run smoke strimzi test suite
  tag: [smoke]
  duration: 20m
  tier: 1
  environment+:
    TEST_PROFILE: smoke

/upgrade:
  summary: Run upgrade strimzi test suite
  tag: [strimzi, kafka, upgrade]
  duration: 5h
  tier: 2
  environment+:
    TEST_PROFILE: upgrade

/regression-operators:
  summary: Run regression strimzi test suite
  tag: [strimzi, kafka, regression, operators]
  duration: 10h
  tier: 2
  environment+:
    TEST_PROFILE: operators

/regression-components:
  summary: Run regression strimzi test suite
  tag: [strimzi, kafka, regression, components]
  duration: 12h
  tier: 2
  environment+:
    TEST_PROFILE: components

/kraft-operators:
  summary: Run regression kraft strimzi test suite
  tag: [strimzi, kafka, kraft, operators]
  duration: 8h
  tier: 2
  environment+:
    TEST_PROFILE: operators
    STRIMZI_FEATURE_GATES: "+UseKRaft,+StableConnectIdentities"

/kraft-components:
  summary: Run regression kraft strimzi test suite
  tag: [strimzi, kafka, kraft, components]
  duration: 8h
  tier: 2
  environment+:
    TEST_PROFILE: components
    STRIMZI_FEATURE_GATES: "+UseKRaft,+StableConnectIdentities"</pre>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Run Testing Farm from command line</h4>



<p>Finally, we can try our changes via cmd. We need to have the Testing Farm CLI tool installed and also API token. To install Testing Farm CLI follow this <a href="https://gitlab.com/testing-farm/cli#user-content-installation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><u>guide</u></a>.</p>



<p>For example, we can run a smoke test on fedora-38 with both architectures, which means x86_64 and aarch64 just by one command.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">$ testing-farm request --compose Fedora-38 --git-url https://github.com/strimzi/strimzi-kafka-operator.git --git-ref main --arch x86_64,aarch64  --plan smoke

<img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/14.0.0/72x72/1f4e6.png" alt="" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /> repository https://github.com/strimzi/strimzi-kafka-operator.git ref main test-type fmf
<img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/14.0.0/72x72/1f4bb.png" alt="" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /> Fedora-38 on x86_64
<img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/14.0.0/72x72/1f4bb.png" alt="" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /> Fedora-38 on aarch64
<img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/14.0.0/72x72/1f50e.png" alt="" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /> api https://api.dev.testing-farm.io/v0.1/requests/*******-40ba-8a45-3c1fbe3da73a
<img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/14.0.0/72x72/1f4a1.png" alt="" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /> waiting for request to finish, use ctrl+c to skip
<img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/14.0.0/72x72/1f476.png" alt="" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /> request is waiting to be queued
<img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/14.0.0/72x72/1f477.png" alt="" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /> request is queued
<img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/14.0.0/72x72/1f680.png" alt="" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /> request is running
<img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/14.0.0/72x72/1f6a2.png" alt="" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /> artifacts https://artifacts.dev.testing-farm.io/*******-40ba-8a45-3c1fbe3da73a</pre>



<p>When the test run is completed we can see results in web UI.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="581" src="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/screenshot_2023-06-15_at_13.33.12-1024x581.png" alt="" class="wp-image-38494" srcset="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/screenshot_2023-06-15_at_13.33.12-1024x581.png 1024w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/screenshot_2023-06-15_at_13.33.12-300x170.png 300w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/screenshot_2023-06-15_at_13.33.12-768x435.png 768w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/screenshot_2023-06-15_at_13.33.12-1536x871.png 1536w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/screenshot_2023-06-15_at_13.33.12-2048x1161.png 2048w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/screenshot_2023-06-15_at_13.33.12-816x463.png 816w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Packit</h2>



<p>Testing Farm deals with resource problems. But we still need to deal with execution time limits. In Strimzi, our full regression takes around 20 hours which is insane to run on GitHub Actions and it is quite complicated to run it on Azure Pipelines. Here comes <a href="https://packit.dev/"><u>Packit</u></a> service.</p>



<p>Packit is an open-source project aiming to ease the integration of your project with Fedora Linux, CentOS Stream and other distributions. Packit is mostly used by projects that build RPM packages. However, it can be easily used only for triggering tests on Testing Farm.</p>



<p>To use Packit service users should follow the <a href="https://packit.dev/docs/guide/"><u>onboarding guide</u></a>. We are using Packit on GitHub so we just installed the application and granted access to our organization.</p>



<p>After finishing the onboarding, users can create a configuration file for Packit in the repository. You can see our small example below. Because we just want to run tests, we use jobs: tests but users can use different kinds of jobs and triggers. To see the full options for Packit we suggest checking the <a href="https://packit.dev/docs/configuration/"><u>documentation</u></a> or <a href="https://developers.redhat.com/articles/2022/08/16/how-set-packit-simplify-upstream-project-integration"><u>this blog post</u></a>.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted"># Default packit instance is a prod and only this is used
# stg instance is present for testing new packit features in forked repositories where stg is installed.
packit_instances: ["prod", "stg"]
upstream_project_url: https://github.com/strimzi/strimzi-kafka-operator
issue_repository: https://github.com/strimzi/strimzi-kafka-operator
jobs:
  - job: tests
    trigger: pull_request
    # Suffix for job name
    identifier: "upgrade"
    targets:
      # This target is not used at all by our tests, but it has to be one of the available - https://packit.dev/docs/configuration/#aliases
      - centos-stream-9-x86_64
      - centos-stream-9-aarch64
    # We don't need to build any packages for Fedora/RHEL/CentOS, it is not related to Strimzi tests
    skip_build: true
    manual_trigger: true
    labels:
      - upgrade
    tf_extra_params:
      test:
        fmf:
          name: upgrade
  ###########################################################

  - job: tests
    trigger: pull_request
    # Suffix for job name
    identifier: "regression-operators"
    targets:
      # This target is not used at all by our tests, but it has to be one of the available - https://packit.dev/docs/configuration/#aliases
      - centos-stream-9-x86_64
      - centos-stream-9-aarch64
    # We don't need to build any packages for Fedora/RHEL/CentOS, it is not related to Strimzi tests
    skip_build: true
    manual_trigger: true
    labels:
      - regression
      - operators
      - regression-operators
      - ro
    tf_extra_params:
      test:
        fmf:
          name: regression-operators
.. ommited</pre>



<p>The full <a href="https://github.com/strimzi/strimzi-kafka-operator/blob/main/.packit.yaml" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><u>.packit.yaml</u></a> file is available on Strimzi GitHub.</p>



<p>If you successfully onboard to Packit service you will see the triggered check in GitHub pull request like on the picture bottom.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex">
<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="997" height="840" data-id="38495"  src="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/screenshot_2023-06-15_at_14.08.51.png" alt="" class="wp-image-38495" srcset="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/screenshot_2023-06-15_at_14.08.51.png 997w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/screenshot_2023-06-15_at_14.08.51-300x253.png 300w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/screenshot_2023-06-15_at_14.08.51-768x647.png 768w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/screenshot_2023-06-15_at_14.08.51-816x688.png 816w" sizes="(max-width: 997px) 100vw, 997px" /></figure>
</figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



<p>In this article, you&#8217;ve seen how to set up and use Testing Farm together with Packit. These two services make your upstream project very easily built and tested and now nothing stops you from on-boarding and using it!</p>


