# syndication_item

link: https://itsfoss.com/cd-command/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: Using cd Command in Linux
categories: Linux Commands
description:
Learn about using one of the basic but essential Linux commands that is used for switching directories.

content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cd-command.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux"><p>The cd command in Linux is used for changing directories. cd is actually short for change directories.</p>
<p>It&apos;s one of the <a href="https://itsfoss.com/essential-ubuntu-commands/">essential Linux commands</a> that you must know. </p>
<p>Using the cd command is quite simple:</p>
<pre><code>cd path_to_directory</code></pre>
<p>It cannot go any simple than this, can it?</p>
<p>However, it&apos;s the path part that you should understand to easily travel through the <a href="https://linuxhandbook.com/linux-directory-structure/?ref=itsfoss.com">filesystem</a> without getting confused.</p>
<p>Here&apos;s a quick recall of absolute and relative paths.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://linuxhandbook.com/content/images/2021/04/absolute-vs-relative-path-linux.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux" loading="lazy"></figure>
<p>And if you need more details, I recommend reading this article.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://linuxhandbook.com/absolute-vs-relative-path/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Absolute vs Relative Path in Linux: What&#x2019;s the Difference?</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">In this essential Linux learning chapter, know about the relative and absolute paths in Linux. What&#x2019;s the difference between them and which one should you use.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://linuxhandbook.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2021/08/Linux-Handbook-New-Logo.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">Abhishek Prakash</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Linux Handbook</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://linuxhandbook.com/content/images/2021/04/absolute-relative-path-linux.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux"></div></a></figure>
<p>Let&apos;s see some examples of using the cd command.</p>
<h2 id="use-absolute-path-to-change-the-directory">Use absolute path to change the directory</h2>
<p>It will be easier to understand visually. Look at the image below.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/absolute-path-cd-1.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="800" height="500" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/absolute-path-cd-1.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/absolute-path-cd-1.png 800w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption><span>Absolute path travel to the python directory</span></figcaption></figure>
<p>My current location is my home directory (<code>/home/abhishek</code>) and I have to go to the <code>python</code> directory inside the <code>scripts</code> directory.</p>
<p>Let&apos;s say I want to use the absolute path. The absolute path to the pyth<code>/home/abhishek/scripts/python</code>.</p>
<pre><code>cd /home/abhishek/scripts/python</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cd-absolute-path.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1644" height="698" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/cd-absolute-path.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/cd-absolute-path.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/cd-absolute-path.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cd-absolute-path.png 1644w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<h2 id="use-relative-path-to-change-directories">Use relative path to change directories</h2>
<p>Let&apos;s take the same example but this time, I&apos;ll take the relative path.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/absolute-path-cd-2.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="800" height="500" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/absolute-path-cd-2.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/absolute-path-cd-2.png 800w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>The relative path to the <code>python</code> directory from my home directory is <code>scripts/python</code>. Let&apos;s use this:</p>
<pre><code>cd scripts/python</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cd-relative-path.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1644" height="698" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/cd-relative-path.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/cd-relative-path.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/cd-relative-path.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cd-relative-path.png 1644w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<h2 id="go-up-the-directory">Go up the directory</h2>
<p>So far, you are going down the &apos;flow&apos;. What if you have to go up a directory?</p>
<p>Let&apos;s say, you are in <code>/home/abhishek/scripts/python</code> and you have to up a directory to <code>scripts</code>?.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/relative-path-cd.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="800" height="500" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/relative-path-cd.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/relative-path-cd.png 800w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>Using the absolute path is always an option but it is quite lengthy. Instead, you can use the special directory notation <code>..</code>. The double dots (..) mean parent directory or up a directory. Single dot (.) means the current directory.</p>
<pre><code>cd ..</code></pre>
<p>Here&apos;s an example:</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cd-up-directory.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1644" height="698" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/cd-up-directory.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/cd-up-directory.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/cd-up-directory.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cd-up-directory.png 1644w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>You can use the <code>..</code> to travel up the path in the Linux filesystem hierarchy.</p>
<p>Suppose I am in the <code>python</code> directory in the above image and want to go to the <code>code</code> directory. Here&apos;s what I could do:</p>
<pre><code>cd ../../code</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/go-up-directory-cd-command.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1644" height="698" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/go-up-directory-cd-command.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/go-up-directory-cd-command.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/go-up-directory-cd-command.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/go-up-directory-cd-command.png 1644w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<h2 id="go-to-the-home-directory">Go to the home directory</h2>
<p>If you feel lost in all these directory travels and want to go back home, there are so many simple shortcuts.</p>
<p>In fact, the simplest of them is to use the cd command without any option.</p>
<pre><code>cd</code></pre>
<p>That will take you back to your home directory from anywhere on the filesystem.</p>
<p>Alternatively, you can use the <code>~</code> notation which means home directory.</p>
<pre><code>cd ~</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cd-go-back-home.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1644" height="664" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/cd-go-back-home.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/cd-go-back-home.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/cd-go-back-home.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cd-go-back-home.png 1644w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<h2 id="go-to-the-root-directory">Go to the root directory</h2>
<p>Though you won&apos;t use it as often as the previous one, it is still good to know.</p>
<p>If you want to go back to the root directory from where the filesystem begins, use this:</p>
<pre><code>cd /</code></pre>
<p>There is no &apos;magic&apos; involved here. <code>/</code> denotes root when used at the beginning of a path. Don&apos;t confuse it with path separators.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://linuxhandbook.com/content/images/2021/04/path-linux.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux" loading="lazy"></figure>
<h2 id="switch-back-to-the-previous-directory">Switch back to the previous directory</h2>
<p>This is a lifesaver or should I say timesaver. When you are deep inside a directory structure and then go to another directory and then you feel the need to go back to the previous location, this shortcut helps.</p>
<pre><code>cd -</code></pre>
<p>Not clear yet? Let me show an example.</p>
<p>I am in the location <code>/etc/apt/sources.list.d</code>. From here, I go to <code>/home/abhishek/scripts/python</code> to work on my code. And then I realized that I have to check something again in <code>/etc/apt/sources.list.d</code> directory.</p>
<p>The usual approach would be to do this which makes me type all the path again:</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cd-previous-directory.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1866" height="768" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/cd-previous-directory.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/cd-previous-directory.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/cd-previous-directory.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cd-previous-directory.png 1866w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>But the smart approach is to use this:</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/use-cd-shortcut-to-previous-directory-1.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1866" height="768" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/use-cd-shortcut-to-previous-directory-1.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/use-cd-shortcut-to-previous-directory-1.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/use-cd-shortcut-to-previous-directory-1.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/use-cd-shortcut-to-previous-directory-1.png 1866w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>See, no need to type the lengthy path again. Works wonder!</p>
<h2 id="%F0%9F%8F%8B%EF%B8%8F-exercise-time">&#x1F3CB;&#xFE0F; Exercise time</h2>
<p>If you want to practice the cd command, here&apos;s a little practice exercise for you.</p>
<ul><li>Open a terminal and go to the <code>/var/log</code> directory. <a href="https://itsfoss.com/list-directory-content/">Check the directory contents</a>. What do you see?</li><li>Now, go to <code>/var</code> directory. This is up a directory.</li><li>From here, go back to your home directory. </li></ul>
<p>And that&apos;s good enough content for you to get familiar with the cd command. Here are some other important commands you should know about.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/essential-ubuntu-commands/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">31 Basic Yet Essential Ubuntu Commands</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">An extensive list of essential Linux commands that every Ubuntu user will find helpful in their Linux journey.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">Abhishek Prakash</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">It&apos;s FOSS</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2022/11/must-know-linux-commands-for-ubuntu-user.png" alt="Using cd Command in Linux"></div></a></figure>
<p>Let me know if you have questions or suggestions.</p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/bash-use-variables/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: Bash Basics Series #2: Using Variables in Bash
description: In this chapter of the Bash Basics series, learn about using variables in Bash scripts.
categories: Bash Basics
content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/variables-in-bash.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #2: Using Variables in Bash"><p>In the first part of the Bash Basics Series, I briefly mentioned variables. It is time to take a detailed look at them in this chapter.</p>
<p>If you have ever done any kind of coding, you must be familiar with the term &apos;variable&apos;. </p>
<p>If not, think of a variable as a box that holds up information, and this information can be changed over time.</p>
<p>Let&apos;s see about using them.</p>
<h2 id="using-variables-in-bash-shell">Using variables in Bash shell</h2>
<p>Open a terminal and use initialize a variable with a random number 4:</p>
<pre><code>var=4</code></pre>
<p>So now you have a variable named <code>var</code> and its value is <code>4</code>. Want to verify it? <strong>Access the value of a variable by adding $ before the variable name</strong>. It&apos;s called parameter expansion.</p>
<pre><code>abhishek@itsfoss:~$ echo The value of var is $var
The value of var is 4</code></pre>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-red"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F6A7;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>There must NOT be a space before or after </span><code><span>=</span></code><span> during variable initialization.</span></p></div></div>
<p>If you want, you can change the value to something else:</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/Using-variables-in-shell.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #2: Using Variables in Bash" loading="lazy" width="1592" height="740" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/Using-variables-in-shell.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/Using-variables-in-shell.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/Using-variables-in-shell.png 1592w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>In Bash shell, a variable can be a number, character, or string (of characters including spaces).</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/bash-variables-types.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #2: Using Variables in Bash" loading="lazy" width="1826" height="680" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/bash-variables-types.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/bash-variables-types.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/bash-variables-types.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/bash-variables-types.png 1826w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-green"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4A1;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>Like other things in Linux, the variable names are also case-sensitive. They can consist of letters, numbers and the underscore &quot;_&quot;.</span></p></div></div>
<h2 id="using-variables-in-bash-scripts">Using variables in Bash scripts</h2>
<p>Did you notice that I didn&apos;t run a shell script to show the variable examples? You can do a lot of things in the shell directly. When you close the terminal, those variables you created will no longer exist.</p>
<p>However, your distro usually adds global variables so that they can be accessed across all of your scripts and shells.</p>
<p>Let&apos;s write some scripts again. You should have the script directory created earlier but this command will take care of that in either case:</p>
<pre><code>mkdir -p bash_scripts &amp;&amp; cd bash_scripts</code></pre>
<p>Basically, it will create <code>bash_scripts</code> directory if it doesn&apos;t exist already and then switch to that directory.</p>
<p>Here. let&apos;s create a new script named <code>knock.sh</code> with the following text.</p>
<pre><code>#!/bin/bash

echo knock, knock
echo &quot;Who&apos;s there?&quot;
echo &quot;It&apos;s me, $USER&quot;</code></pre>
<p>Change the file permission and run the script. You learned it in the previous chapter.</p>
<p>Here&apos;s what it produced for me:</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/using-global-variable-bash-script.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #2: Using Variables in Bash" loading="lazy" width="1826" height="680" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/using-global-variable-bash-script.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/using-global-variable-bash-script.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/using-global-variable-bash-script.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/using-global-variable-bash-script.png 1826w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p><strong>Did you notice how it added my name to it automatically?</strong> That&apos;s the magic of the global variable $USER that contains the username.</p>
<p>You may also notice that I used the &quot; sometimes with echo but not other times. That was deliberate. <a href="https://linuxhandbook.com/quotes-in-bash/?ref=itsfoss.com">Quotes in bash</a> have special meanings. They can be used to handle white spaces and other special characters. Let me show an example.</p>
<h2 id="handling-spaces-in-variables">Handling spaces in variables</h2>
<p>Let&apos;s say you have to use a variable called <code>greetings</code> that has the value <code>hello and welcome</code>.</p>
<p>If you try initializing the variable like this:</p>
<pre><code>greetings=Hello and Welcome</code></pre>
<p>You&apos;ll get an error like this:</p>
<pre><code>Command &apos;and&apos; not found, but can be installed with:
sudo apt install and</code></pre>
<p>This is why you need to use either single quotes or double quotes:</p>
<pre><code>greetings=&quot;Hello and Welcome&quot;</code></pre>
<p>And now you can use this variable as you want.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/using-spaces-in-bash-variable.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #2: Using Variables in Bash" loading="lazy" width="1826" height="750" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/using-spaces-in-bash-variable.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/using-spaces-in-bash-variable.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/using-spaces-in-bash-variable.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/using-spaces-in-bash-variable.png 1826w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<h2 id="assign-the-command-output-to-a-variable">Assign the command output to a variable</h2>
<p>Yes! You can store the output of a command in a variable and use them in your script. It&apos;s called command substitution.</p>
<pre><code>var=$(command)</code></pre>
<p>Here&apos;s an example:</p>
<pre><code>abhishek@itsfoss:~$ today=$(date +%D)
abhishek@itsfoss:~$ echo &quot;Today&apos;s date is $today&quot;
Today&apos;s date is 06/19/23
abhishek@itsfoss:~$ 
</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/command-substitue-bash-variable.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #2: Using Variables in Bash" loading="lazy" width="1826" height="644" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/command-substitue-bash-variable.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/command-substitue-bash-variable.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/command-substitue-bash-variable.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/command-substitue-bash-variable.png 1826w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>The older syntax used backticks instead of $() for the command substitution. While it may still work, you should use the new, recommended notation.</p>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-green"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4A1;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>Variables change the value unless you declare a &apos;constant&apos; variable like this: </span><code><span>readonly pi=3.14</span></code><span>. In this case, the value of variable </span><code><span>pi</span></code><span> cannot be changed because it was declared </span><code><span>readonly</span></code><span>.</span></p></div></div>
<h2 id="%F0%9F%8F%8B%EF%B8%8F-exercise-time">&#x1F3CB;&#xFE0F; Exercise time</h2>
<p>Time to practice what you learned. Here are some exercise to test your learning.</p>
<p><strong>Exercise 1</strong>: Write a bash script that prints your username, present working directory, home directory and default shell in the following format.</p>
<pre><code>Hello, there
My name is XYZ
My current location is XYZ
My home directory is XYZ
My default shell is XYZ</code></pre>
<p><strong>Hint</strong>: Use global variables $USER, $PWD, $HOME and $SHELL.</p>
<p><strong>Exercise 2: </strong>Write a bash script that declares a variable named <code>price</code>. Use it to get the output in the following format:</p>
<pre><code>Today&apos;s price is $X
Tomorrow&apos;s price is $Y</code></pre>
<p>Where X is the initial value of the variable <code>price</code> and it is doubled for tomorrow&apos;s prices.</p>
<p><strong>Hint</strong>: Use / to escape the special character $.</p>
<p>The answers to the exercises can be discussed in this dedicated thread in the community.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.community/t/practice-exercise-in-bash-basics-series-2-using-variables-in-bash/10742?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Practice Exercise in Bash Basics Series #2: Using Variables in Bash</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">If you are following the Bash Basics series on It&#x2019;s FOSS, you can submit and discuss the answers to the exercise at the end of the chapter: Fellow experienced members are encouraged to provide their feedback to new members. Do note that there could be more than one answer to a given problem.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.community/uploads/default/optimized/1X/f274f9749e3fd8b4d6fbae1cf90c5c186d2f699c_2_180x180.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #2: Using Variables in Bash"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">abhishek</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">It&apos;s FOSS Community</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.community/uploads/default/original/1X/f274f9749e3fd8b4d6fbae1cf90c5c186d2f699c.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #2: Using Variables in Bash"></div></a></figure>
<p>In the next chapter of the Bash Basics Series, you&apos;ll see how to make the bash scripts interactive by passing arguments and accepting user inputs.</p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/open-source-email-servers/
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read: False
type: Rss
title: Best Open Source Email Servers
description: Here's a list of open-source mail servers that you can use to send/receive emails and store mail.
categories: Software Recommendation
content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/opensource-email-servers.png" alt="Best Open Source Email Servers"><p>It is convenient to use email services like Gmail, Proton Mail, and Outlook to send and receive emails, no matter what <a href="https://itsfoss.com/best-email-clients-linux/">email client</a> you use.</p><p>And, for all of that, you utilize their mail servers for email transactions. So, your emails&apos; security, reliability, and privacy depend on someone else.</p><p>But what if you want to own your email infrastructure and have the data in your control? You need an open-source email server, which should solve your problem.</p><p>If you are still curious, an email server lets you:</p><ul><li><strong>Build your mail backend to store email accounts</strong></li><li><strong>Take control of the security and reliability by self-hosting</strong></li><li><strong>Host on your preferred server architecture</strong></li><li><strong>It gives you the ability to make unlimited accounts</strong></li></ul><p>Of course, this is not for the end users. Sysadmins in small to midscale businesses, self hosters will find these software interesting.</p><p>Considering now you have an idea of the benefits of an open-source email server, here are some of the best options that you can find:</p><div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-blue"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4CB;</div><div class="kg-callout-text">The list includes mail servers and some solutions that make it possible to build/create an email server. Some might offer managed services and others can be self-hosted.</div></div><h2 id="1-postal">1. Postal </h2><figure class="kg-card kg-embed-card"><iframe width="200" height="113" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/d1Lzw_Q_fJQ?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen title="Installing Postal and a quick tour"></iframe></figure><p><a href="https://github.com/postalserver/postal?ref=itsfoss.com">Postal</a> is a feature-rich mail server that can be utilized by websites and servers. It is <strong>tailored for outgoing emails</strong> with no mailbox management features.</p><p>The <a href="https://docs.postalserver.io/?ref=itsfoss.com">documentation</a> is helpful to get started with all the essentials. You can utilize a docker and configure Postal on your server. </p><p>With Postal, you can create mail servers/users for multiple organizations, access outgoing/incoming message queue, real-time delivery information, and built-in features to ensure emails get delivered.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Real-time delivery information</li><li>Click and open the tracking</li><li>Tailored for outgoing emails</li></ul><div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-red"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F6A7;</div><div class="kg-callout-text">Maintaining and configuring your email server is not an easy task. You should only proceed with setting up a mail server if you know all it takes to send/receive emails reliably.</div></div><h2 id="2-mailcow">2. mailcow</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/mailcow-ui.jpg" class="kg-image" alt="Best Open Source Email Servers" loading="lazy" width="1496" height="862" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/mailcow-ui.jpg 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/mailcow-ui.jpg 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/mailcow-ui.jpg 1496w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p><a href="https://mailcow.email/?ref=itsfoss.com">mailcow</a> is a mail server suite with tools that help you build a web server, manage your mailbox, and more.</p><p>If you are not looking to send transactional emails, mailcow has your back. You can consider it as a groupware.</p><p>Like other mail servers, it works with Docker, where each container represents an application, all connected.</p><p>mailcow&apos;s web interface lets you do everything from a single place. You can explore more about the project on its <a href="https://github.com/mailcow/mailcow-dockerized?ref=itsfoss.com">GitHub page</a> or <a href="https://docs.mailcow.email/?ref=itsfoss.com">documentation</a>.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Easy to manage and update</li><li>Affordable paid support</li><li>Can be coupled with other mail servers if needed</li></ul><p><strong>Suggested Read &#x1F4D6;</strong></p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://linuxhandbook.com/smtp-services/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">10 Free &amp; Paid SMTP Services For Transactional and Bulk Emails</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Here are some of the most popular SMTP relay services with their plans for your web app notifications.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://linuxhandbook.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2021/08/Linux-Handbook-New-Logo.png" alt="Best Open Source Email Servers"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">Linux Handbook</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Avimanyu Bandyopadhyay</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://linuxhandbook.com/content/images/2021/04/smtp-services.jpg" alt="Best Open Source Email Servers"></div></a></figure><h2 id="3-cuttlefish">3. Cuttlefish</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cuttlefish-ui.png" class="kg-image" alt="Best Open Source Email Servers" loading="lazy" width="683" height="516" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/cuttlefish-ui.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cuttlefish-ui.png 683w"></figure><p>Want a simple transactional email server? <a href="https://cuttlefish.io/?ref=itsfoss.com">Cuttlefish</a> is a no-nonsense open-source mail server that is incredibly easy to use.</p><p>You get a simple web UI to check the stats and keep an eye on your outgoing emails.</p><p>Compared to some full-fledged email services like Sendgird or Mailgun, Cuttlefish does not offer all kinds of features, <strong>considering it is in beta</strong> at the time. You can only opt for it if you need something super simple and you want to work reliably.</p><p>Explore more about it on its <a href="https://github.com/mlandauer/cuttlefish?ref=itsfoss.com">GitHub page</a>.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights </strong></p><ul><li>Simple transactional email server</li><li>Easy to use</li></ul><h2 id="4-apache-james">4. Apache James</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/james.jpg" class="kg-image" alt="Best Open Source Email Servers" loading="lazy" width="885" height="385" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/james.jpg 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/james.jpg 885w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p><a href="https://james.apache.org/?ref=itsfoss.com">James</a> is short for <strong>Java Apache Mail Enterprise Server</strong>.</p><p>As the name suggests, it is an enterprise-focused open source mail server built with Java. You can use the email server as SMTP relay or an IMAP server, as per requirements.</p><p>Compared to others, James may not be the easiest to configure or install. However, you can look at its <a href="https://james.apache.org/server/install.html?ref=itsfoss.com">documentation</a> or <a href="https://github.com/apache/james-project?ref=itsfoss.com">GitHub page</a> to judge for yourself. </p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Easy administration after setup</li><li>Reliable and used by open-source enterprises</li><li>Distributed server</li></ul><h2 id="5-haraka">5. Haraka</h2><p><a href="https://haraka.github.io/?ref=itsfoss.com">Haraka</a> is a modern open source SMTP server built with Node.js. If you can build it for your business/website, you do not need to look for other <a href="https://linuxhandbook.com/smtp-services/?ref=itsfoss.com">SMTP services</a>.</p><p>The mail server is tailored to provide the best performance. One of the highlights of Haraka is that it features a modular plugin system that will allow programmers to change the server&apos;s behavior to their heart&apos;s extent.</p><p>You can consider it an excellent scalable outbound mail delivery server. Some popular names like Craigslist and DuckDuckGo Email Protection make use of Haraka.</p><p>Explore more about it on its <a href="https://github.com/haraka/Haraka?ref=itsfoss.com">GitHub page</a>.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Built using Node.js</li><li>Plugin system to extend functionalities</li></ul><h2 id="6-modoboa">6. Modoboa</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/modoboa.jpg" class="kg-image" alt="Best Open Source Email Servers" loading="lazy" width="1184" height="688" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/modoboa.jpg 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/modoboa.jpg 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/modoboa.jpg 1184w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p><a href="https://modoboa.org/en/?ref=itsfoss.com">Modoboa</a> is an all-in-one open-source solution.</p><p>It can help you build a mail server and give you the ability to manage your emails. You can create calendars, add unlimited domains, create filtering rules, and access webmail. Modoboa also provides paid maintenance options if you want their professional help setting it up and managing it.</p><p>Not just an all-rounder solution, but it offers a quick way to get started with your email infrastructure.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>All-in-one option</li><li>Paid assistance available</li><li>Built-in monitoring</li></ul><h2 id="7-postfix">7. Postfix</h2><p>Postfix is a Mail Transfer Agent. It may not be a server on its own, but it couples with some other solutions that help you build an email server. </p><p>While mailcow includes <a href="https://www.postfix.org/?ref=itsfoss.com">Postfix</a> (and you can configure it along with similar solutions), you can choose to use it separately per your use case. Postfix is also the default Mail Transfer Agent in the Ubuntu server.</p><p>Postfix can be used as an external SMTP. Not to forget, you can also set up Postfix to <a href="https://www.linode.com/docs/guides/configure-postfix-to-send-mail-using-gmail-and-google-workspace-on-debian-or-ubuntu/?ref=itsfoss.com">work with Gmail</a>. It is easy to configure, and the documentation available for it is plenty useful.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Easy to configure</li><li>Flexible</li></ul><p><strong>Suggested Read &#x1F4D6;</strong></p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/secure-private-email-services/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Best Secure Email Services For Privacy Concerned People</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Can you call Gmail, Outlook, YahooMail etc secure email services? Well, they&#x2019;re definitely secure in the way that your data is (usually) safe from outside attackers. But when we talk of secure email service, the focus is on data security and privacy. Most of these free email services snoop</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="Best Open Source Email Servers"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Ankush Das</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2019/08/secure-email-services.png" alt="Best Open Source Email Servers"></div></a></figure><h2 id="8-maddy">8. Maddy</h2><p><a href="https://maddy.email/?ref=itsfoss.com">Maddy</a> is a great choice if you need a lightweight mail server implementation. The official description says it is a &quot;<em>Composable all-in-one mail server</em>&quot;.</p><p>When you compare Maddy with mailcow, you will find that it offers some of the features you get with mailcow, meaning it is not just limited to outgoing emails like others.</p><p>Maddy is popular for its use case, where it can replace multiple options like Postfix with a single implementation. You can send/receive, and store messages with Maddy via SMTP and IMAP. The storage feature is in beta at the time of writing the article.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Lightweight</li><li>Replaces multiple use-cases that you get with options like Postfix</li><li>No dependency on Docker</li></ul><h2 id="9-dovecot">9. Dovecot</h2><p><a href="https://www.dovecot.org/?ref=itsfoss.com">Dovecot</a> is an open-source IMAP server that works as a Mail Delivery Agent. It can work together with Postfix as both do different things.</p><p>Compared to other solutions, it offers easy administration, reliable email-sending capabilities, and self-healing powers.</p><p>Dovecot offers a premium offering for large infrastructure with professional support.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Easy Administration</li><li>Self-healing capabilities</li><li>Performance-focused</li></ul><h2 id="10-posteio">10. Poste.io</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/poste-mailserver.png" class="kg-image" alt="Best Open Source Email Servers" loading="lazy" width="1200" height="691" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/poste-mailserver.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/poste-mailserver.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/poste-mailserver.png 1200w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p><a href="https://poste.io/?ref=itsfoss.com">Poste.io</a> utilizes mail server solutions like Haraku, Dovecot, and other open-source components. Ranging from tools for spam filtering to an antivirus engine.</p><p>If you want to set up an open-source mail server using some of these components and be able to manage and secure things easily, Poste.io is an excellent choice.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Easy to manage and build using multiple open-source mail server components</li><li>Admin panel interface</li></ul><h2 id="11-iredmail">11. iRedMail</h2><p><a href="https://www.iredmail.org/?ref=itsfoss.com">iRedMail</a> is similar to mailcow which helps you build a mail server utilizing various open-source components. You can also manage your calendars with the mail server created.</p><p>While you can set it up for yourself, it provides paid professional support if you need it.</p><p>You get a web panel, Linux distro support to host it on, and the ability to create unlimited accounts.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Easy to use</li><li>Web panel for easy management</li></ul><h2 id="12-mailu">12. Mailu</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/mailu.png" class="kg-image" alt="Best Open Source Email Servers" loading="lazy" width="1126" height="284" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/mailu.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/mailu.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/mailu.png 1126w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p><a href="https://mailu.io/2.0/?ref=itsfoss.com">Mailu</a> is a Docker-based mail server that gives you the best of everything while limiting some features.</p><p>That does not mean it is bad; Mailu aims to focus on the necessary features without adding many capabilities that are not useful for most. Even with this objective, it stands out by adding ARM support, Kubernetes support, and a couple more things.</p><p>You get a standard mail server, advanced email features, a web admin interface, and privacy-focused features.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Simple interface</li><li>Focused solution without bells and whistles</li><li>ARM support</li></ul><h2 id="ready-to-build-and-manage-your-email-server">Ready to Build and Manage Your Email Server?</h2><p>With open-source tools and email servers, you can take control of your data and manage/optimize email transactions for your business or website.</p><p>As I mentioned, it takes a lot of work to do it. So, open-source self-hostable email servers can work if you want to have a customized experience and have a team that can be responsible for it.</p><p>&#x1F4AC; <em>I am sure there are many more options, like </em><a href="https://mailinabox.email/?ref=itsfoss.com"><em>mail in a box</em></a><em>, to help you deploy a mail server quickly.</em></p><p><em>Here, we tried to pick the best ones for your convenience. What is your favorite open-source email server?</em></p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/newsletter/foss-weekly-23-24/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]
description: It's FOSS is 11 years old now. Get a free Bash book to celebrate the occasion.
categories: Newsletter
content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/foss-weekly-23-24.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"><p>It&apos;s FOSS turns 11 &#x1F382;</p><p>Yes! It&apos;s been more than a decade of educating and promoting Linux. Seems so unreal &#x1F929;</p><p>I am giving away Bash it Out, an ebook of Bash puzzles, to celebrate this occasion.</p><p>Don&apos;t know Bash scripting? No worries. You can start learning it with our latest Bash Basics series.</p><p><strong><em>You could also <a href="https://itsfoss.com/11th-anniversary-offer">opt for Pro Subscription</a> on this occasion and get an 11% discount and two additional ebooks: <a href="https://linuxhandbook.gumroad.com/l/mEsrwA?ref=itsfoss.com">Learn Linux Quickly</a> and <a href="https://linuxhandbook.gumroad.com/l/ejfGu?ref=itsfoss.com">Learn Bash Quickly</a>.</em></strong></p><p>Pro members can download the books <a href="https://itsfoss.com/pro-resources/">from this page</a>.</p><p><strong>&#x1F4AC; Let&apos;s see what else you have in this edition of FOSS Weekly:</strong></p><ul><li>The new Bash Basics series begins.</li><li>Linus Torvalds was in the news for his comments yet again.</li><li>Debian 12 was released recently with many improvements.</li><li><a href="https://itsfoss.com/11th-anniversary-offer">11% celebratory discount on It&apos;s FOSS Pro subscription</a> (and two Linux and Bash books)</li><li>And other Linux news, videos, and, of course, memes!</li></ul><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%93%B0-linux-news">&#x1F4F0; Linux news</h2><p>Linus Torvalds recently reacted sternly to a comment on social.kernel.org.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://news.itsfoss.com/linus-torvalds-woke-communists/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">I am one of those &#x201C;woke communists&#x201D;: Linus Torvalds</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Linus Torvalds, another day, another firm stance, and a mini-rant reply to someone.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/08/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS News</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Ankush Das</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/torvalds-comment-controversy.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"></div></a></figure><p>Debian 12 &apos;Bookworm&apos; has landed with some pretty impressive improvements.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://news.itsfoss.com/debian-12-release/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Debian 12 &#x201C;Bookworm&#x201D; Has Landed</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Debian&#x2019;s next big release is here. Learn more about it.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/08/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS News</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Ankush Das</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/debian-12-release.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A7%A0-what-we%E2%80%99re-thinking-about">&#x1F9E0; What we&#x2019;re thinking about</h2><p>GitHub has been accused of altering its Copilot programming assistant&apos;s output to avoid being flagged as a copy of licensed software.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://www.theregister.com/2023/06/09/github_copilot_lawsuit/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">GitHub accused of varying Copilot output to avoid copyright</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Copilot code-cloning case clarifies claims</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://www.theregister.com/design_picker/13249a2e80709c7ff2e57dd3d49801cd534f2094/graphics/favicons/apple-touch-icon.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">The Register</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Thomas Claburn</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://regmedia.co.uk/2019/07/20/shutterstock_programmer.jpg" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A7%AE-tutorials">&#x1F9EE; Tutorials</h2><p>&#x1F195; As promised, the new Bash tutorial series has started! Here&apos;s the first chapter of the series.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/create-bash-script/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Bash Basics #1: Create and Run Your First Bash Shell Script</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Start learning bash scripting with this new series. Create and run your first bash shell script in the first chapter.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/Bash-script-hello-world.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"></div></a></figure><p>The terminal Tuesday continues and covers the head command.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/head-command/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Using head Command in Linux [5 Examples]</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">The head command is one of the several ways to display file contents or part of it. You can also do more with it. Here are some common examples to explore.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Sagar Sharma</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/head-command-in-linux.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"></div></a></figure><p>Learn your way around Fuzzy search for searching through files.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/fuzzy-file-search-linux/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Fuzzy File Search in Linux Command Line</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Modern tools like fzf and fzy take the file search in Linux terminal to the next level.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Sreenath</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/fuzzy-file-search-linux.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"></div></a></figure><p>Keyboard shortcuts save time. 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link: https://itsfoss.com/head-command/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: Using head Command in Linux
categories: Linux Commands
description:
The head command is one of the several ways to display file contents or part of it. You can also do more with it. Here are some common examples to explore.

content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/head-command-in-linux.png" alt="Using head Command in Linux"><p>The head command is one of the many ways to <a href="https://itsfoss.com/view-file-contents/">view the contents of a file</a> in Linux terminal.</p><p>But that can also be achieved by the cat command too! So why use another command? </p><p>I understand. But if there was no problem with how the cat command works, the head command won&apos;t even exist. So let&apos;s have a look at the problem with cat.</p><p>By default, the cat command prints all the text inside the file. But what if you have a file containing 1000 or more words? Your terminal will look bloated. Isn&apos;t it?</p><p>Whereas the head command can specify the number of lines to print. </p><p>In this guide, I will walk you through how you can use the head command with the help of some practical examples and additional practice exercises to brush up your command-line skills.</p><p><strong>Suggested Read &#x1F4D6;</strong></p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card kg-card-hascaption"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/basic-terminal-tips-ubuntu/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">19 Basic But Essential Linux Terminal Tips You Must Know</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Learn some small, basic but often ignored things about the terminal. With the small tips, you should be able to use the terminal with slightly more efficiency.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="Using head Command in Linux"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2021/12/ubuntu-terminal-basic-tips.png" alt="Using head Command in Linux"></div></a><figcaption><em>New to the terminal? Learn the terminology</em></figcaption></figure><h2 id="how-to-use-the-head-command-in-linux">How to use the head command in Linux</h2><p>To use any command in Linux, you will have to use the correct syntax; else, you will get an error. </p><p>So let&apos;s start with the syntax for the head command:</p><pre><code>head [options] [file]</code></pre><p>Here, </p><ul><li><code>options</code> are used to tweak the default behavior of the head command</li><li><code>file</code> is where you give the absolute path or filename of the file</li></ul><p>To make things easy, I will be using a simple text file named <code>Haruki.txt</code> with the following content:</p><pre><code>Hear the Wind Sing (1979)
Pinball, 1973 (1980)
A Wild Sheep Chase (1982)
Hard-Boiled Wonderland and the End of the World (1985)
Norwegian Wood (1987)
Dance Dance Dance (1990)
South of the Border, West of the Sun (1992)
The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle (1994)
Sputnik Sweetheart (1999)
Kafka on the Shore (2002)
After Dark (2004)
1Q84 (2009-2010)
Colorless Tsukuru Tazaki and His Years of Pilgrimage (2013)
Men Without Women (2014)
Killing Commendatore (2017)</code></pre><p>And when you use the head command without any options, it will print the first ten lines of the file:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/use-head-command-in-linux.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using head Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="837" height="349" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/05/use-head-command-in-linux.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/use-head-command-in-linux.png 837w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>As you can see, it skipped the last five lines!</p><div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-red"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F6A7;</div><div class="kg-callout-text">You&#x2019;ll see some command examples with text inside &lt;&gt;. This indicates that you need to replace the content with &lt; and &gt; with a suitable value.</div></div><h2 id="examples-of-the-head-command-in-linux">Examples of the head command in Linux</h2><p>In this section, I will walk you through some practical examples of the head command. So let&apos;s start with the most useful one.</p><h3 id="1-print-only-the-first-n-lines">1. Print only the first N lines</h3><p>So if you want to print first N lines, all you have to do is use the <code>-n</code> flag and append the number of the first N lines you want:</p><pre><code>head -n number-of-lines Filename</code></pre><p>So let&apos;s say I want to print the first five lines of <code>Haruki.txt</code> file, then you type the following:</p><pre><code>head -n 5 Haruki.txt</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/Print-only-the-first-N-lines-using-the-head-command-.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using head Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="837" height="239" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/04/Print-only-the-first-N-lines-using-the-head-command-.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/Print-only-the-first-N-lines-using-the-head-command-.png 837w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h3 id="2-print-everything-except-the-last-n-lines">2. Print everything except the last N lines</h3><p>So if you want to restrict the output by not including the last N lines, all you have to do is use the same <code>-n</code> flag but have to use the negative number (<code>-n</code>):</p><pre><code>head -n -&lt;number-of-lines&gt; &lt;File&gt;</code></pre><p>So let&apos;s say I want to exclude the last three lines and print everything else from the <code>Haruki.txt</code> then the command looks like this:</p><pre><code>head -n -3 Haruki.txt</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/exlcude-last-N-lines-and-print-everything-else-using-the-head-command-in-linux.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using head Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="837" height="384" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/04/exlcude-last-N-lines-and-print-everything-else-using-the-head-command-in-linux.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/exlcude-last-N-lines-and-print-everything-else-using-the-head-command-in-linux.png 837w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h3 id="3-display-the-name-of-the-file-being-used">3. Display the name of the file being used </h3><p>As you can see, the head command won&apos;t print the filename by default, so if you want to enable this behavior, all you have to do is use the <code>-v</code> flag for verbose output:</p><pre><code>head -v &lt;other-options&gt; &lt;File&gt;</code></pre><p>Yes, you can use more than one option at once!</p><p>So here, I printed the first five lines of the <code>Haruki.txt</code> file and enabled the verbose output to display the name of the file:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/Display-the-name-of-the-file-being-used.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using head Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="837" height="251" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/04/Display-the-name-of-the-file-being-used.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/Display-the-name-of-the-file-being-used.png 837w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h3 id="4-use-multiple-files-at-once">4. Use multiple files at once</h3><p>So if you want to use the different files, all you have to do is append them one by one, followed by space:</p><pre><code>head &lt;options&gt; &lt;File1&gt; &lt;File2&gt; &lt;File3&gt;</code></pre><p>For example, here, I used two files and printed the first five lines of each:</p><pre><code>head -n 5 Haruki.txt Premchand.txt</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/use-multiple-files-in-head-command.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using head Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="837" height="410" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/04/use-multiple-files-in-head-command.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/use-multiple-files-in-head-command.png 837w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>If you notice, it automatically prints the filename, especially when dealing with multiple files. </p><p>But in cases like <a href="https://linuxhandbook.com/redirect-dev-null/?ref=itsfoss.com">redirecting the essential output</a>, you may want to remove the filename. This can easily be done using the <code>-q</code> flag:</p><pre><code>head -q &lt;other-flags&gt; &lt;File1&gt; &lt;File2&gt; &lt;File3&gt;</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/remove-filenames-while-using-multiple-files-with-the-head-command.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using head Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="837" height="340" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/04/remove-filenames-while-using-multiple-files-with-the-head-command.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/remove-filenames-while-using-multiple-files-with-the-head-command.png 837w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h3 id="5-print-characters-as-per-the-given-number-of-bytes">5. Print characters as per the given number of bytes</h3><p>So if you want to print the lines based on the byte size, you can do that using the <code>-c</code> flag followed by the byte size.</p><p><strong>Remember, for almost every character, one character = 1 byte.</strong></p><p>To do so, you can use the following &#xA0;syntax:</p><pre><code>head -c &lt;byte-size&gt; &lt;File&gt;</code></pre><p>For example, here, I print characters worth 100 bytes:</p><pre><code>head -c 100 Haruki.txt</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/Print-characters-as-per-the-given-number-of-bytes.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using head Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="837" height="194" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/04/Print-characters-as-per-the-given-number-of-bytes.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/Print-characters-as-per-the-given-number-of-bytes.png 837w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>Similarly, if you want to skip the characters from the end of the file by specifying the bytes, all you have to do is use the negative numbers:</p><pre><code>head -c -&lt;byte-size&gt; &lt;File&gt;</code></pre><p>For example, here, I skipped the last characters of the file worth 100 bytes:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/skip-last-N-characters-on-the-basis-of-the-byte-size-using-the-head-command.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using head Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="837" height="389" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/04/skip-last-N-characters-on-the-basis-of-the-byte-size-using-the-head-command.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/skip-last-N-characters-on-the-basis-of-the-byte-size-using-the-head-command.png 837w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h2 id="summarizing-the-head-command">Summarizing the head command</h2><p>Here&apos;s the summary of the head command with different options:</p><!--kg-card-begin: html--><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Option</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>-n &lt;number&gt;</code></td>
<td>Specify how many lines to print from the beginning of the file.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>-n -&lt;number&gt;</code></td>
<td>Print everything except the last N lines.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>-v</code></td>
<td>Print the name of the file.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>-q</code></td>
<td>Remove the filename when working with multiple files.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>-c &lt;byte-size&gt;</code></td>
<td>Print characters as per the given number of bytes.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table><!--kg-card-end: html--><h2 id="get-better-with-a-simple-exercise">Get better with a simple exercise </h2><p>To perform the given exercises, you can use text files, and if you don&apos;t have any, you can <a href="https://github.com/itsfoss/text-files?ref=itsfoss.com">use our text files from GitHub</a>.</p><ol><li>Display the first ten lines of the file</li><li>Display everything except the last five lines of a file</li><li>Display the first five lines of multiple files</li></ol><h5 id="for-intermediate-users">For intermediate users:</h5><ol><li>Display the first five lines of multiple files, sorted alphabetically by file name (Hint: pipe to <a href="https://linuxhandbook.com/sort-command/?ref=itsfoss.com">sort command</a>)</li><li>Display the lines from 11 to 16 (Hint: combine it with the <a href="https://itsfoss.com/tail-command/">tail command</a>)</li><li>Count the occurrence of a specific word or character in the first five lines (Hint: pipe to grep with <a href="https://linuxhandbook.com/wc-command/?ref=itsfoss.com">wc command</a>)</li></ol><h2 id="just-getting-started-with-terminal-we-have-a-series-for-you">Just getting started with Terminal? We have a series for you!</h2><p>While the terminal looks scary, you can always <a href="https://itsfoss.com/customize-linux-terminal/">make the terminal look good</a>, but what about the learning curve it takes?</p><p>For new users, we came up with a dedicated series which covers the basic commands so you can <a href="https://itsfoss.com/love-thy-terminal/">embrace the terminal</a>:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/tag/terminal-basics/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Linux Command Tutorials for Absolute Beginners</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Never used Linux commands before? No worries. This tutorial series is for absolute beginners to the Linux terminal.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="Using head Command in Linux"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/03/terminal-basics-series-tag.png" alt="Using head Command in Linux"></div></a></figure><p>Furthermore, you can discuss the practice questions mentioned above in our community: </p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.community/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">It&#x2019;s FOSS Community</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">A place for desktop Linux users and It&#x2019;s FOSS readers</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.community/uploads/default/optimized/1X/f274f9749e3fd8b4d6fbae1cf90c5c186d2f699c_2_180x180.png" alt="Using head Command in Linux"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS Community</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.community/uploads/default/original/1X/f274f9749e3fd8b4d6fbae1cf90c5c186d2f699c.png" alt="Using head Command in Linux"></div></a></figure><p>I hope you now have a better understanding of the head command. </p><p><em>&#x1F5E8; We&apos;ll be sharing more Linux command examples every week. Stay tuned for more. And if you have questions or suggestions, the comment section is all yours.</em></p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/create-bash-script/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: Bash Basics Series #1: Create and Run Your First Bash Shell Script
categories: Bash Basics
description:
Start learning bash scripting with this new series. Create and run your first bash shell script in the first chapter.

content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/Bash-script-hello-world.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #1: Create and Run Your First Bash Shell Script"><p>This is the beginning of a new tutorial series on It&apos;s FOSS. In this one, you&apos;ll get familiar with bash scripting.</p>
<p>The series assumes that you are somewhat familiar with the Linux terminal. You don&apos;t have to be a master, but knowing the basics would be good. I advise going through Terminal Basics Series.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/tag/terminal-basics/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Linux Command Tutorials for Absolute Beginners</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Never used Linux commands before? No worries. This tutorial series is for absolute beginners to the Linux terminal.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #1: Create and Run Your First Bash Shell Script"><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">It&apos;s FOSS</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/03/terminal-basics-series-tag.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #1: Create and Run Your First Bash Shell Script"></div></a></figure>
<p><strong>Who is this series for?</strong></p>
<p>Anyone who wants to start learning bash shell scripting.</p>
<p>If you are a student with shell scripting as part of your course curriculum, this series is for you.</p>
<p>If you are a regular desktop Linux user, this series will help you understand most shell scripts you come across while exploring various software and fixes. You could also use it to automate some common, repetitive tasks.</p>
<p>By the end of this Bash Basics series, you should be able to write simple to moderate bash scripts. </p>
<p>All the chapters in the series have sample exercises so that you can learn it by doing it.</p>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-red"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F6A7;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>You&apos;ll learn bash shell scripting here. While there are other shells with mostly the same syntax, their behavior still differs at a few points. Bash is the most common and universal shell and hence start learning shell scripting with bash.</span></p></div></div>
<h2 id="your-first-shell-script-hello-world">Your first shell script: Hello World!</h2>
<p>Open a terminal. Now <a href="https://itsfoss.com/make-directories/">create a new directory</a> to save all the scripts you&apos;ll be creating in this series:</p>
<pre><code>mkdir bash_scripts</code></pre>
<p>Now <a href="https://itsfoss.com/change-directories/">switch to this newly created directory</a>:</p>
<pre><code>cd bash_scripts</code></pre>
<p>Let&apos;s <a href="https://itsfoss.com/create-files/">create a new file</a> here:</p>
<pre><code>touch hello_world.sh</code></pre>
<p>Now, <a href="https://itsfoss.com/edit-files-linux/">edit the file</a> and add <code>echo Hello World</code> line to it. You can do this with the append mode of the cat command (using &gt;):</p>
<pre><code>abhishek@itsfoss:~/bash_scripts$ cat &gt; hello_world.sh 
echo Hello World
^C
</code></pre>
<p>I prefer adding new lines while using the cat command for adding text.</p>
<p>Press Ctrl+C or Ctrl+D keys to come out of the append mode of the cat command. Now if you check the contents of the script <code>hellow_world.sh</code>, you should see just a single line.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/create-first-shell-script.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #1: Create and Run Your First Bash Shell Script" loading="lazy" width="874" height="403" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/create-first-shell-script.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/create-first-shell-script.png 874w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>The moment of truth has arrived. You have created your first shell script. It&apos;s time to <a href="https://itsfoss.com/run-shell-script-linux/">run the shell script</a>. </p>
<p>Do like this:</p>
<pre><code>bash hello_world.sh</code></pre>
<p>The echo command simply displays whatever was provided to it. In this case, the shell script should output Hello World on the screen.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/run-first-shell-script.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #1: Create and Run Your First Bash Shell Script" loading="lazy" width="822" height="303" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/run-first-shell-script.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/run-first-shell-script.png 822w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>Congratulations! You just successfully ran your first shell script. How cool is that!</p>
<p>Here&apos;s a replay of all the above commands for your reference.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/create-run-first-shell-script.svg" alt="Bash Basics Series #1: Create and Run Your First Bash Shell Script" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="386"></figure>
<h3 id="another-way-to-run-your-shell-scripts">Another way to run your shell scripts</h3>
<p>Most of the time, you&apos;ll be running the shell scripts in this manner:</p>
<pre><code>./hello_world.sh</code></pre>
<p>Which will result in an error because the file for you as the script doesn&apos;t have execute permission yet.</p>
<pre><code>bash: ./hello_world.sh: Permission denied</code></pre>
<p>Add execute permission for yourself to the script:</p>
<pre><code>chmod u+x hello-world.sh</code></pre>
<p>And now, you can run it like this:</p>
<pre><code>./hello_world.sh</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/running-shell-scripts.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #1: Create and Run Your First Bash Shell Script" loading="lazy" width="822" height="345" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/running-shell-scripts.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/running-shell-scripts.png 822w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>So, you learned two ways to run a shell script. It&apos;s time to focus on bash.</p>
<h2 id="turn-your-shell-script-into-a-bash-script">Turn your shell script into a bash script</h2>
<p>Confused? Actually, there are several shells available in Linux. Bash, ksh, csh, zsh and many more. Out of all these, bash is the most popular one and almost all distributions have it installed by default.</p>
<p>The shell is an interpreter. It accepts and runs Linux commands. While the syntax for most shell remains the same, their behavior may differ at certain points. For example, the handling of brackets in conditional logic.</p>
<p>This is why it is important to tell the system which shell to use to interpret the script.</p>
<p>When you used <code>bash hello_world.sh</code>, you explicitly used the bash interpreter.</p>
<p>But when you run the shell scripts in this manner:</p>
<pre><code>./hello_world.sh</code></pre>
<p>The system will use whichever shell you are currently using to run the script.</p>
<p>To avoid unwanted surprises due to different syntax handling, you should explicitly tell the system which shell script it is.</p>
<p>How to do that? Use the shebang (#!). Normally, # is used for comments in shell scripts. However, if #! is used as the first line of the program, it has the special purpose of telling the system which shell to use.</p>
<p>So, change the content of the hello_world.sh so that it looks like this:</p>
<pre><code>#!/bin/bash

echo Hello World</code></pre>
<p>And now, you can run the shell script as usual knowing that the system will use bash shell to run the script.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/run-bash-shell-script.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #1: Create and Run Your First Bash Shell Script" loading="lazy" width="822" height="345" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/run-bash-shell-script.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/run-bash-shell-script.png 822w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-green"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4A1;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>If you feel uncomfortable editing script files in the terminal, as a desktop Linux user, you can use Gedit or other GUI text editors for writing scripts and run them in the terminal.</span></p></div></div>
<h2 id="%F0%9F%8F%8B%EF%B8%8F-exercise-time">&#x1F3CB;&#xFE0F; Exercise time</h2>
<p>It is time to practice what you learned. Here are some basic practice exercises for this level:</p>
<ul><li>Write a bash script that prints &quot;Hello Everyone&quot;</li><li>Write a bash script that displays your current working directory (hint: use pwd command)</li><li>Write a shell script that prints your user name in the following manner: My name is XYZ (hint: use $USER)</li></ul>
<div class="sec-widget" data-widget="7e25bd4cd7ceb06222c972395e89f918"></div>

<p>The answers can be discussed in <a href="https://itsfoss.community/t/practice-exercise-in-bash-basics-series-1-create-and-run-your-first-bash-shell-script/10682?ref=itsfoss.com">this dedicated thread</a> in the Community forum.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.community/t/practice-exercise-in-bash-basics-series-1-create-and-run-your-first-bash-shell-script/10682?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Practice Exercise in Bash Basics Series #1: Create and Run Your First Bash Shell Script</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">If you are following the Bash Basics series on It&#x2019;s FOSS, you can submit and discuss the answers to the exercise at the end of the chapter: Fellow experienced members are encouraged to provide their feedback to new members. Do note that there could be more than one answer to a given problem.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.community/uploads/default/optimized/1X/f274f9749e3fd8b4d6fbae1cf90c5c186d2f699c_2_180x180.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #1: Create and Run Your First Bash Shell Script"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">abhishek</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">It&apos;s FOSS Community</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.community/uploads/default/original/1X/f274f9749e3fd8b4d6fbae1cf90c5c186d2f699c.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #1: Create and Run Your First Bash Shell Script"></div></a></figure>
<p>The last practice exercise uses <code>$USER</code>. That&apos;s a special variable that prints the user name. </p>
<p>And that brings me to the topic of the next chapter in the Bash Basics Series: Variables.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/bash-use-variables/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Bash Basics #2: Use Variables in Bash Scripts</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">In this chapter of the Bash Basics series, learn about using variables in Bash scripts.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #1: Create and Run Your First Bash Shell Script"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">Abhishek Prakash</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">It&apos;s FOSS</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/variables-in-bash.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #1: Create and Run Your First Bash Shell Script"></div></a></figure>
<p>Keep on learning bash.</p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/fuzzy-file-search-linux/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: Fuzzy File Search in Linux
description: Modern tools like fzf and fzy take the file search in Linux terminal to the next level.
categories: Terminal
content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/fuzzy-file-search-linux.png" alt="Fuzzy File Search in Linux"><p>How do you <a href="https://learnubuntu.com/find-files/?ref=itsfoss.com">find files in the Linux command line</a>? You use the <a href="https://linuxhandbook.com/find-command-examples/?ref=itsfoss.com">find command</a>. That&apos;s the standard answer and there is nothing wrong with it.</p>
<p>Usually, you type the command with your search parameters, press enter and it displays the findings.</p>
<p>You can improve your file-finding experience in the terminal with fuzzy search.</p>
<p>Fuzzy search is an approximate search algorithm or technique. Here, files from a specified location are searched by name and the user will get real-time results.</p>
<p>Fuzzy search is popular in web search engines, where a user starts entering the term, and it starts showing results related to the term.</p>
<p>In this article, I am going to discuss two CLI tools that give you the ability to perform fuzzy searches in Linux:</p>
<ul><li>Fzf: Fuzzy finder</li><li>Fzy: Fuzzy selector</li></ul>
<h2 id="fzf-the-fuzzy-finder-in-linux">Fzf, the Fuzzy Finder in Linux</h2>
<p>Fzf is a fuzzy search tool available for Linux, where you can search for files interactively.</p>
<p>To install <code>fzf</code> in Ubuntu, open a terminal and run:</p>
<pre><code>sudo apt install fzf</code></pre>
<p>While <code>fzf</code> itself works properly, it is wise to use it in conjunction with other tools to make most out of it.</p>
<h3 id="using-fzf">Using fzf</h3>
<p>Open a terminal and run:</p>
<pre><code>fzf</code></pre>
<p>This will open a prompt of <code>fzf</code> where you can search for files in the current working directory.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/fzf-default.svg" alt="Fuzzy File Search in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="494"><figcaption><span>Default </span><code><span>fzf</span></code></figcaption></figure>
<h4 id="apply-a-border-to-fzf">Apply a border to fzf</h4>
<p>You can use the <code>--border</code> option of fzf. There are several options like rounded, sharp etc.</p>
<pre><code>fzf --border=rounded</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/fzf-border.svg" alt="Fuzzy File Search in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="494"><figcaption><code><span>fzf</span></code><span> with border</span></figcaption></figure>
<h4 id="apply-background-and-foreground-color">Apply background and foreground color</h4>
<p>Using the color property, you can set ANSI colors to <code>fzf</code> either as background, foreground or both.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/fzf-colored.svg" alt="Fuzzy File Search in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="494"><figcaption><span>fzf colored</span></figcaption></figure>
<pre><code>fzf --color=&quot;bg:black,fg:yellow&quot; </code></pre>
<p>You can concatenate the options to make <code>fzf</code> visually pleasing.</p>
<p>Now, let me show some practical usage of the fuzzy search with fzf.</p>
<h3 id="use-fzf-to-search-within-bash-history">Use fzf to search within bash history</h3>
<p>Of course, there is CTRL+R reverse search in the bash history. But if you want to use <code>fzf</code> to get a better look, run:</p>
<pre><code>history | fzf</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/search-within-bash-history.svg" alt="Fuzzy File Search in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="494"><figcaption><span>Use </span><code><span>fzf</span></code><span> to search within bash history</span></figcaption></figure>
<h3 id="use-fzf-with-tree-command">Use fzf with tree command</h3>
<p><a href="https://linuxhandbook.com/tree-command/?ref=itsfoss.com">Tree command</a> lists files and directories along with their hierarchical connection.</p>
<p>Using <code>fzf</code> with <code>tree</code> command can help you find the absolute path of a particular file.</p>
<pre><code>tree -afR /home/$USER | fzf</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/tree-afr.svg" alt="Fuzzy File Search in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="494"><figcaption><span>Tree and FZF command</span></figcaption></figure>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-green"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4A1;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>The above command will invoke </span><code><span>tree</span></code><span> and list all files (-a) including hidden ones in a recursive fashion (-R). Also, the </span><code><span>-f</span></code><span> option tells tree to list the full path.</span></p></div></div>
<h3 id="preview-files-in-fzf">Preview files in fzf</h3>
<p>Sometimes, it will be helpful if you get a small preview of the file you are searching.</p>
<p>Luckily, <code>fzf</code> provides a preview option. You can access it by using <code>--preview</code>. I am here using <code>find</code>command to make it even more useful.</p>
<pre><code>find /home/$USER -type f | fzf --preview &apos;less {}&apos;</code></pre>
<p>Here, while you scroll through the result, it will display the text files using less.</p>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-red"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F6A7;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>If you are using other commands like </span><code><span>ls</span></code><span>, etc. do not use options like </span><code><span>-l</span></code><span>, that will display added details (file permissions). These additional details will break the required format needed for </span><code><span>fzf</span></code><span> preview. the hile using preview feature, the input to </span><code><span>fzf</span></code><span> should only be the filename.</span></p></div></div>
<p>If you have <code>bat</code> installed, you can use it for previewing files as well. </p>
<pre><code>find /home/$USER -type f | fzf --preview &apos;bat --color always {}&apos;</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/bashrc-preview-in-fzf.png" alt="Fuzzy File Search in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1707" height="829" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/bashrc-preview-in-fzf.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/bashrc-preview-in-fzf.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/bashrc-preview-in-fzf.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/bashrc-preview-in-fzf.png 1707w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption><span>FZF file preview using bat editor</span></figcaption></figure>
<p>For Ubuntu users, bat is available as <code>batcat</code>. So run:</p>
<pre><code>find /home/$USER -type f | fzf --preview &apos;batcat --color always {}&apos;</code></pre>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-green"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4A1;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><a href="https://linuxhandbook.com/linux-alias-command/?ref=itsfoss.com" rel="noopener"><span>Create an alias</span></a><span> for these commands, so that you don&apos;t want to type these again and again.</span></p></div></div>
<h3 id="use-fzf-to-cd-into-any-directory-from-anywhere-advance">Use fzf to cd into any directory from anywhere (advance)</h3>
<p>This is a bit trickier than the previous. Here, you cannot just directly pipe <code>fzf</code> and <code>cd</code> together, because both are different processes.</p>
<p>You can create an alias use the command like:</p>
<pre><code>cd $(find /home/$USER -type d | fzf)</code></pre>
<p>Or, you can follow the method explained below.</p>
<p>To do this, you may need to add a function to your bashrc. Let me call this function as <code>finder</code>. Now add the following lines to your bashrc.</p>
<pre><code>finder() {
  local dir
  dir=$(find required/location/to/search/and/enter -type d | fzf)
  if [[ -n &quot;$dir&quot; ]]; then
    cd &quot;$dir&quot; || return
  fi
}</code></pre>
<p>Now, you should <a href="https://itsfoss.com/change-directories/">enter the location</a> where the directories you want to search and enter are present. </p>
<p>For example, I have replaced that part with <code>/home/$USER</code> to indicate that I have to <code>cd</code> into any directories in my Home from anywhere.</p>
<p>Once you saved your bashrc, either restart the terminal or run:</p>
<pre><code>source ~/.bashrc</code></pre>
<p>After this, you can run finder from the terminal and once you located the directory you want to enter, press Enter key.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/fzf-cd-combo.svg" alt="Fuzzy File Search in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="494"></figure>
<h3 id="copy-the-selection-to-clipboard">Copy the selection to Clipboard</h3>
<p>Till now, you have seen using <code>fzf</code> and in all cases, it gives either a search result or preview. </p>
<p>Now, if you want to copy the location of an item, you don&apos;t necessarily need to do it manually. There is a solution for that too.</p>
<p>First, make sure you have Xclip installed.</p>
<pre><code>sudo apt install xclip</code></pre>
<p>Now pipe it to xclip like this:</p>
<pre><code>fzf | xclip -selection clipboard</code></pre>
<p>This will copy whatever lines you have pressed the enter key, on to your clipboard.</p>
<h3 id="other-uses">Other Uses</h3>
<p>Like I said earlier, you can use any command that involves a significant amount of text, and you want to search for a particular thing interactively.</p>
<ul><li><code>cat ~/.bashrc | fzf</code> - Search Inside Bashrc</li><li><code>lsblk | fzf</code> - Search inside the list of lock devices</li><li><code>ps -aux | fzf</code> - Search inside process list</li></ul>
<h2 id="another-choice-fzy-the-fuzzy-selector">Another choice: Fzy, the Fuzzy Selector</h2>
<p>Unlike <code>fzf</code>, <code>fzy</code> is a fuzzy selector, where you will be provided a menu to select, depending on the input. </p>
<p>For example, if you are using <code>fzy</code> in conjunction with <code>ls</code> command, it will give you a menu like interface. </p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/fzy-ls.svg" alt="Fuzzy File Search in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="494"><figcaption><code><span>fzy</span></code><span> command</span></figcaption></figure>
<p>By default, it will show you ten entries in view.</p>
<h3 id="enter-into-a-directory-using-fzy"><strong>Enter into a directory using fzy</strong></h3>
<p>Similar to fzf, fzy can also be used to enter into a directory in the current working directory using:</p>
<pre><code>cd $(find -type d | fzy)</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/fzy-cd.svg" alt="Fuzzy File Search in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="494"></figure>
<h3 id="open-a-file-using-any-editor">Open a file using any editor</h3>
<p>Or open a file using your favorite editor by:</p>
<pre><code>nano $(find -type f | fzy)</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/fzy-nano.svg" alt="Fuzzy File Search in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="494"></figure>
<h2 id="bonus-a-customized-file-and-image-preview">Bonus: A Customized file and image preview</h2>
<p>The below command will open a dedicated customized prompt in <strong>Ubuntu </strong>for fuzzy search, where you can preview text files by scrolling through them.</p>
<pre><code>find /home/$USER -type f | fzf --color=&quot;bg:black,fg:yellow&quot; --preview &apos;batcat --color always {}&apos; --preview-window=bottom</code></pre>
<p>Create an alias for this in your bashrc for easy access.</p>
<p>Or preview an image in fzf while scrolling using <code>timg</code> command line image viewer. Install it using:</p>
<pre><code>sudo apt install timg</code></pre>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-red"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F6A7;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>Remember that the image viewer will not display a proper image, as that is not the primary purpose of fzf preview</span></p></div></div>
<pre><code>fzf --preview &apos;timg -g 200x100 {}&apos; --preview-window=right:90</code></pre>
<p>For those who are tinkerers, try to make this part by refining.</p>
<h2 id="modern-alternatives-to-rescue">Modern alternatives to rescue</h2>
<p>Most Linux commands have been inherited from UNIX-era. They are old but work as expected. But this doesn&apos;t mean they cannot be improved.</p>
<p>I mean, you don&apos;t need to reinvent the wheel but you can always work on improving the wheels.</p>
<p>Modern tools like fzf and fzy take the file search in Linux terminal to the next level. Here are some other such command line tools you may find interesting.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/legacy-linux-commands-alternatives/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Modern Alternatives to Some of the Classic Linux Commands</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Consider yourself a modern Linux user? Have you tried these modern replacements of the classic Linux commands yet?</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="Fuzzy File Search in Linux"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">Abhishek Prakash</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">It&apos;s FOSS</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2022/01/penguins.png" alt="Fuzzy File Search in Linux"></div></a></figure>
<p>I have tried giving some practical examples for these fuzzy search tools. I hope you find them inspiring enough for you. Let me know in the comments if you are going to use them.</p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/virtualization-software-linux/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: 9 Best Virtualization Software for Linux
categories: Software Recommendation
description:
We take a look at some of the best virtualization programs that make things easy for users creating/managing VMs.

content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/virtualization-software-for-linux.png" alt="9 Best Virtualization Software for Linux"><p>Virtualization software is prevalent because of its use cases and benefits. You get to experiment, test, or run software that requires a specific OS version.</p><p>Virtualization provides an abstract concept of computer hardware to help you create virtual machines (VMs), networks, storage, and more. The benefits include isolation, security, and the freedom to test things to your heart&apos;s extent. </p><p>Different types of virtualization software cater to desktop users, server administrators, and enterprises.</p><p>While I list all kinds of virtualization software, I mention who it is for. </p><h2 id="1-virtualbox">1. VirtualBox</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/virtualbox-7.png" class="kg-image" alt="9 Best Virtualization Software for Linux" loading="lazy" width="1440" height="810" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/virtualbox-7.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/virtualbox-7.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/virtualbox-7.png 1440w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p><a href="https://www.virtualbox.org/?ref=itsfoss.com">VirtualBox</a> is a top-rated open-source virtual machine program for Linux, Windows, and macOS.</p><p>It is suitable for all kinds of users, whether you are just someone who wants to <a href="https://itsfoss.com/why-linux-virtual-machine/">run Linux on a virtual machine</a>, a professional who wants to create a VM for testing or an enterprise that needs a VM solution.</p><p>You can consider it as an all-in-one solution for most users. Even though it is primarily fit for desktop usage, you can try its headless mode to run a virtual machine as a remote desktop server by exploring its <a href="https://www.virtualbox.org/manual/ch07.html?ref=itsfoss.com">documentation</a>.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>It supports a wide range of guest operating systems</li><li>Simple user interface and fast performance</li><li>Regularly updated</li><li>Feature-rich</li></ul><h2 id="2-openvz">2. OpenVZ</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/openvz.jpg" class="kg-image" alt="9 Best Virtualization Software for Linux" loading="lazy" width="996" height="276" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/openvz.jpg 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/openvz.jpg 996w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>Want to create isolated Linux containers on servers? <a href="https://openvz.org/?ref=itsfoss.com">OpenVZ</a> should help.</p><p>You can create containers that behave like a stand-alone server. The containers have all the essential functionalities to help you manage them efficiently.</p><p>The containers run on Linux only as OpenVZ is built and distributed as a Linux distribution.</p><p>OpenVZ is an excellent pick for new users learning to work with containers considering it is easy to configure and manage. Additionally, OpenVZ-powered VPS hosting is affordable compared to some others.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Efficient resource usage</li><li>Simple to use and manage</li></ul><h2 id="3-kvm">3. KVM</h2><p>Kernel-based Virtual Machine (<a href="https://www.linux-kvm.org/page/Main_Page?ref=itsfoss.com">KVM</a>) is built into Linux, which is its biggest advantage. You can run VMs out of the box on Linux with KVM. It is a <strong>type-1 hypervisor </strong>i.e. hardware-based.</p><p>KVM converts the Linux host to a hypervisor to run virtual machines with bear metal like performance.</p><p>Unlike OpenVZ, KVM is highly customizable and baked into the Linux system without needing to install separately. Considering KVM provides hardware-level virtualization with the help of a hypervisor, it needs more memory and other system resources comparatively.</p><p>You can create guest/virtual machines of different operating systems with KVM. To set it up, you can explore <a href="https://ubuntu.com/blog/kvm-hyphervisor?ref=itsfoss.com">Ubuntu&apos;s official blog post</a> on KVM installation.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Highly customizable and complex to setup</li><li>Baked in with Linux</li></ul><div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-green"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4A1;</div><div class="kg-callout-text">A <a href="https://linuxhandbook.com/what-is-hypervisor/?ref=itsfoss.com">Hypervisor</a> is software that creates and runs virtual machines (VMs)</div></div><h2 id="4-gnome-boxes">4. GNOME Boxes</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/boxes.png" class="kg-image" alt="9 Best Virtualization Software for Linux" loading="lazy" width="1504" height="846" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/boxes.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/boxes.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/boxes.png 1504w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Modern UX </li><li>Simple and easy to use</li></ul><p>GNOME Boxes is the simplest virtualization program for users looking to download test distros as quickly as possible.</p><p>Compared to some other solutions, GNOME Boxes may not feature all kinds of features but the essentials. The user experience is simple, and it is easy to use for newbies.</p><h2 id="5-vmware-workstation-not-foss">5. VMware Workstation (Not FOSS)</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/VMware-installer-finished.jpg" class="kg-image" alt="9 Best Virtualization Software for Linux" loading="lazy" width="1101" height="606" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/VMware-installer-finished.jpg 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/VMware-installer-finished.jpg 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/VMware-installer-finished.jpg 1101w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p><strong>Key Highlights</strong></p><ul><li>Personal and enterprise server offerings</li><li>Easy to use</li><li>Premium edition with more features</li></ul><p><a href="https://www.vmware.com/products/workstation-player.html?ref=itsfoss.com">VMware</a> is an incredibly popular virtual machine program for Linux, Windows, and macOS.</p><p>While it is a proprietary solution, it is one of the industry-leading options used by personal users and enterprises. There are several other offerings by VMware related to cloud computing. </p><p>So, if you want a desktop virtualization program, VMware Workstation Player can be a good pick for you. For others, there are plenty of other editions for server and cloud providers.</p><h2 id="6-xen">6. Xen</h2><p><a href="https://xenproject.org/?ref=itsfoss.com">Xen</a> is one of the oldest virtualization software used by Amazon And Red Hat. While most have switched to using KVM over Xen, it is still an option for cloud infrastructure.</p><p>Yes, Xen is tailored for more server usage than desktop virtualization. It supports Linux, Windows, and FreeBSD.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Tailored for server infrastructure</li><li>Supports para-virtualization (which most others don&apos;t)</li></ul><h2 id="7-ovirt">7. oVirt</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/ovirt.png" class="kg-image" alt="9 Best Virtualization Software for Linux" loading="lazy" width="708" height="398" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/ovirt.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/ovirt.png 708w"></figure><p><a href="https://www.ovirt.org/?ref=itsfoss.com">oVirt</a> is an excellent open-source solution for communities and enterprises looking for a tool to manage server architecture. It is a management tool that utilizes KVM.</p><p>You get a rich web-based user interface to manage everything in it, hosts, storage, and network configuration. It also supports live migration of virtual machines for convenience. </p><p>Considering it does not support the Windows platform, it is tailored to work with Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) and CentOS Linux.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Enterprise-focused</li><li>Uses KVM hypervisor</li><li>Distributed virtualization solution</li><li>Not suitable for beginners</li></ul><h2 id="8-proxmox">8. Proxmox</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/proxmox.png" class="kg-image" alt="9 Best Virtualization Software for Linux" loading="lazy" width="1920" height="1080" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/proxmox.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/proxmox.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/proxmox.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/proxmox.png 1920w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p><a href="proxmox.com/">Proxmox</a> is yet another open-source virtualization platform tailored for enterprises.</p><p>You need to get a subscription to receive software updates and technical help. As per your requirements, you can opt for one of them. Not just limited to virtual environment platforms, they also offer backup and email security solutions if you plan to explore for your enterprise infrastructure.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Easy to setup</li><li>Well documented</li></ul><h2 id="9-qemu">9. QEMU</h2><p></p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/qemu.png" class="kg-image" alt="9 Best Virtualization Software for Linux" loading="lazy" width="500" height="340"></figure><p><a href="https://www.qemu.org/?ref=itsfoss.com">QEMU</a> is a nice virtual machine program (and emulator) available across multiple platforms.</p><p>It supports a wide range of hardware architectures and guest operating systems. You can couple it with KVM to run VMs that perform well because KVM is a hardware-level virtualization tool, and QEMU is a software-level virtualization program.</p><p>Technically, QEMU is a <strong>type-2 hypervisor</strong>.</p><p>If you want a tool that utilizes QEMU at its core and makes it easy for beginners to create virtual machines, you can explore <a href="https://itsfoss.com/quickgui/">Quickgui</a>.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Wide range of operating system support</li><li>It provides flexibility without depending on your hardware</li></ul><h2 id="extra-hyper-v-for-linux-vms-on-windows">Extra: Hyper-V (for Linux VMs on Windows)</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/hyper-v-windows.jpg" class="kg-image" alt="9 Best Virtualization Software for Linux" loading="lazy" width="820" height="616" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/hyper-v-windows.jpg 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/hyper-v-windows.jpg 820w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p><a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/virtualization/hyper-v/hyper-v-technology-overview?ref=itsfoss.com">Hyper-V</a> is a hypervisor that comes baked in with the Microsoft Windows operating system. </p><p>While it is not for Linux, it supports running Linux as a guest operating system. You can run distros like Kali Linux and Ubuntu with Hyper-V on Windows.</p><p>There are some feature differences with Hyper-V on Windows desktop edition and server. So, you might want to review its <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/virtualization/hyper-v-on-windows/about/?ref=itsfoss.com">official documentation</a> per your use case.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Available for Windows as a type 1 hypervisor</li><li>Fast performance</li><li>Supports Windows and Linux operating systems</li><li>Works for desktop and server users</li></ul><h2 id="virtualization-is-easy-because-of-these-tools">Virtualization is Easy Because of These Tools</h2><p>Virtualization was a concept starting to get ahead a decade back. Now almost everyone familiar with computing knows it.</p><p>The programs available to facilitate are easy to use and offer features that uncomplicate things for professionals and home users. For the most part, solutions like VirtualBox, GNOME Boxes, and VMware should be the pick for new users.</p><p>If you are an enterprise or a techie, you can look for other options per your requirements.</p><p><em>&#x1F4AC; What is your favorite virtualization software to run on Linux? Do you prefer using hypervisors instead of Linux or another host operating system? Share your thoughts in the comments below.</em></p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/newsletter/foss-weekly-23-23/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More
categories: Newsletter
description:
Get familiar with tail and cowsay commands. Learn new tips and tricks on GNOME desktop along with all the major Linux news this week.

content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/foss-weekly-23-23.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More"><p>The <a href="https://itsfoss.com/tag/terminal-basics/">Terminal Basics series</a> provided a good starting point for getting comfortable with the Linux command line.</p><p>A Linux command and its usage will be featured every Tuesday to take the learning further. For this week, you get the <a href="https://itsfoss.com/tail-command/">tail command</a>.</p><p>Apart from this, two new tutorial series are in the works; bash scripting and openSUSE.</p><p>The bash script series will start to mark the 11th birthday of It&apos;s FOSS on 14th June &#x1F382;</p><p>Yes! It&apos;s FOSS is helping and educating Linux users for more than a decade &#x1F4AA;</p><p>How long have you been reading and visiting It&apos;s FOSS?</p><p><strong>&#x1F4AC; Let&apos;s see what else you have in this edition of FOSS Weekly:</strong></p><ul><li>GNOME&apos;s upcoming UI updates are shaping up nicely.</li><li>Quick tip to prevent Ubuntu from sleeping.</li><li><a href="https://itsfoss.com/11th-anniversary-offer">11% celebratory discount on It&apos;s FOSS Pro subscription</a></li><li>And other Linux news, videos, puzzles and, of course, memes!</li></ul><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%93%B0-linux-news">&#x1F4F0; Linux news</h2><ul><li><a href="https://news.itsfoss.com/opensuse-15-5-leap/?ref=itsfoss.com">openSUSE Leap 15.5</a> is now available.</li><li>Kali Linux 2023.2 <a href="https://news.itsfoss.com/kali-linux-2023-2-release/?ref=itsfoss.com">was released</a> with a new Hyper-V image and PipeWire for XFCE.</li><li>GNOME 45 <a href="https://news.itsfoss.com/gnome-new-display-settings/?ref=itsfoss.com">to feature</a> redesigned display settings and it <a href="https://news.itsfoss.com/gnome-system-panel/?ref=itsfoss.com">will also have</a> a new &apos;System&apos; panel in the settings menu.</li><li>Secure email service <a href="https://news.itsfoss.com/tutanota-user-milestone-price-change/?ref=itsfoss.com">Tutanota has ten million users now</a> and offers discounts for Pro members.</li><li>Zulip 7.0 <a href="https://blog.zulip.com/2023/05/31/zulip-7-0-released/?ref=itsfoss.com">was released</a> with many new features and bug fixes.</li><li>NixOS 23.05 was introduced with a<a href="https://nixos.org/manual/nixos/unstable/release-notes.html?ref=itsfoss.com#sec-release-23.05"> number of updates</a> and additions.</li><li><a href="https://www.tuxedocomputers.com/en/TUXEDO-Gemini-15-Gen2?ref=itsfoss.com">TUXEDO</a> and <a href="https://junocomputers.com/us/product/gemini-15-v5/?mc_cid=1515470fe4&amp;mc_eid=7732ac763f&amp;ref=itsfoss.com">Juno</a> Computers refreshed their laptop lineup with new Intel 13th gen Raptor Lake processors and more goodies.</li></ul><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A7%A0-what-we%E2%80%99re-thinking-about">&#x1F9E0; What we&#x2019;re thinking about</h2><p>Red Hat decided to stop working on the RPM version of LibreOffice in favor of Flatpak. Here&apos;s an opinion that justifies this move.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://www.ypsidanger.com/the-distribution-model-is-changing/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">The distribution model is changing</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">One of the nice things about being on sabbatical is I get to say things like &#x201C;You should be happy that RHEL is dropping LibreOffice RPMs&#x201D; without the fear of being kicked out a room you didn&#x2019;t want to be in the first place. I have been talking for a</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://www.ypsidanger.com/favicon.ico" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">Jorge Castro</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Jorge Castro</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://www.ypsidanger.com/content/images/2021/03/1500x500.jpg" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A7%AE-tutorials">&#x1F9EE; Tutorials</h2><p>Improve your Linux command knowledge each week with a new command. This week, learn about the tail command.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/tail-command/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Using tail Command in Linux [5 Examples]</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">The tail command is one of the several ways to display file contents or part of it. You can also live monitor changes made to files with it. Here are some common examples.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Sagar Sharma</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/tail-command-in-linux.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More"></div></a></figure><p>Want to have some fun on the command line? Try this</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/cowsay/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">The cowsay is a fun little Linux command line utility that can be enjoyed in so many ways. Here are several examples.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Sreenath</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cowsay-linux-1.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More"></div></a></figure><p>Prevent Ubuntu (or should I say GNOME) from locking the screen or going into sleep mode after every few minutes of inactivity. </p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-prevent-sleep/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">How to Prevent Ubuntu from Going into Sleep Mode</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Leave the system for five minutes and it goes into sleep mode? Here&#x2019;s what you can do to get rid of this annoyance.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/prevent-ubuntu-from-sleep.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More"></div></a></figure><h2 id="%F0%9F%93%B9-what-we-are-watching">&#x1F4F9; What we are watching</h2><p>You read about <a href="https://itsfoss.com/using-neofetch/">Neofetch usage here</a> but now you also see it in action.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-embed-card"><iframe width="200" height="113" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Ecbn8DJICPA?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen title="10 Ways to Use the Neofetch Command in Linux"></iframe></figure><hr><h2 id="%E2%9C%A8-application-highlights">&#x2728; Application highlights</h2><p>Formerly known as PulseEffects,Easy Effects provides limiter, compressor, convolver, equalizer and auto volume and many other plugins for PipeWire applications</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://github.com/wwmm/easyeffects?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">GitHub - wwmm/easyeffects: Limiter, compressor, convolver, equalizer and auto volume and many other plugins for PipeWire applications</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Limiter, compressor, convolver, equalizer and auto volume and many other plugins for PipeWire applications - GitHub - wwmm/easyeffects: Limiter, compressor, convolver, equalizer and auto volume and&#x2026;</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://github.com/fluidicon.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">GitHub</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">wwmm</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://opengraph.githubassets.com/1680ec866b1c935fb5561daff84cda40f7d8527a65198843422bf32bdbe20910/wwmm/easyeffects" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%92%A1-quick-linux-tip">&#x1F4A1; Quick Linux tip</h2><p>Ubuntu and other Dash to Dock GNOME extension users can enable the &apos;<a href="https://itsfoss.com/click-to-minimize-ubuntu/">click to minimize</a>&apos; option using this command:</p><pre><code>gsettings set org.gnome.shell.extensions.dash-to-dock click-action &apos;minimize&apos;</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/click-to-minimise.webp" class="kg-image" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More" loading="lazy" width="1595" height="748" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/click-to-minimise.webp 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/click-to-minimise.webp 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/click-to-minimise.webp 1595w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A7%A9-puzzle-for-pro-members-only">&#x1F9E9; Puzzle (for Pro members only)</h2><p>Learn and play. Learn the Linux directory structures first and test your knowledge by playing the puzzle.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/puzzle/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Puzzle of The Week: Matching Pairs #1: Linux directory structure</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Exercise those &#x2018;little gray cells&#x2019; of yours and solve this puzzle.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/puzzle-of-the-week.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%9B%8D%EF%B8%8F-interesting-deals-for-you">&#x1F6CD;&#xFE0F; Interesting deals for you</h2><p>Learn an array of today&#x2019;s most popular coding languages with this bundle of DRM-free ebooks from O&#x2019;Reilly. <strong>Your purchase also supports Code for America.</strong></p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://www.humblebundle.com/books/popular-programming-languages-2023-oreilly-books?partner=itsfoss&amp;ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Humble Tech Book Bundle: Popular Programming Languages 2023 by O&#x2019;Reilly</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">We&#x2019;ve teamed up with O&#x2019;Reilly for our newest bundle. Get books on Rust, TypeScript, SQL, C, C#, C++, and more programming languages. Pay what you want &amp; support charity!</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://cdn.humblebundle.com/static/hashed/03df0490a53d595fd930f9fff52038366d60a05d.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">Humble Bundle</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://hb.imgix.net/aa920bf66450aaf7c970c1f26bcfb323a0f47a98.png?auto=compress,format&amp;h=630&amp;w=1200&amp;s=a1996968ee851fbd91b3cb0798b857d0" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More"></div></a></figure><p>Internxt is offering 2 TB cloud storage for a mere &#x20AC;10.79 a year as part of their summer sale.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://internxt.sjv.io/c/1995707/1296883/14378?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Internxt Pricing &#x2013; Get Up To 10GB Free!</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Sign up for an Internxt secure cloud storage subscription and get access to our monthly newsletter filled with the latest tech news and updates.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://internxt.sjv.io/favicon.ico" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More"></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://internxt.com/images/previewLink/PreviewGenericEN.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A4%A3-meme-of-the-week">&#x1F923; Meme of the week</h2><p>Oh, Windows, when will you stop?</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/memes4.png" class="kg-image" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More" loading="lazy" width="1080" height="1080" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/memes4.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/memes4.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/memes4.png 1080w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%97%93%EF%B8%8F-tech-trivia">&#x1F5D3;&#xFE0F; Tech Trivia</h2><p>Alexey Pajitnov first released the game Tetris in the USSR on June 6, 1984. Tetris is the most popular puzzle video game of all time.</p><p>There is a Tetris version available in the Linux terminal. It&apos;s called Bastet. You can install the <code>bastet</code> package and enjoy this legendary game:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/bastet-tetris-clone-ascii.jpg" class="kg-image" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More" loading="lazy" width="1042" height="606" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/bastet-tetris-clone-ascii.jpg 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/bastet-tetris-clone-ascii.jpg 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/bastet-tetris-clone-ascii.jpg 1042w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A7%91%E2%80%8D%F0%9F%A4%9D%E2%80%8D%F0%9F%A7%91-fossverse-corner">&#x1F9D1;&#x200D;&#x1F91D;&#x200D;&#x1F9D1; FOSSverse corner</h2><p>Community member Doron shared a quick troubleshooting tip for the pulseaudio issue he encountered in Arch Linux.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.community/t/arch-linux-pulseaudio-cutting-out-randomly-heres-what-you-do/10648?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Arch linux pulseaudio cutting out randomly? Here&#x2019;s what you do</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">So I just had an interesting issue where my audio would cut out randomly. No rhyme or reason to it, didn&#x2019;t matter what browser I was using. It would seem pulseaudio likes to idle on &#x2026;well &#x2026; idle, and suspend the audio sources. Here&#x2019;s what you can do about it : pactl list sinks there will be a who&#x2026;</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.community/uploads/default/optimized/1X/f274f9749e3fd8b4d6fbae1cf90c5c186d2f699c_2_180x180.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS Community</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Doron_Beit-Halahmi</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.community/uploads/default/original/1X/f274f9749e3fd8b4d6fbae1cf90c5c186d2f699c.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%E2%9D%A4%EF%B8%8F-enjoying-foss-weekly">&#x2764;&#xFE0F; Enjoying FOSS Weekly?</h2><p><strong>Forward it to Linux-using friends</strong> and encourage them to subscribe (hint: <a href="https://itsfoss.com/signup/">it&apos;s here</a>).</p><p><a href="https://itsfoss.com/11th-anniversary-offer">Become a Pro member</a> and show your support &#x1F64F;</p><p><strong>Something else?</strong> Share it with me by pressing the reply button.</p><p>Don&apos;t stop loving It&apos;s FOSS :)</p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/tail-command/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: Using tail Command in Linux
categories: Linux Commands
description:
The tail command is one of the several ways to display file contents or part of it. You can also live monitor changes made to files with it. Here are some common examples.

content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/tail-command-in-linux.png" alt="Using tail Command in Linux"><p>There are several commands to <a href="https://itsfoss.com/view-file-contents/">view the contents of a file in Linux</a>. Tail command is one of them.</p><p>And as the name suggests, the tail command is used to print the end part of a file. This can be useful when dealing with config files where the new changes are made to the end of the file.</p><p>The tail command also allows you to view the changes made to a file live. This is extensively used for monitoring log files in real-time while troubleshooting issues.</p><p>In this tutorial, I will show how you can use the tail command by sharing some practical examples of it.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card kg-card-hascaption"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/basic-terminal-tips-ubuntu/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">19 Basic But Essential Linux Terminal Tips You Must Know</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Learn some small, basic but often ignored things about the terminal. With the small tips, you should be able to use the terminal with slightly more efficiency.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="Using tail Command in Linux"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2021/12/ubuntu-terminal-basic-tips.png" alt="Using tail Command in Linux"></div></a><figcaption>New to the terminal? Learn the terminology</figcaption></figure><h2 id="how-to-use-the-tail-command-in-linux">How to use the tail command in Linux</h2><p>To use any command in the terminal, execution of the command in the right syntax is compulsory, so let&apos;s start with its syntax first.</p><pre><code>tail [option] [file]</code></pre><p>Here,</p><ul><li><code>[option]</code> allows you to tweak the default behavior of the command.</li><li><code>[file]</code> is where you&apos;d enter the file name that you want to pair with the tail command.</li></ul><p>To make things easy to understand, I will be using the <code>Haruki.txt</code> text file containing the following line:</p><pre><code>Hear the Wind Sing (1979)
Pinball, 1973 (1980)
A Wild Sheep Chase (1982)
Hard-Boiled Wonderland and the End of the World (1985)
Norwegian Wood (1987)
Dance Dance Dance (1990)
South of the Border, West of the Sun (1992)
The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle (1994)
Sputnik Sweetheart (1999)
Kafka on the Shore (2002)
After Dark (2004)
1Q84 (2009-2010)
Colorless Tsukuru Tazaki and His Years of Pilgrimage (2013)
Men Without Women (2014)
Killing Commendatore (2017)</code></pre><p>And <strong>when the tail command is executed without any options, it prints the last 10 lines of the file:</strong></p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/The-default-behavior-of-the-tail-command.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using tail Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="837" height="342" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/04/The-default-behavior-of-the-tail-command.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/The-default-behavior-of-the-tail-command.png 837w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-green"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4A1;</div><div class="kg-callout-text">Quite obviously, if there are less than 10 lines, tail command will display all the lines by default.</div></div><p>But you can do more than just this! Let me tell you how.</p><h2 id="tail-command-examples">Tail command examples</h2><p>In this section, I will share different examples of the tail command, using its different options. </p><div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-red"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F6A7;</div><div class="kg-callout-text">You&#x2019;ll see some command examples with text inside &lt;&gt;. This indicates that you need to replace the content along with &lt; and &gt; with a suitable value.</div></div><h3 id="1-print-the-last-n-lines">1. Print the last N lines</h3><p>As I mentioned earlier, the tail command prints the last ten lines by default but you may not always want the same behavior.</p><p>To print the desired number of last N lines, all you have to do is use the <code>-n</code> flag and append the number of the last N lines you want to be printed:</p><pre><code>tail -n &lt;Number-of-last-N-Lines&gt; &lt;File&gt;</code></pre><p>For example, here, I printed the last three lines of my text file named <code>Haruki.txt</code>:</p><pre><code>tail -n 3 Haruki.txt</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/print-the-last-N-lines-using-the-tail-command.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using tail Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="837" height="192" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/04/print-the-last-N-lines-using-the-tail-command.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/print-the-last-N-lines-using-the-tail-command.png 837w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>You can also use a number higher than 10 here.</p><h3 id="2-print-everything-from-the-n-line">2. Print everything from the N line</h3><p>So if you want the output from a specific point, this can be very handy.</p><p>To do so, you&apos;d have to use the <code>-n</code> flag and append the line number from where you want to print the file with the <code>+</code> sign:</p><pre><code>tail -n +&lt;Line-number&gt; &lt;File&gt;</code></pre><p>So let&apos;s say I want to print everything from the 5th line in the text file <code>Haruki.txt</code> then, I will use the following command:</p><pre><code>tail -n +5 Haruki.txt</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/Print-everything-from-the-N-line-using-the-tail-command.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using tail Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="837" height="368" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/04/Print-everything-from-the-N-line-using-the-tail-command.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/Print-everything-from-the-N-line-using-the-tail-command.png 837w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h3 id="3-print-the-filename-with-the-output">3. Print the filename with the output</h3><p>You may find yourself in a situation where you want to print the filename with the output given by the tail command. </p><p>A good example will be while <a href="https://linuxhandbook.com/redirect-dev-null/?ref=itsfoss.com">redirecting the output of multiple files</a> with tail commands to a single file and you want to separate the output.</p><p>To do so, you&apos;d have to use the <code>-v</code> flag, which will get you a verbose output:</p><pre><code>tail -v [File]</code></pre><p>Here, I used the previous example, but this time, I added the option for the verbose output:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/use-the-verbose-output-with-the-tail-command.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using tail Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="837" height="397" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/04/use-the-verbose-output-with-the-tail-command.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/use-the-verbose-output-with-the-tail-command.png 837w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h3 id="4-use-multiple-files-with-the-tail-command">4. Use multiple files with the tail command</h3><p>Sometimes, you may want to use multiple files with the tail command, and it&apos;s pretty simple! All you have to do is use the multiple filenames and the tail command will take care of the rest:</p><pre><code>tail &lt;options&gt; &lt;File-1&gt; &lt;File-2&gt; &lt;File-n&gt; </code></pre><p>For example, here, printed the last three lines of the two different text files: <code>Haruki.txt</code> and <code>Premchand.txt</code>:</p><pre><code>tail -n 3 Haruki.txt Premchand.txt</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/use-multiple-files-with-the-tail-command.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using tail Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="837" height="325" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/04/use-multiple-files-with-the-tail-command.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/use-multiple-files-with-the-tail-command.png 837w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>And if you notice carefully, it prints the filename by default, which is nice. </p><p><strong>If you want to skip the filename from the output</strong>, use the <code>-q</code> flag (quiet mode):</p><pre><code>tail -q &lt;File-1&gt; &lt;File-2&gt; &lt;File-n&gt; </code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/use-quite-mode-in-the-tail-command-.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using tail Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="837" height="253" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/04/use-quite-mode-in-the-tail-command-.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/use-quite-mode-in-the-tail-command-.png 837w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h3 id="5-monitor-changes-made-to-file-live">5. Monitor changes made to file live</h3><p>This is an excellent feature of the tail command. Not only you can see the last few lines, but it can also display any new lines added to it. How cool is that!</p><p>To do so, use the <code>-f</code> (follow) flag with the tail command:</p><pre><code>tail -f &lt;File&gt;</code></pre><p>Here&apos;s an example where <a href="https://linuxhandbook.com/screen-command/?ref=itsfoss.com">I used multiple windows in a single terminal</a>. I executed the tail command in one and in the other one, I used the echo command to append the text in the file:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/Use-live-monitoring-of-file-in-linux-using-the-tail-command.gif" class="kg-image" alt="Using tail Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="984" height="332" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/04/Use-live-monitoring-of-file-in-linux-using-the-tail-command.gif 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/Use-live-monitoring-of-file-in-linux-using-the-tail-command.gif 984w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>Sysadmins and developers <a href="https://linuxhandbook.com/watch-logs-real-time/?ref=itsfoss.com">use it to watch log files in real-time</a>. It helps in troubleshooting. </p><div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-green"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F3CB;&#xFE0F;</div><div class="kg-callout-text">The <code>tail -F</code> is lesser known but slightly better option. In some server configurations, the log files are rotated and created (with the same name again). The <code>tail -f</code> command will not track changes if the file was recreated. However, <code>tail -F</code> will wait for the file to be created and continue monitoring it.&#xA0;</div></div><p>Pretty cool! Isn&apos;t it?</p><h2 id="quick-summary-of-tail-command-options">Quick summary of tail command options</h2><p>Here&apos;s a brief summary covering everything I&apos;ve mentioned so far in this tutorial:</p><!--kg-card-begin: html--><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Option</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>-n &lt;number&gt;</code></td>
<td>Display N lines from the end of the file</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>-n +&lt;number&gt;</code></td>
<td>Print everything from the Nth line</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>-v</code></td>
<td>Include filename in the output header</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>-q</code></td>
<td>Removes the filenames from the output</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>-f</code></td>
<td>Monitor the changes made to the file in real-time</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>-F</code></td>
<td>Monitor changes in real-time, wait for file to be (re)created</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table><!--kg-card-end: html--><h2 id="%F0%9F%96%A5%EF%B8%8F-practice-what-you-learn">&#x1F5A5;&#xFE0F; Practice what you learn</h2><p>If you want to test your recently learned knowledge of the tail command, here&apos;s some exercise for you.</p><p><a href="https://github.com/itsfoss/text-files/blob/master/agatha.txt?ref=itsfoss.com">Download the agatha.txt file</a> from our GitHub repository.</p><p>Now do the following.</p><ol><li>Print the last 12 lines of the file</li><li>Print only the last line of the file</li><li>Add the filename to output while displaying the lines starting from line 15</li><li>Print only the 11th line (combine it with the head command)</li></ol><p>You can discuss the practice questions in the community:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.community/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">It&#x2019;s FOSS Community</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">A place for desktop Linux users and It&#x2019;s FOSS readers</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.community/uploads/default/optimized/1X/f274f9749e3fd8b4d6fbae1cf90c5c186d2f699c_2_180x180.png" alt="Using tail Command in Linux"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS Community</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.community/uploads/default/original/1X/f274f9749e3fd8b4d6fbae1cf90c5c186d2f699c.png" alt="Using tail Command in Linux"></div></a></figure><p>If you are absolutely new to the command line, we have a good starting point for you.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/tag/terminal-basics/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Linux Command Tutorials for Absolute Beginners</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Never used Linux commands before? No worries. This tutorial series is for absolute beginners to the Linux terminal.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="Using tail Command in Linux"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/03/terminal-basics-series-tag.png" alt="Using tail Command in Linux"></div></a></figure><p>&#x1F5E8; We&apos;ll be sharing more Linux command examples every week. Stay tuned for more. And if you have questions or suggestions, the comment section is all yours. </p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-prevent-sleep/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: How to Prevent Ubuntu from Going into Sleep Mode
categories: Ubuntu
description:
Leave the system for five minutes and it goes into sleep mode? Here's what you can do to get rid of this annoyance.

content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/prevent-ubuntu-from-sleep.png" alt="How to Prevent Ubuntu from Going into Sleep Mode"><p>You must have noticed it. You have installed Ubuntu and it seems all good. You leave the system inactive for five minutes or so and it is locked!</p><p>You enter your account password and log back in. So far, so good. But you leave it for a few minutes again and it gets locked again. </p><p>You have to enter your password again. And it goes on.</p><p>For laptops, it is even worse. The laptop goes into sleep mode, forcing you to use the power button to wake it from sleep.</p><p>This is annoying. It&apos;s frustrating to enter the password again and again because you left the system unattended. The good thing is that you don&apos;t have to live like this forever.</p><p>It is due to the default power-saving settings in Ubuntu and you can easily change it.</p><div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-blue"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4CB;</div><div class="kg-callout-text">I have noticed the same behavior in Fedora so it&apos;s not exclusive to Ubuntu. It is GNOME desktop&apos;s settings. And the steps mentioned here should be applicable to other distributions using the GNOME desktop environment.</div></div><p>Press the Super key (Windows key) and search for settings.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/gnome-system-settings.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Prevent Ubuntu from Going into Sleep Mode" loading="lazy" width="2000" height="545" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/gnome-system-settings.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/gnome-system-settings.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/gnome-system-settings.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w2400/2023/06/gnome-system-settings.png 2400w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h2 id="prevent-screen-locking">Prevent screen locking</h2><p>In the Settings application, go to Power settings. Under the Power Saving Options, you should see a few options of interest.</p><p>For example, you can change the screen blank settings from the default 5 minutes to up to 15 minutes. </p><p>You can also disable the screen dimming entirely by choosing Never. This way, the screen never dims and never locks.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/disable-auto-dim-screen-ubuntu.webp" class="kg-image" alt="How to Prevent Ubuntu from Going into Sleep Mode" loading="lazy" width="1920" height="1503" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/disable-auto-dim-screen-ubuntu.webp 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/disable-auto-dim-screen-ubuntu.webp 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/disable-auto-dim-screen-ubuntu.webp 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/disable-auto-dim-screen-ubuntu.webp 1920w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption>Click to enlarge</figcaption></figure><p>That takes care of screen dimming and locking. Let&apos;s handle the automatic suspend issue.</p><h2 id="prevent-automatic-sleep">Prevent automatic sleep </h2><div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-blue"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4CB;</div><div class="kg-callout-text">Suspend and sleep means the same in Ubuntu&apos;s context. More <a href="https://wiki.ubuntu.com/UnderstandingSuspend?ref=itsfoss.com">info here</a>.</div></div><p>Another setting you should change here is the Automatic Susepend. You can turn it off completely or change its time interval.</p><p>This way, Ubuntu will not go in sleep mode and you don&apos;t have to push the power button and then enter your password again to access the system.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/disable-automatic-suspend-ubuntu.webp" class="kg-image" alt="How to Prevent Ubuntu from Going into Sleep Mode" loading="lazy" width="1920" height="1381" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/disable-automatic-suspend-ubuntu.webp 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/disable-automatic-suspend-ubuntu.webp 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/disable-automatic-suspend-ubuntu.webp 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/disable-automatic-suspend-ubuntu.webp 1920w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption>Click to enlarge</figcaption></figure><p>If you don&apos;t want to change the power settings but also like the option to disable screen locking, there is a handy tool you could use.</p><h2 id="alternatively-use-the-caffeine-app">Alternatively, use the Caffeine app</h2><p>The idea is to give some caffeine (coffee) to your Linux system so that it does not sleep.</p><p>Let&apos;s see how to brew it. I mean how to use it.</p><p>First, install Caffeine on your Ubuntu system. You can look for it in the software center and install it from there.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/install-caffeine-ubuntu.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Prevent Ubuntu from Going into Sleep Mode" loading="lazy" width="1908" height="786" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/install-caffeine-ubuntu.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/install-caffeine-ubuntu.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/install-caffeine-ubuntu.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/install-caffeine-ubuntu.png 1908w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>Alternatively, you can use the following command in the terminal:</p><pre><code>sudo apt install caffeine</code></pre><p>Once installed, search for it in the activity area (press the Windows key and type caffeine).</p><p>Start the Caffeine Indicator as it comes with an applet indicator that sits on the top panel.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/start-caffeine-app.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Prevent Ubuntu from Going into Sleep Mode" loading="lazy" width="2000" height="710" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/start-caffeine-app.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/start-caffeine-app.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/start-caffeine-app.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w2400/2023/06/start-caffeine-app.png 2400w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>You&apos;ll now notice a coffee icon in the top panel. Click on it and click enable to activate the app.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/enable-caffeine-app-ubuntu.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Prevent Ubuntu from Going into Sleep Mode" loading="lazy" width="2000" height="710" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/enable-caffeine-app-ubuntu.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/enable-caffeine-app-ubuntu.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/enable-caffeine-app-ubuntu.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w2400/2023/06/enable-caffeine-app-ubuntu.png 2400w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>That&apos;s it. As long as your system is on caffeine, it won&apos;t sleep &#x1F609;</p><p>Once you want to go back to normal behavior, deactivate the Caffeine app the same way you activated it.</p><h2 id="more-power-settings-tweaks">More power settings tweaks</h2><p>If you want to keep the laptop lid closed while it is connected to external monitors, here&apos;s what you can do.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/laptop-lid-suspend-ubuntu/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Make Ubuntu Not Go in Suspend When Laptop Lid is Closed</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">If you use Ubuntu on a laptop, you might have noticed that the system is suspended when you close the lid. That&#x2019;s the expected behavior. It saves the battery as well as your work. You lift the lid, the system wakes up, and you can log in and continue</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="How to Prevent Ubuntu from Going into Sleep Mode"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2022/08/ubuntu-laptop-lid-closing-behavior.png" alt="How to Prevent Ubuntu from Going into Sleep Mode"></div></a></figure><p>I hope this quick little tutorial helped you prevent Ubuntu from going into sleep mode.</p><p>Let me know if you have questions or suggestions.</p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/cowsay/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal
categories: Terminal Fun
description:
The cowsay is a fun little Linux command line utility that can be enjoyed in so many ways. Here are several examples.

content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cowsay-linux-1.png" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal"><p>The Linux terminal can be a fun place if you want it to be.</p><p>Of course, it is used for serious work but you have <a href="https://itsfoss.com/funny-linux-commands/">funny Linux commands</a> to amuse yourself.</p><p>The cowsay is one such tool. It gives you a cow in the terminal.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cowsay-linux.png" class="kg-image" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal" loading="lazy" width="766" height="263" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/cowsay-linux.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cowsay-linux.png 766w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption>Yes, that&apos;s a cow in case you have difficulty recognizing it ;)</figcaption></figure><p>The thing about cowsay is that it could be used for &apos;serious work&apos; if combined with other commands. One such example is using it to display the &apos;message of the day&apos; on a shared Linux server with multiple users.</p><p>Sounds interesting? Time to &#x336;m&#x336;i&#x336;l&#x336;k&#x336; install it.</p><h2 id="install-cowsay">Install Cowsay</h2><p>Cowsay is a popular tool and it is available in the repositories of most Linux distributions.</p><p>To install cowsay in Debian and Ubuntu system, open a terminal and run:</p><pre><code>sudo apt install cowsay</code></pre><p>For Fedora, use:</p><pre><code>sudo dnf install cowsay</code></pre><p>And in Arch Linux based distros, use:</p><pre><code>sudo pacman -S cowsay</code></pre><h2 id="using-cowsay">Using Cowsay</h2><p>As the name suggests, this is an ASCII talking cow, that outputs text provided as its input. By default, cowsay provides several options to tweak the look and appearance of the ASCII cow.</p><h3 id="normal-cowsay">Normal Cowsay</h3><pre><code>cowsay &lt;Text&gt;</code></pre><p>This will print whatever text you provided in a speechbubble with the cow .</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/normal-cowsay.svg" class="kg-image" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="386"><figcaption>Cowsay</figcaption></figure><p>Or you can provide output of another command, say <code>echo</code> as input to cowsay using pipes redirection.</p><pre><code>echo &quot;Hello&quot; | cowsay</code></pre><h3 id="greedy-cow">Greedy Cow</h3><p>Here, cow appears to be greedy, with Dollar eyes.</p><pre><code>cowsay -g &lt;message&gt;</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/greedy-cowsay.svg" class="kg-image" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="386"><figcaption>Greedy Cowsay</figcaption></figure><h3 id="use-special-characters-as-eyes">Use Special Characters as eyes</h3><p>You can use the <code>-e</code> option, and then provide two characters that you want to appear as eyes. The default is &#x201C;OO&#x201D;.</p><pre><code>cowsay -e hh &lt;hello&gt;</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cowsay-special-eyes.svg" class="kg-image" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="386"><figcaption>Special Eyes</figcaption></figure><p>Here, in the above screenshots, two &#x201C;h&#x201D; will appear in place of eyes.</p><div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-red"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F6A7;</div><div class="kg-callout-text">If the characters entered by you has already been used by any of the default option, say $$, then it is lost.</div></div><h3 id="use-another-character-instead-of-the-cow">Use another character instead of the cow</h3><p>Cowsay provides many other ASCII images also, which you can use through the option <code>-f</code>. </p><p>List them with option <code>-l</code>:</p><pre><code>cowsay -l</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cowsay-files.png" class="kg-image" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal" loading="lazy" width="1351" height="529" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/cowsay-files.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/cowsay-files.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cowsay-files.png 1351w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption>Various default cowsay cow files</figcaption></figure><p>Now, to print one of the above images, use:</p><pre><code>cowsay -f &lt;cowfile name&gt; &lt;message&gt;</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cowsay-different-inbuilt-files.svg" class="kg-image" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="603"><figcaption>Different Images</figcaption></figure><p>Similarly, in newer versions, you can use <code>-r</code> option to randomly print one of the above images.</p><pre><code>cowsay -r Hello</code></pre><h3 id="other-options">Other options</h3><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Option</th>
<th>Use</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>-b</td>
<td>Invokes Borg mode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>-d</td>
<td>Causes the cow to appear dead</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>-p</td>
<td>Causes a state of paranoia to come over the cow</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>-s</td>
<td>Makes the cow appear thoroughly stoned</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>-t</td>
<td>A tired cow</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>-y</td>
<td>Brings on the cow&#x2019;s youthful appearance</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<!--kg-card-end: markdown--><h2 id="using-cowthink">Using Cowthink</h2><p>Cowthink is an adjoint program that come with cowsay. Instead of the speach bubble, it displays the thought bubble. It will make more sense to you if you are familiar with comic book notations.</p><pre><code>cowthink Hello</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cowthink-normal.svg" class="kg-image" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="386"><figcaption>Cowthink</figcaption></figure><p>All the options that were mentioned with cowsay will work here as well.</p><h2 id="using-cowsay-with-fortune">Using Cowsay with Fortune</h2><p>With the help of pipe redirection, you can use cowsay along with another popular fun Linux command, the <code>fortune</code> command.</p><div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-green"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4A1;</div><div class="kg-callout-text">Install fortune and lolcat in Ubuntu using <code>sudo apt install fortune lolcat</code></div></div><p>For those of you, who don&#x2019;t know what <code>fortune</code>, it is a small program, that prints quotes from famous persons on a terminal. You can run it as a standalone command like:</p><pre><code>fortune</code></pre><p>To simply print what fortune says using cowsay, run:</p><pre><code>fortune | cowsay</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/fortune-cowsay.svg" class="kg-image" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="386"></figure><p>You can also add the cowsay options to make it better:</p><pre><code>fortune | cowsay -f dragon </code></pre><h2 id="using-a-colorful-cow-with-lolcat">Using a colorful cow with lolcat</h2><p>Many of you know lolcat and its rainbow effects on texts. So why not use it along with the above programs? All you have to do is to pipe the cowsay command to lolcat. </p><pre><code>cowsay Hello | lolcat</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cowsay-lolcat.svg" class="kg-image" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="386"><figcaption>Cowsay Lolcat</figcaption></figure><p>Now, if you want to add <code>fortune</code> and various <code>cowsay</code> options along with this, use all such options and pipe the entire thing to lolcat, like this:</p><pre><code>fortune | cowsay -f tux | lolcat
fortune | cowthink -f tux | lolcat</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/-cowsay-fortune-lolcat-tux.svg" class="kg-image" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="603"><figcaption>Cowsay, Tux, Fortune and Lolcat</figcaption></figure><h2 id="third-party-cow-files-for-advanced-users">Third-party cow files (for advanced users)</h2><p>Not interested in the default cowsay cow files? Do not worry, there are a huge number of different cowfiles out there, created by enthusiast developers. Two of them, I will mention here. <a href="https://github.com/bkendzior/cowfiles?ref=itsfoss.com">https://github.com/bkendzior/cowfiles</a> and <a href="https://github.com/paulkaefer/cowsay-files?ref=itsfoss.com">https://github.com/paulkaefer/cowsay-files</a></p><p>You can either install the cowfiles from these repositories as mentioned on their README, or just download the required cowfile (.cow) from the repository and paste them on <code>/usr/share/cowsay/site-cows/</code>. Now, you can access that cowfile using its name:</p><pre><code>cowsay -f &lt;new file name&gt; Hello</code></pre><p>You can see in the screenshot I have used a downloaded cow file, called C3PO.cow.</p><p>For those of you, who want to create your own images, you can visit <a href="https://charc0al.github.io/cowsay-files/converter/?ref=itsfoss.com">Charc0al&#x2019;s cowsay file</a>.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/charcoal-cowfiles.png" class="kg-image" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal" loading="lazy" width="1583" height="950" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/charcoal-cowfiles.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/charcoal-cowfiles.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/charcoal-cowfiles.png 1583w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption>Third Party Cowfiles</figcaption></figure><p>Here, you can either download the existing files, or convert some of your images (recommend no larger than 50 &#xD7; 50) for the purpose.</p><h2 id="other-funny-uses">Other funny uses</h2><p><strong>Use cowsay prompt to enter password in sudo commands:</strong></p><pre><code>sudo -p &quot;$(cowsay &apos;If you know the password, enter it here. Or just go away:&apos;)&quot; &lt;command&gt;</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cowsay-sudo-prompt.svg" class="kg-image" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="603"><figcaption>Cowsay Sudo prompt</figcaption></figure><p><strong>Make cowsay as an entry to your bash config, so you are greeted every time you open the terminal.</strong></p><ul><li>For newer cowsay versions, like those in Fedora, add <code>fortune | cowsay -r | lolcat</code> to your <code>~/.bashrc</code>. Now, each time, you open the terminal, a new cowfile with a different quote will be printed.</li><li>For older versions of cowsay, where you cannot get the random (-r) option, you can get different files manually, and use <code>fortune | cowsay -f &lt;name of particular cowfile to use&gt; | lolcat</code>.</li></ul><p><strong>Make other commands show output using cowsay</strong></p><p>You can make commands like <code>lsblk</code> to print the output using cowsay. Just pipe those commands.</p><pre><code>lsblk | cowsay</code></pre><p><strong>Use cowsay-beefymiracle in Fedora</strong></p><p><code>beefymiracle</code> is a cowsay package available in Fedora. The cow is turned into beef here (my vegetarian heart cries &#x1F622;).</p><p>Use the below command to install it:</p><pre><code>sudo dnf install cowsay-beefymiracle</code></pre><p>Now, run:</p><pre><code>cowsay -f beefymiracle &lt;message&gt;</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cowsay-beefymiracle-fedora.png" class="kg-image" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal" loading="lazy" width="1428" height="655" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/cowsay-beefymiracle-fedora.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/cowsay-beefymiracle-fedora.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cowsay-beefymiracle-fedora.png 1428w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption>Beef instead of cow but who killed the cow?</figcaption></figure><h2 id="bonus-xcowsay">Bonus: XCowsay</h2><p><code>xcowsay</code> is a graphical alternative to the normal cowsay. Here, the cow is no more ASCII, but a proper image. You can install it by:</p><pre><code>sudo apt install xcowsay</code></pre><p>Now run:</p><pre><code>xcowsay &lt;message&gt;</code></pre><p>This will display the graphical cow for a specific amount of time according to the length of the text, and then disappears. <strong>You can click on it to hide it immediately, though.</strong></p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/xcowsay-normal.png" class="kg-image" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal" loading="lazy" width="1144" height="422" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/xcowsay-normal.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/xcowsay-normal.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/xcowsay-normal.png 1144w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption><code>xcowsay</code> command</figcaption></figure><p>What is more interesting is the cow can &apos;dream&apos; images instead of texts. Or even the cow image can be changed to random images. </p><p>Use either:</p><pre><code>xcowsay --dream=file

OR

xcowsay --image=file --dream=file</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-gallery-card kg-width-wide kg-card-hascaption"><div class="kg-gallery-container"><div class="kg-gallery-row"><div class="kg-gallery-image"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/custom-image-in-xcowsay.png" width="1215" height="725" loading="lazy" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/custom-image-in-xcowsay.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/custom-image-in-xcowsay.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/custom-image-in-xcowsay.png 1215w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></div><div class="kg-gallery-image"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/xcowsay-random-image-both.png" width="1394" height="721" loading="lazy" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/xcowsay-random-image-both.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/xcowsay-random-image-both.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/xcowsay-random-image-both.png 1394w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></div></div></div><figcaption>Random Images in XCowsay</figcaption></figure><p>You can explore the man page of <code>xcowsay</code> for more options.</p><h2 id="more-ascii-fun-in-the-terminal">More ASCII fun in the terminal</h2><p>Love ASCII? How about displaying your distribution&apos;s logo in ASCII format with <a href="https://itsfoss.com/using-neofetch/">Neoftech</a>?</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/display-linux-logo-in-ascii/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Display Linux Distribution Logo in ASCII Art in Terminal</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Wondering how they display Linux logo in terminal? With these tools, you can display logo of your Linux distribution in ASCII art in the Linux terminal.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2015/10/display-linux-logo-ascii-terminal.jpeg" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal"></div></a></figure><p>Why restrict with logo? Here are more ASCII tools for Linux terminal.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/ascii-art-linux-terminal/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">10 Tools to Generate and Have Fun With ASCII Art in Linux Terminal</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Linux terminal is not as scary as you think. Of course, it could be intimidating in the beginning but once you know the terminal better, you start loving it. You are likely to use the terminal for serious work. But there are many fun stuff you can do in the</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2022/07/ascii-art-tools-linux.png" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal"></div></a></figure><p>Don&apos;t stop the fun in the terminal.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/funny-linux-commands/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">12 Linux Commands to Have Some Fun in the Terminal</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">So, you think Linux terminal is all work and no fun? These funny Linux commands will prove you wrong. The Linux terminal is the place to get serious work done. We have plenty of useful linux command tips and tricks to help you with that. But, did you know that</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Community</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2020/04/fun-linux-commands.png" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal"></div></a></figure><p>I hope you liked this tutorial on using cowsay in various formats. It&apos;s amazing that this little tool comes with so many options and there are so many ways to use it.</p><p>Which cowsay example did you like the most here? Don&apos;t say beef one &#x1F494;</p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/newsletter/foss-weekly-23-22/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: FOSS Weekly #23.22: Immutable Ubuntu Edition, Face Unlock and More Linux Stuff
categories: Newsletter
description:
Seems like Ubuntu is gearing up for an immutable desktop variant in 2024. Other than that, stream full HD with Netflix on Linux.

content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/foss-weekly-23-22.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.22: Immutable Ubuntu Edition, Face Unlock and More Linux Stuff"><p>Immutable is the new buzzword in the Linux world. Started with container-focused working environments, and it is also coming to desktop variants. </p><p>With Fedora already there, Ubuntu is also planning for a Snap-based immutable desktop edition in 2024.</p><p>Seems like <a href="https://itsfoss.com/immutable-linux-distros/#what-is-an-immutable-linux-distro">immutability</a> is the future of Linux. </p><p><strong>&#x1F4AC; Let&apos;s see what else you have in this edition of FOSS Weekly:</strong></p><ul><li>First look at Sniffnet, a Rust-based network monitoring tool</li><li>Using face unlocking in Linux</li><li>And other Linux news, videos, puzzles and, of course, memes!</li></ul><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%93%B0-linux-news">&#x1F4F0; Linux news</h2><ul><li>The Budgie-flavored Fedora Onyx is <a href="https://news.itsfoss.com/fedora-onyx-official/?ref=itsfoss.com">all set</a> to be a new immutable Fedora Variant.</li><li>PyPI recently had to <a href="https://news.itsfoss.com/pypi-subpoenaed/?ref=itsfoss.com">share user data</a> with the US Department of Justice.</li><li>Microsoft has made Azure Linux<a href="https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/azure-infrastructure-blog/introducing-the-azure-linux-container-host-for-aks/ba-p/3824101?ref=itsfoss.com"> generally available</a> as a container host for Azure Kubernetes.</li><li>Mozilla introduced a <a href="https://blog.thunderbird.net/2023/05/introducing-the-brand-new-thunderbird-logo/?ref=itsfoss.com">brand-new logo</a> for the Thunderbird email client.</li><li>MX Linux 23 Beta is <a href="https://mxlinux.org/blog/mx-23-libretto-beta-1-now-available-for-testing-purposes/?ref=itsfoss.com">now available</a> for testing.</li></ul><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://news.itsfoss.com/ubuntu-all-snap-desktop/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Snap-based Immutable Ubuntu Desktop to Come With 24.04 LTS!</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Ubuntu is likely to offer an immutable desktop option based on Snap with the release of Ubuntu 24.04 LTS.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/08/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.22: Immutable Ubuntu Edition, Face Unlock and More Linux Stuff"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS News</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Sourav Rudra</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/ubuntu-all-snap-desktop.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.22: Immutable Ubuntu Edition, Face Unlock and More Linux Stuff"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A7%A0-what-we%E2%80%99re-thinking-about">&#x1F9E0; What we&#x2019;re thinking about</h2><p>There is no cloud. It&apos;s just someone else&apos;s computer. Own your computer. Or should I say, own your servers?</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://puri.sm/posts/introducing-the-librem-server-v2/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Introducing the Librem Server v2 &#x2013; Purism</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Purism makes premium phones, laptops, mini PCs and servers running free software on PureOS. Purism products respect people&#x2019;s privacy and freedom while protecting their security.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://puri.sm/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/cropped-purism-logo-rectangle-1-270x270.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.22: Immutable Ubuntu Edition, Face Unlock and More Linux Stuff"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">Purism</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">see all</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://puri.sm/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/server-persp-800.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.22: Immutable Ubuntu Edition, Face Unlock and More Linux Stuff"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%9B%8D%EF%B8%8F-interesting-offers-for-linux-users">&#x1F6CD;&#xFE0F; Interesting offers for Linux users</h2><p>Unleash the creative power of Blender, the free and open-source software tool for 3D artists, with this bundle of books from Packt.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://www.humblebundle.com/books/blender-animation-and-games-packt-books?partner=itsfoss&amp;ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Humble Tech Book Bundle: Blender Animation and Games by Packt</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">We&#x2019;ve teamed up with Packt for our newest bundle. Get books like Game Development with Blender and Godot. Plus, pay what you want &amp; support charity!</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://cdn.humblebundle.com/static/hashed/03df0490a53d595fd930f9fff52038366d60a05d.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.22: Immutable Ubuntu Edition, Face Unlock and More Linux Stuff"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">Humble Bundle</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://hb.imgix.net/7f272b3fc868b9d190ad8e9da7031f7c69b960d3.jpg?auto=compress,format&amp;h=630&amp;w=1200&amp;s=1ea5184912b92c0fa0ffd93b722adbea" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.22: Immutable Ubuntu Edition, Face Unlock and More Linux Stuff"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A7%AE-tips-and-tutorials">&#x1F9EE; Tips and Tutorials</h2><p>Even though Snap packages are updated automatically, you can still control updates manually. Learn more on the update mechanism of Snap.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/snap-update/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">How to Update Snap Packages in Ubuntu</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Snap packages are automatically updated. But you can still control the updates manually. Learn all about Snap updates here.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.22: Immutable Ubuntu Edition, Face Unlock and More Linux Stuff"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/update-snap-packages-in-ubuntu.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.22: Immutable Ubuntu Edition, Face Unlock and More Linux Stuff"></div></a></figure><p>By default, Netflix only streams in 720p which is not even considered HD anymore. 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link: https://fedoramagazine.org/how-to-use-testing-farm-outside-of-rhel/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cDovL2ZlZG9yYW1hZ2F6aW5lLm9yZy9mZWVkLw==
read: False
type: Rss
title: How to use Testing Farm outside of RHEL
categories: For Developers|ci|GitHub|kafka|Packit|strimzi|testing
comments_url: https://fedoramagazine.org/how-to-use-testing-farm-outside-of-rhel/feed/
description:
Find out how to on-board a strimzi-kafka-operator test suite to a testing-farm. Create a test plan in fmf, define the jobs for packit-as-a-service, and run tests in the testing-farm environment.

content:
<p>Continuous integration in public projects is widely used. But it has limitations such as the size of the resources and the execution time. For instance, when you use GitHub actions free tier, you are limited to agents with 2cpu and 7GiB of memory and a total execution time of 2000 minutes per month. Similar limitations are used by other CI providers like Azure Pipelines or Travis CI. The mentioned CI systems are popular. But for some use cases, free tier is not enough. Fortunately, for community projects which are maintained or co-maintained by Red Hat or Fedora/CentOS projects, there is Testing Farm.</p>



<span id="more-38493"></span>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Testing Farm</h2>



<p><a href="https://docs.testing-farm.io/general/0.1/index.html"><u>Testing Farm</u></a> is an open-source testing system offered as a service. Users can use Testing Farm in many ways &#8212; use CLI from the user&#8217;s local machine to create a machine for running the tests, integrate it into the project as a CI check via <a href="https://github.com/sclorg/testing-farm-as-github-action"><u>GitHub Actions</u></a> or <a href="https://packit.dev/"><u>Packit</u></a>, or just send HTTP requests to the service <a href="https://testing-farm.gitlab.io/api/"><u>API</u></a> with desired requirements.</p>



<p>The tests are defined via <a href="https://tmt.readthedocs.io/"><u>tmt</u></a> &#8212; Test Management Tool &#8212; that allows users to manage and execute tests in different environments. In case you are interested in more details about how Fedora manages the testing via tmt check the <a href="https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/ci/tmt/"><u>Fedora CI documentation</u></a>.</p>



<p>This blog post will focus on how to use Testing Farm with projects that have tests written and managed in different testing frameworks like JUnit.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Strimzi e2e tests</h3>



<p>As a reference project we use <a href="https://github.com/strimzi/strimzi-kafka-operator"><u>strimzi-kafka-operator</u></a> and its test suite. Test suite is written in Java and uses the Junit5 test framework. As an execution environment it requires a Kubernetes platform like OpenShift, Minikube, EKS, or similar. Due to these requirements it is not easy to run the tests with the full potential of parallel tests execution on Azure (used as the main CI tool in Strimzi organization).</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">How to onboard</h3>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Get the secret</h4>



<p>As the first step, you need to get access to the Testing Farm API. To achieve that you should follow the <a href="https://docs.testing-farm.io/general/0.1/onboarding.html"><u>onboarding guide</u></a> which is a part of the official documentation. This secret is specific to the user and is used for authentication and authorization to the service.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Add tmt to your project</h4>



<p>Even if users don&#8217;t use tmt for test case management, there are several parts to implement in the project to make Testing Farm understand your needs.</p>



<p>At first, you have to mark the root folder in your project with the <kbd>.fmf</kbd> directory, this can be done by using the <kbd>tmt init</kbd> command. For more details you can check our configuration in the Strimzi <a href="https://github.com/strimzi/strimzi-kafka-operator/tree/main/.fmf"><u>repository</u></a>.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Plan</h4>



<p>Plan for Testing Farm contains a test plan definition. This definition is composed of hardware requirements, preparation steps for creating a VM executor and specific plans. Specific plan defines selectors for tests that should be executed. As part of preparation steps we also spin-up the Minikube cluster and build and push Strimzi container images used during testing. On the bottom of the file we specify specific test plan names and its configuration for executions of specific tests defined later in this article.</p>



<p>You can see an example of our plan below.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted"># TMT test plan definition
# https://tmt.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview.html

# Baseline common for all test plans
###########################################################
summary: Strimzi test suite
discover:
  how: fmf

# Required HW
provision:
  hardware:
    memory: "&gt;= 24 GiB"
    cpu:
      processors: "&gt;= 8"

# Install required packages and scripts for running strimzi suite
prepare:
  - name: Install packages
    how: install
    package:
      - wget
      - java-17-openjdk-devel
      - xz
      - make
      - git
      - zip
      - coreutils

... ommited

  - name: Build strimzi images
    how: shell
    script: |
      # build images
      eval $(minikube docker-env)
      ARCH=$(uname -m)
      if [[ ${ARCH} == "aarch64" ]]; then
        export DOCKER_BUILD_ARGS="--platform linux/arm64 --build-arg TARGETPLATFORM=linux/arm64"
      fi
      export MVN_ARGS="-B -DskipTests -Dmaven.javadoc.skip=true --no-transfer-progress"
      export DOCKER_REGISTRY="localhost:5000"
      export DOCKER_ORG="strimzi"
      export DOCKER_TAG="test"
      
      make java_install
      make docker_build
      make docker_tag
      make docker_push

# Discover tmt defined tests in tests/ folder
execute:
  how: tmt

# Post install step to copy logs
finish:
  how: shell
  script: ./systemtest/tmt/scripts/copy-logs.sh
###########################################################

/smoke:
  summary: Run smoke strimzi test suite
  discover+:
    test:
      - smoke

/regression-operators:
  summary: Run regression strimzi test suite
  discover+:
    test:
      - regression-operators

/regression-components:
  summary: Run regression strimzi test suite
  discover+:
    test:
      - regression-components

/kraft-operators:
  summary: Run regression kraft strimzi test suite
  discover+:
    test:
      - kraft-operators

/kraft-components:
  summary: Run regression kraft strimzi test suite
  discover+:
    test:
      - kraft-components

/upgrade:
  summary: Run upgrade strimzi test suite
  provision:
    hardware:
      memory: "&gt;= 8 GiB"
      cpu:
        processors: "&gt;= 4"
  discover+:
    test:
      - upgrade</pre>



<p>To see the full version check <a href="https://github.com/strimzi/strimzi-kafka-operator/blob/main/systemtest/tmt/plans/main.fmf">our repository</a>.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Tests</h4>



<p>As a next step we need to say how to execute tests. We created a <a href="https://github.com/strimzi/strimzi-kafka-operator/blob/main/systemtest/tmt/tests/strimzi/test.sh"><u>simple shell script</u></a> which just calls maven command to execute Strimzi test suite. We also defined metadata for tests which specify environment variables for test suites and also other configuration like timeout, end others.</p>



<p>In this test metadata example you can see that we specify default env variables and configuration and specific tests override this configuration.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">test:
  ./test.sh
duration: 2h
environment:
  DOCKER_ORG: "strimzi"
  DOCKER_TAG: "test"
  TEST_LOG_DIR: "systemtest/target/logs"
  TESTS: ""
  TEST_GROUPS: ""
  EXCLUDED_TEST_GROUPS: "loadbalancer"
  CLUSTER_OPERATOR_INSTALLTYPE: bundle
adjust:
  - environment+:
      EXCLUDED_TEST_GROUPS: "loadbalancer,arm64unsupported"
    when: arch == aarch64, arm64

/smoke:
  summary: Run smoke strimzi test suite
  tag: [smoke]
  duration: 20m
  tier: 1
  environment+:
    TEST_PROFILE: smoke

/upgrade:
  summary: Run upgrade strimzi test suite
  tag: [strimzi, kafka, upgrade]
  duration: 5h
  tier: 2
  environment+:
    TEST_PROFILE: upgrade

/regression-operators:
  summary: Run regression strimzi test suite
  tag: [strimzi, kafka, regression, operators]
  duration: 10h
  tier: 2
  environment+:
    TEST_PROFILE: operators

/regression-components:
  summary: Run regression strimzi test suite
  tag: [strimzi, kafka, regression, components]
  duration: 12h
  tier: 2
  environment+:
    TEST_PROFILE: components

/kraft-operators:
  summary: Run regression kraft strimzi test suite
  tag: [strimzi, kafka, kraft, operators]
  duration: 8h
  tier: 2
  environment+:
    TEST_PROFILE: operators
    STRIMZI_FEATURE_GATES: "+UseKRaft,+StableConnectIdentities"

/kraft-components:
  summary: Run regression kraft strimzi test suite
  tag: [strimzi, kafka, kraft, components]
  duration: 8h
  tier: 2
  environment+:
    TEST_PROFILE: components
    STRIMZI_FEATURE_GATES: "+UseKRaft,+StableConnectIdentities"</pre>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Run Testing Farm from command line</h4>



<p>Finally, we can try our changes via cmd. We need to have the Testing Farm CLI tool installed and also API token. To install Testing Farm CLI follow this <a href="https://gitlab.com/testing-farm/cli#user-content-installation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><u>guide</u></a>.</p>



<p>For example, we can run a smoke test on fedora-38 with both architectures, which means x86_64 and aarch64 just by one command.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">$ testing-farm request --compose Fedora-38 --git-url https://github.com/strimzi/strimzi-kafka-operator.git --git-ref main --arch x86_64,aarch64  --plan smoke

<img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/14.0.0/72x72/1f4e6.png" alt="" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /> repository https://github.com/strimzi/strimzi-kafka-operator.git ref main test-type fmf
<img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/14.0.0/72x72/1f4bb.png" alt="" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /> Fedora-38 on x86_64
<img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/14.0.0/72x72/1f4bb.png" alt="" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /> Fedora-38 on aarch64
<img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/14.0.0/72x72/1f50e.png" alt="" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /> api https://api.dev.testing-farm.io/v0.1/requests/*******-40ba-8a45-3c1fbe3da73a
<img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/14.0.0/72x72/1f4a1.png" alt="" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /> waiting for request to finish, use ctrl+c to skip
<img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/14.0.0/72x72/1f476.png" alt="" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /> request is waiting to be queued
<img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/14.0.0/72x72/1f477.png" alt="" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /> request is queued
<img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/14.0.0/72x72/1f680.png" alt="" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /> request is running
<img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/14.0.0/72x72/1f6a2.png" alt="" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /> artifacts https://artifacts.dev.testing-farm.io/*******-40ba-8a45-3c1fbe3da73a</pre>



<p>When the test run is completed we can see results in web UI.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="581" src="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/screenshot_2023-06-15_at_13.33.12-1024x581.png" alt="" class="wp-image-38494" srcset="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/screenshot_2023-06-15_at_13.33.12-1024x581.png 1024w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/screenshot_2023-06-15_at_13.33.12-300x170.png 300w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/screenshot_2023-06-15_at_13.33.12-768x435.png 768w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/screenshot_2023-06-15_at_13.33.12-1536x871.png 1536w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/screenshot_2023-06-15_at_13.33.12-2048x1161.png 2048w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/screenshot_2023-06-15_at_13.33.12-816x463.png 816w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Packit</h2>



<p>Testing Farm deals with resource problems. But we still need to deal with execution time limits. In Strimzi, our full regression takes around 20 hours which is insane to run on GitHub Actions and it is quite complicated to run it on Azure Pipelines. Here comes <a href="https://packit.dev/"><u>Packit</u></a> service.</p>



<p>Packit is an open-source project aiming to ease the integration of your project with Fedora Linux, CentOS Stream and other distributions. Packit is mostly used by projects that build RPM packages. However, it can be easily used only for triggering tests on Testing Farm.</p>



<p>To use Packit service users should follow the <a href="https://packit.dev/docs/guide/"><u>onboarding guide</u></a>. We are using Packit on GitHub so we just installed the application and granted access to our organization.</p>



<p>After finishing the onboarding, users can create a configuration file for Packit in the repository. You can see our small example below. Because we just want to run tests, we use jobs: tests but users can use different kinds of jobs and triggers. To see the full options for Packit we suggest checking the <a href="https://packit.dev/docs/configuration/"><u>documentation</u></a> or <a href="https://developers.redhat.com/articles/2022/08/16/how-set-packit-simplify-upstream-project-integration"><u>this blog post</u></a>.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted"># Default packit instance is a prod and only this is used
# stg instance is present for testing new packit features in forked repositories where stg is installed.
packit_instances: ["prod", "stg"]
upstream_project_url: https://github.com/strimzi/strimzi-kafka-operator
issue_repository: https://github.com/strimzi/strimzi-kafka-operator
jobs:
  - job: tests
    trigger: pull_request
    # Suffix for job name
    identifier: "upgrade"
    targets:
      # This target is not used at all by our tests, but it has to be one of the available - https://packit.dev/docs/configuration/#aliases
      - centos-stream-9-x86_64
      - centos-stream-9-aarch64
    # We don't need to build any packages for Fedora/RHEL/CentOS, it is not related to Strimzi tests
    skip_build: true
    manual_trigger: true
    labels:
      - upgrade
    tf_extra_params:
      test:
        fmf:
          name: upgrade
  ###########################################################

  - job: tests
    trigger: pull_request
    # Suffix for job name
    identifier: "regression-operators"
    targets:
      # This target is not used at all by our tests, but it has to be one of the available - https://packit.dev/docs/configuration/#aliases
      - centos-stream-9-x86_64
      - centos-stream-9-aarch64
    # We don't need to build any packages for Fedora/RHEL/CentOS, it is not related to Strimzi tests
    skip_build: true
    manual_trigger: true
    labels:
      - regression
      - operators
      - regression-operators
      - ro
    tf_extra_params:
      test:
        fmf:
          name: regression-operators
.. ommited</pre>



<p>The full <a href="https://github.com/strimzi/strimzi-kafka-operator/blob/main/.packit.yaml" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><u>.packit.yaml</u></a> file is available on Strimzi GitHub.</p>



<p>If you successfully onboard to Packit service you will see the triggered check in GitHub pull request like on the picture bottom.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex">
<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="997" height="840" data-id="38495"  src="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/screenshot_2023-06-15_at_14.08.51.png" alt="" class="wp-image-38495" srcset="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/screenshot_2023-06-15_at_14.08.51.png 997w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/screenshot_2023-06-15_at_14.08.51-300x253.png 300w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/screenshot_2023-06-15_at_14.08.51-768x647.png 768w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/screenshot_2023-06-15_at_14.08.51-816x688.png 816w" sizes="(max-width: 997px) 100vw, 997px" /></figure>
</figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



<p>In this article, you&#8217;ve seen how to set up and use Testing Farm together with Packit. These two services make your upstream project very easily built and tested and now nothing stops you from on-boarding and using it!</p>


link: https://fedoramagazine.org/using-postfix-dns-srv-record-resolution-feature/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cDovL2ZlZG9yYW1hZ2F6aW5lLm9yZy9mZWVkLw==
read: False
type: Rss
title: Using Postfix DNS SRV record resolution feature
description: Use Postfix's DNS SRV record resolution feature to locate email services.
categories: For System Administrators|DNS|Postfix|SRV
comments_url: https://fedoramagazine.org/using-postfix-dns-srv-record-resolution-feature/feed/
content:
<p>In March 2011 Apple Inc. proposed <a href="https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc6186.txt" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RFC 6186</a> that describes how domain name system service (DNS SRV) records should be used for locating email submission and accessing services. The design presented in the RFC is now supported by Postfix since version 3.8.0. With the new functionality, you can now use DNS SRV records for load distribution and auto-configuration.</p>



<span id="more-38466"></span>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What does the DNS SRV record look like</h2>



<p>The DNS SRV records were defined in <a href="https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2782.txt" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RFC 2782</a> and are specified in zone files and contain the service name, transport protocol specification, priority, weight, port, and the host that provides the service.</p>



<p>_submission._tcp SRV 5 10 50 bruce.my-domain.com.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-table"><table><tbody><tr><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center"><strong>Field</strong></td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center"><strong>Value</strong></td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center"><strong>Meaning</strong></td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">service name</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">submission</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">service is named submission</td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">transport protocol specification</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">tcp</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">service is using TCP</td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">priority</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">5</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">servers priority is 5 (lower gets tried first)</td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">weight</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">10</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">portion of load the server should handle</td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">port</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">50</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">port where server listens for connections</td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">target</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">bruce.my-domain.com.</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">name of server providing this service</td></tr></tbody></table><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Record explanation</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Server selection algorithm</h2>



<p>Clients should implement the resolution of SRV records as described in <a href="https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2782.txt" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RFC 2782</a>. That means, first contact the server with the highest priority (lowest priority field value). If the server does not respond, try to contact the next server with either the same or lower priority (higher priority field value). If there are multiple servers with the same priority, choose one randomly, but ensure the probability of choosing records conforms to the equation:</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="163" height="48" src="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/probability_equation.png" alt="" class="wp-image-38468"/></figure>



<p>where <em>i</em>  is the identification of SRV record and <em>k</em> is the count of SRV records with the same priority.</p>



<p>In practice, this means that if you have two servers and one is 3 times as powerful as the other one, then you should give the first weight a value 3 times higher than the other one. This ensures the more powerful server will receive ~75% of client requests and the other one ~25%.</p>



<p>These principles allow SRV records to work as tools to both autoconfigure clients and distribute the workload among servers.</p>



<p>Consider the following example of such a set of records:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">_submission._tcp 	SRV 0 0 2525 server-one
_submission._tcp 	SRV 1 75 2625 server-two
_submission._tcp 	SRV 1 25 2625 server-three</pre>



<p>Here <strong>server-one</strong> would always be contacted first. If <strong>server-one</strong> does not respond, the client will shuffle the two remaining records with priority 1, generate a random number from 0 to 100 and if the running sum of the first record is greater or equal, then try to contact it. Otherwise, the client contacts the servers in reverse order. Note that the client submits the request to the first server it successfully connects to.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Configuration example</h2>



<p>Consider the following situation. You want to configure Postfix to relay outgoing emails through a company mail server by using SRV records for a large number of computers. To achieve this, you can configure the <strong>relayhost</strong> parameter in Postfix, which acts as a Mail User Agent (MUA) for each computer. If you set the value of the <strong>relayhost</strong> parameter to <strong>$mydomain</strong>, your machines start to look up MX records for your domain and attempt to submit mail in the order based on their priorities. While this approach works, you can encounter a problem with load balancing. Postfix uses the server with the highest priority until it becomes unresponsive and only then contacts any secondary servers. Additionally, if your environment uses dynamically assigned ports, you are not able to notify the clients what port is a particular server using. With SRV records, you can address these challenges and keep the servers running smoothly without peaks while changing the server&#8217;s port as needed.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Zone file</h3>



<p>To configure a DNS server to provide information to clients, see the following example zone file with servers one, two and three configured as relays and server four for receiving test mail.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">$TTL  3600
@  	IN SOA  example-domain.com. root.example-domain.com. (
                1571655122 ; Serial number of zone file
                1200       ; Refresh time
                180        ; Retry time in case of problem
                1209600    ; Expiry time
                10800 )    ; Maximum caching time in case of failed lookups
;
   	IN NS   ns1
   	IN A    192.168.2.0
;
ns1	IN A    192.168.2.2
server-one           IN A   192.168.2.4
server-two           IN A   192.168.2.5
server-three         IN A   192.168.2.6
server-four          IN A   192.168.2.7
_submission._tcp     SRV 0 0 2525  server-one
_submission._tcp     SRV 1 50 2625 server-two
_submission._tcp     SRV 1 50 2625 server-three
@ MX 0 server-four</pre>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Postfix MUA configuration</h3>



<p>Configure client machines to look for SRV records:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">use_srv_lookup = submission
relayhost = example-domain.com:submission</pre>



<p>With this configuration, Postfix instances on your client machines contact the DNS server for the <strong>example-domain</strong> and request the SRV records for mail submission. In this example, <strong>server-one</strong> has the highest priority and Postfix tries it first. Postfix then randomly selects one of the two remaining servers to try. The configuration ensures that server one will be contacted first approximately 50% of the time. Note that the weight value in the SRV records does not correspond with the percentage. You can achieve the same goal with the values 1 and 1.</p>



<p>Postfix also has the information that <strong>server-one</strong> listens on port 2525 and <strong>server-two</strong> on port 2625. If you are caching retrieved DNS records and you change the SRV records dynamically, it is important to set a low time to live (TTL) for your records.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Complete setup</h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="519" height="355" src="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/srv_article.png" alt="" class="wp-image-38467" srcset="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/srv_article.png 519w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/srv_article-300x205.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 519px) 100vw, 519px" /></figure>



<p>You can try this configuration with podman and compose file included here:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">$ git clone https://github.com/TomasKorbar/srv_article
$ cd srv_article/environment
$ podman-compose up
$ podman exec -it article_client /bin/bash
root@client # ./senddummy.sh
root@client # exit</pre>



<p>After completing the configuration steps, you can check the logs to monitor, that the mail passes server one and is delivered to server four.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">$ podman stop article_server1
$ podman exec -it article_client /bin/bash
root@client # ./senddummy.sh
root@client # ./senddummy.sh
root@client # ./senddummy.sh
root@client # ./senddummy.sh
root@client # ./senddummy.sh
root@client # ./senddummy.sh
root@client # exit</pre>



<p>Now that the first server is down, these six mails will be relayed by either server two or three.</p>



<p>Take a closer look at the Dockerfiles to understand the configuration more deeply.</p>



<p>Finish working with the example by executing: <kbd>$ podman-compose down</kbd></p>


link: https://fedoramagazine.org/use-systemd-cryptenroll-with-fido-u2f-or-tpm2-to-decrypt-your-disk/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cDovL2ZlZG9yYW1hZ2F6aW5lLm9yZy9mZWVkLw==
read: False
type: Rss
title: Use systemd-cryptenroll with FIDO U2F or TPM2 to decrypt your disk
categories: FAQs and Guides|FIDO|FIDO2|TPM|TPM2|U2F
comments_url: https://fedoramagazine.org/use-systemd-cryptenroll-with-fido-u2f-or-tpm2-to-decrypt-your-disk/feed/
description:
Find out how to use systemd-cryptenroll with a TPM2 chip or a FIDO U2F security key to unlock your LUKS partitions.

content:
<p>Fedora Workstation includes <a href="https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-cryptenroll.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">systemd-cryptenroll</a> by default which makes adding alternative methods for unlocking <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Unified_Key_Setup" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUKS</a> partitions fairly straight forward. This article shows how to use either a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TPM2</a> chip or a FIDO U2F security key as an alternative factor to the passphrase when unlocking your LUKS partitions.</p>



<span id="more-38339"></span>



<p><strong>Note</strong>: <em>systemd-cryptenroll does not work with LUKS1. LUKS1 volumes must be upgraded to LUKS2 to work with systemd-cryptenroll. Fedora Linux has used LUKS2 by default since release 30, but users who are using LUKS volumes that were created on older Fedora Linux releases will need to upgrade their LUKS volumes. References: <a href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Dm-crypt/Device_encryption#Conversion_from_LUKS1_to_LUKS2_and_back" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">documentation</a>, <a href="https://discussion.fedoraproject.org/t/upgrade-from-luks-luks2-on-main-disk/81099" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">discussion</a></em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Previous articles</h2>



<p>A TPM2 chip is a little piece of storage with secure APIs where you can store secrets protected by Secure Boot. Secure Boot establishes a chain of trust by computing hashes based on, for example, hardware or software components. This way you can store a LUKS decryption key which is only accessible if the system is in a non-tampered state (in theory). Unfortunately, this means you&#8217;ll want to measure things like your initramfs and kernel into this state which means invalidating this factor every time you do a system upgrade. FIDO U2F keys do not suffer from this problem as they are not tied to the hardware platform.</p>



<p>Check out my previous article about using an integrated TPM2 secure storage device to learn more in-depth specifics about how TPM2-based unlocking works and its security implications.</p>



<p>The previous article, however, uses clevis which adds additional dependencies and has a more complex interface than using the already present systemd-cryptenroll.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-fedora-magazine wp-block-embed-fedora-magazine"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
<blockquote class="wp-embedded-content" data-secret="mDA4rLuStM"><a href="https://fedoramagazine.org/automatically-decrypt-your-disk-using-tpm2/">Automatically decrypt your disk using TPM2</a></blockquote><iframe class="wp-embedded-content" sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" title="&#8220;Automatically decrypt your disk using TPM2&#8221; &#8212; Fedora Magazine" src="https://fedoramagazine.org/automatically-decrypt-your-disk-using-tpm2/embed/#?secret=jrXmhU0p7f#?secret=mDA4rLuStM" data-secret="mDA4rLuStM" width="600" height="338" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no"></iframe>
</div></figure>



<p>A FIDO2 or FIDO U2F compliant key is an external storage device with secure APIs for storing and retrieving secrets. These keys can be used as a second- or sole-factor in authentication flows. Secrets never leave the device and verification is done on the client. So attack scenarios like fishing are mitigated by design as compared to other MFA (multi-factor authentication) technologies like TOTP (time-based one time passwords).</p>



<p>A previous post about FIDO U2F / FIDO2 keys here on Fedora Magazine showed how to set up those keys for Linux PAM authentication &#8211; primarily <em>sudo</em> and GNOME login.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-fedora-magazine wp-block-embed-fedora-magazine"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
<blockquote class="wp-embedded-content" data-secret="LmClpJCCo2"><a href="https://fedoramagazine.org/use-fido-u2f-security-keys-with-fedora-linux/">Use FIDO U2F security keys with Fedora Linux</a></blockquote><iframe class="wp-embedded-content" sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" title="&#8220;Use FIDO U2F security keys with Fedora Linux&#8221; &#8212; Fedora Magazine" src="https://fedoramagazine.org/use-fido-u2f-security-keys-with-fedora-linux/embed/#?secret=PecY0dIayo#?secret=LmClpJCCo2" data-secret="LmClpJCCo2" width="600" height="338" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no"></iframe>
</div></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Find your encrypted LUKS disks</h2>



<p>For the following sections you need the filesystem path(s) to your LUKS encrypted partition(s). Use <em>lsblk</em> to find them.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted" style="font-size: 0.75em">$> lsblk
NAME                  MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE  MOUNTPOINTS
sda                     8:0    1     0B  0 disk
sdb                     8:16   1     0B  0 disk
zram0                 252:0    0     8G  0 disk  [SWAP]
nvme0n1               259:0    0 476.9G  0 disk
├─nvme0n1p1           259:1    0   600M  0 part  /boot/efi
├─nvme0n1p2           259:2    0     1G  0 part  /boot
└─nvme0n1p3           259:3    0 475.4G  0 part
  └─luks-fdb98c38-... 253:0    0 475.3G  0 crypt /home
                                                 /
</pre>



<p>Find the partition number(s) hosting the <em>luks-</em> partition of type <em>crypt</em>. In this case that&#8217;d be <em>/dev/nvme0n1p3</em>. Use this path as target for the following sections.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">(Maybe) Get rid of clevis</h2>



<p>Assuming you followed the previous post on using TPM2 you might want to unbind and remove clevis before proceeding with systemd-cryptenroll. Otherwise just skip this section.</p>



<p>First, remove any TPM2 binding from the LUKS secrets slots. Beware: do not remove slot 0 as it contains the passphrase binding!</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">$ sudo clevis luks list -d /dev/nvme0n1p3
... Slot 1 (or whichever is your TPM2 binding) ...
$ sudo clevis luks unbind -d /dev/nvme0n1p3 -s 1</pre>



<p>Now remove the clevis packages.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">sudo dnf remove -y clevis clevis-luks clevis-dracut clevis-udisks2 clevis-systemd</pre>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Choose TPM2 or FIDO as an alternative decryption method</h2>



<p>The following steps are required for both methods. Choose one to your liking.</p>



<ul>
<li>Add the corresponding dracut module so support is available in the initramfs at boot</li>



<li>Enroll / bind a LUKS secret slot tied to either the TPM2 or the FIDO key</li>



<li>Update /etc/crypttab with the new configuration</li>



<li>Rebuild the initramfs to apply the changes</li>
</ul>



<p>It is important to run dracut last to not only include new dependencies but also your updated <em>crypttab</em> in the <em>initramfs</em>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Use systemd-cryptenroll with a FIDO U2F key</h2>



<p>Add the <em>fido2</em> dracut module to your dracut configuration.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">$ echo "add_dracutmodules+=\" fido2 \"" | sudo tee /etc/dracut.conf.d/fido2.conf
add_dracutmodules+=" fido2 "</pre>



<p>Now enroll the FIDO key with your LUKS partition as an alternative decryption factor. See <a href="https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/systemd-cryptenroll.1.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">systemd-cryptenroll(1)</a> for options to control features like touch or pin prompt. By default presence and pin are requested for enrollment and use.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">sudo systemd-cryptenroll --fido2-device auto /dev/nvmen1p3</pre>



<p>Update <em>/etc/crypttab</em> and append <em>fido2-device=auto</em> to the appropriate line&#8217;s options. A line in <em>crypttab</em> consists of four fields with the last one being a comma separated list.</p>



<p>Finally, rebuild your initramfs using dracut. The following command will rebuild your currently-booted initramfs slot.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">sudo dracut -f</pre>



<p>Don&#8217;t worry about the FIDO key not working or about losing it since the passphrase is still available as a fallback.</p>



<p>You&#8217;ll now be prompted at boot to enter the PIN of your FIDO key. Be aware that the PIN entry prompt looks exactly the same as the passphrase prompt. You will notice a difference only when using the terminal (which you can view by hitting the <strong>ESC</strong> key). After entering the correct PIN the hardware token will prompt you to touch it which (also) is not indicated on the prompt. If it does not prompt for a touch, then <em>systemd-cryptenroll</em> was not able to find a hardware token corresponding to the entered PIN.</p>



<p><strong>Note</strong>: <em>systemd-cryptenroll does not currently work with multiple connected hardware tokens.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Use systemd-cryptenroll with a TPM2 chip</h2>



<p>Add the <em>tpm2-tss</em> module to your dracut configuration.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">$ echo "add_dracutmodules+=\" tpm2-tss \"" | sudo tee /etc/dracut.conf.d/tpm2.conf
add_dracutmodules+=" tpm2-tss "</pre>



<p>Enroll the TPM2 chip as alternative decryption factor for your LUKS partition(s). The <em>‐‐wipe-slot tpm2 </em>option ensures that after successful enrollment any previous bindings are removed. Use this command every time you need to update the binding.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">sudo systemd-cryptenroll --wipe-slot tpm2 --tpm2-device auto --tpm2-pcrs "0+1+2+3+4+5+7+9" /dev/nvme0n1p3</pre>



<p>Update /etc/crypttab and append <em>tpm2-device=auto,tpm2-pcrs=0+1+2+3+4+5+7+9</em> to the appropriate line&#8217;s options, depending on the PCRs used. A line in crypttab consists of four fields with the last one being a plus separated list.</p>



<p>Last but not least, rebuild your <em>initramfs</em> using <em>dracut</em>. The following command will rebuild your currently booted <em>initramfs</em> slot.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">sudo dracut -f</pre>


link: https://fedoramagazine.org/4-cool-new-projects-to-try-in-copr-for-june-2023/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cDovL2ZlZG9yYW1hZ2F6aW5lLm9yZy9mZWVkLw==
read: False
type: Rss
title: 4 cool new projects to try in COPR for June 2023
categories: Fedora Project community|Copr|free software|software|unsupported
comments_url: https://fedoramagazine.org/4-cool-new-projects-to-try-in-copr-for-june-2023/feed/
description:
Copr&#160;is a build-system for anyone in the Fedora community. It hosts thousands of projects for various purposes and audiences. Some of them should never be installed by anyone, some are already being transitioned to the official Fedora Linux repositories, and the rest is somewhere in between. Copr gives you the opportunity to install 3rd party [&#8230;]

content:
<p><a href="https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Copr</a>&nbsp;is a build-system for anyone in the Fedora community. It hosts thousands of projects for various purposes and audiences. Some of them should never be installed by anyone, some are already being transitioned to the official Fedora Linux repositories, and the rest is somewhere in between. Copr gives you the opportunity to install 3rd party software that is not available in Fedora Linux repositories, try nightly versions of your dependencies, use patched builds of your favorite tools to support some non-standard use-cases, and just experiment freely.</p>



<p>If you don&#8217;t know&nbsp;<a href="https://docs.pagure.org/copr.copr/how_to_enable_repo.html#how-to-enable-repo" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">how to enable a repository</a>&nbsp;or if you are concerned about whether&nbsp;<a href="https://docs.pagure.org/copr.copr/user_documentation.html#is-it-safe-to-use-copr" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">is it safe to use Copr</a>, please consult the&nbsp;<a href="https://docs.pagure.org/copr.copr/user_documentation.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">project documentation</a>.</p>



<p>This article takes a closer look at interesting projects that recently landed in Copr.</p>



<span id="more-38402"></span>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><a href="https://github.com/frostyx/fedora-magazine/blob/main/2023-june.md#chatgpt-shell-cli"></a>chatGPT-shell-cli</h2>



<p>This year it seems that anywhere you look,&nbsp;<a href="https://openai.com/product/chatgpt" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ChatGPT</a>&nbsp;is there. This time we have a lightweight ChatGPT and&nbsp;<a href="https://openai.com/product/dall-e-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DALL-E</a>&nbsp;client, written in Bash, called&nbsp;<a href="https://github.com/0xacx/chatGPT-shell-cli" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chatGPT-shell-cli</a>. Look for the &#8220;Commands&#8221; section at <a href="http://github.com/0xacx/chatGPT-shell-cli" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chatGPT-shell-cli </a> for usage. This Bash script can be especially useful for systems without standard dependencies such as Python or Node.js.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="770" height="339" src="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/chatgpt.png" alt="" class="wp-image-38403" srcset="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/chatgpt.png 770w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/chatgpt-300x132.png 300w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/chatgpt-768x338.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 770px) 100vw, 770px" /></figure>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><a href="https://github.com/frostyx/fedora-magazine/blob/main/2023-june.md#installation-instructions"></a>Installation instructions</h3>



<p>The&nbsp;<a href="https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/kylegospo/chatGPT-shell-cli/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">repo</a>&nbsp;currently provides&nbsp;<em>chatgpt-shell-cli</em>&nbsp;for Fedora 37, 38, Fedora Rawhide, RHEL8, RHEL9, and others. To install it, use these commands:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">sudo dnf copr enable kylegospo/chatGPT-shell-cli
sudo dnf install chatgpt-shell-cli</pre>



<p>Note that an OpenAI API key is required to use this script. You may create an account and get a free API Key at <a href="https://beta.openai.com/account/api-keys" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OpenAI</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><a href="https://github.com/frostyx/fedora-magazine/blob/main/2023-june.md#hyprland"></a>Hyprland</h2>



<p><a href="https://hyprland.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hyprland</a> is a beautiful looking compositor for Wayland. It provides dynamic tiling with multiple layouts, smooth animations, and endless customization options. Similarly to&nbsp;<a href="https://swaywm.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sway</a>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<a href="https://i3wm.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">i3</a>, it has a simple configuration file that doesn&#8217;t require you to know the programming language it was written in.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="2515" height="1415" src="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/hyprland.png" alt="" class="wp-image-38404" srcset="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/hyprland.png 2515w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/hyprland-300x169.png 300w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/hyprland-1024x576.png 1024w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/hyprland-768x432.png 768w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/hyprland-1536x864.png 1536w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/hyprland-2048x1152.png 2048w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/hyprland-816x459.png 816w" sizes="(max-width: 2515px) 100vw, 2515px" /></figure>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><a href="https://github.com/frostyx/fedora-magazine/blob/main/2023-june.md#installation-instructions-1"></a>Installation instructions</h3>



<p>The&nbsp;<a href="https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/carlwgeorge/hyprland/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">repo</a>&nbsp;currently provides Hyprland for Fedora 37, 38, and Fedora Rawhide. To install it, use these commands:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">sudo dnf copr enable carlwgeorge/hyprland
sudo dnf install hyprland</pre>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><a href="https://github.com/frostyx/fedora-magazine/blob/main/2023-june.md#wezterm"></a>Wezterm</h2>



<p><a href="https://wezfurlong.org/wezterm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wezterm</a>&nbsp;is a modern terminal emulator that runs on all the major operating systems. It has built-in support for terminal multiplexing, rendering images, emojis, GPU acceleration, and many more features.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="771" height="344" src="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/wezterm.png" alt="" class="wp-image-38405" srcset="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/wezterm.png 771w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/wezterm-300x134.png 300w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/wezterm-768x343.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 771px) 100vw, 771px" /></figure>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><a href="https://github.com/frostyx/fedora-magazine/blob/main/2023-june.md#installation-instructions-2"></a>Installation instructions</h3>



<p>The&nbsp;<a href="https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/zjlin/majesty-dubbed-skyline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">repo</a>&nbsp;currently provides Wezterm for Fedora 37, 38, and Fedora Rawhide. To install it, use these commands:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">sudo dnf copr enable zjlin/majesty-dubbed-skyline
sudo dnf install wezterm</pre>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><a href="https://github.com/frostyx/fedora-magazine/blob/main/2023-june.md#htpdate"></a>htpdate</h2>



<p><a href="http://www.vervest.org/htp/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">htpdate</a>&nbsp;is a time synchronization client for the HTTP Time Protocol (HTP). Is it better than Network Time Protocol (NTP) which is used in Fedora by default? It is not!&nbsp;<a href="https://www.vervest.org/htp/?FAQ" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">You should use NTP if you can</a>. However, NTP sometimes doesn&#8217;t work because of proxy or firewall restrictions. That&#8217;s when HTP and&nbsp;<em>htpdate</em>&nbsp;become very useful.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="770" height="339" src="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/htpdate.png" alt="" class="wp-image-38406" srcset="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/htpdate.png 770w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/htpdate-300x132.png 300w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/htpdate-768x338.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 770px) 100vw, 770px" /></figure>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><a href="https://github.com/frostyx/fedora-magazine/blob/main/2023-june.md#installation-instructions-3"></a>Installation instructions</h3>



<p>The&nbsp;<a href="https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/whitehara/htpdate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">repo</a>&nbsp;currently provides&nbsp;<em>htpdate</em>&nbsp;for Fedora 37, 38, Fedora Rawhide, Fedora ELN, RHEL8, RHEL9, and others. To install it, use these commands:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">sudo dnf copr enable whitehara/htpdate
sudo dnf install htpdate</pre>


link: https://fedoramagazine.org/youre-invited-to-the-fedora-linux-38-release-party/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cDovL2ZlZG9yYW1hZ2F6aW5lLm9yZy9mZWVkLw==
read: False
type: Rss
title: You’re invited to the Fedora Linux 38 Release Party!
categories: Events|Release Party
comments_url: https://fedoramagazine.org/youre-invited-to-the-fedora-linux-38-release-party/feed/
description:
Join the Fedora community this weekend on Friday, June 2nd and Saturday, June 3rd to celebrate the final release of Fedora Linux 38!

content:
<p>Join the Fedora community this weekend on Friday, June 2nd and Saturday, June 3rd to celebrate the final release of Fedora Linux 38 with a virtual <a href="https://communityblog.fedoraproject.org/tag/release-parties/">Release Party</a>. Please&nbsp;<a href="https://hopin.com/events/fedora-linux-38-release-party" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>register on Hopin</strong></a>&nbsp;and join us on June 2nd &amp; 3rd for a short program of informational sessions and social activities. Make sure to save the dates, share the registration, and show up to celebrate with Fedora Friends, old and new!</p>



<span id="more-38431"></span>



<p>The <a href="https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Fedora_Linux_38_Release_Party_Schedule" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">schedule for the Release Party</a> features informational sessions about the <a href="https://notifications.fedoraproject.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rewritten Fedora Notifications service</a>, a <a href="https://creativefreedomsummit.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Creative Freedom Summit retrospective</a>, <a href="https://fedoraproject.org/coreos/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fedora CoreOS</a>, updates from the <a href="https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/epel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EPEL</a> and <a href="https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/docs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fedora Docs</a> teams, and more community activities. Last, but certainly not least, we will be hanging out in the&nbsp;<a href="https://play.workadventu.re/@/mindshare-committee/nestwithfedora/fedoramuseum">Fedora Museum WorkAdventure</a>&nbsp;for our Hallway track. Thanks to our amazing community for all your contributions to the latest release of Fedora Linux. Let’s party!</p>


link: https://fedoramagazine.org/the-community-platform-engineering-f2f-2023-experience-part-ii/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cDovL2ZlZG9yYW1hZ2F6aW5lLm9yZy9mZWVkLw==
read: False
type: Rss
title: The Community Platform Engineering F2F 2023 Experience – Part II
categories: Fedora Project community|CPE
comments_url: https://fedoramagazine.org/the-community-platform-engineering-f2f-2023-experience-part-ii/feed/
description:
20 Mar 2023 &#8211; 23 Mar 2023 &#8211; Barcelona, Spain Intro If you have not already &#8211; now is the best time to read through the first part of the event report before getting into the second part here. Day 2Wednesday, 22nd March 2023The team members decided to start a bit late on the second [&#8230;]

content:
<blockquote class="wp-block-quote">
<p>20 Mar 2023 &#8211; 23 Mar 2023</p>
<cite>&#8211; Barcelona, Spain</cite></blockquote>



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<p><strong>Intro</strong></p>



<p>If you have not already &#8211; now is the best time to read through the <a href="https://fedoramagazine.org/the-community-platform-engineering-f2f-2023-experience-part-i/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">first part</a> of the event report before getting into the second part here. </p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20230323_115842-scaled.jpg"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="511" src="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20230323_115842-1024x511.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-38362" srcset="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20230323_115842-1024x511.jpg 1024w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20230323_115842-300x150.jpg 300w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20230323_115842-768x383.jpg 768w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20230323_115842-1536x766.jpg 1536w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20230323_115842-2048x1021.jpg 2048w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20230323_115842-816x407.jpg 816w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20230323_115842-400x200.jpg 400w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><strong>From left to right</strong> &#8211; Actually, never mind &#8211; there are too many people there.</figcaption></figure>



<p><strong>Day 2</strong><br /><strong><em>Wednesday, 22nd March 2023<br /></em></strong>The team members decided to start a bit late on the second day to ensure that everyone gets enough rest after the adventurous first day. Once the joint breakfast was completed in the hotel restaurant, the members started heading off to the office by 10 in the morning. They were were gracefully served Catalonian snacks by <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/lenkaseg/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lenka Segura</a>, Japanese souvenirs by <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/dkirwan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">David Kirwan</a>, and German sweets by <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/jbley/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Julia Bley</a> for the duration of the meeting. <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/mattdm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Matthew Miller</a> started the second day with his talk about the Fedora Project strategy and how <a href="https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/cpe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Community Platform Engineering</a> fits into the picture. This talk was followed by the one by <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/humaton/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tomas Hrcka</a> about how the <a href="https://docs.pagure.org/releng/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fedora Release Engineering team</a> addresses its responsibilities. The team took a short break after the first couple of sessions, before heading into the next set.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/IMG_1723-scaled.jpg"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="768" src="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/IMG_1723-1024x768.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-38359" srcset="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/IMG_1723-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/IMG_1723-300x225.jpg 300w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/IMG_1723-768x576.jpg 768w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/IMG_1723-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/IMG_1723-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/IMG_1723-816x612.jpg 816w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><strong>From left to right</strong> &#8211; <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/lenkaseg/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lenka Segura</a>  <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/mattdm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Matthew Miller</a>  <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/asamalik/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Adam Samalik</a>  <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/tdawson/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Troy Dawson</a></figcaption></figure>



<p>After a short break, the team continued with three lightning talks delivered about <a href="https://www.redhat.com/en/technologies/cloud-computing/openshift" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OpenShift</a> operators by <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/dkirwan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">David Kirwan</a>, <a href="https://packit.dev/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Packit</a> by <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/lachmanfrantisek/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frantisek Lachman</a> and <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/lbarczio/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Laura Barcziova</a>, and <a href="https://pulpproject.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pulp</a> by <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/msuchy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Miroslav</a><a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/msuchy/"> Suchy</a>. Miroslav Suchy delivered a thought-provoking talk about the scope of tooling for the Community Platform Engineering team, and how it contributes to <a href="https://fedoraproject.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fedora Linux</a>. With that, the folks dispersed into small groups for lunch. Once they were back in the office, <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/csomh/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hunor Csomortáni</a> delivered a talk about revisiting source-git and the plans for unifying package sources in the pipeline. This was followed by a talk by <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/carlwgeorge/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Carl George</a> about the <a href="https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/epel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EPEL</a> 10 plans for improvements that would be coming very soon. The final interesting talk of the day was delivered by <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/bstinson/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Brian Stinson</a> about the expectations of <a href="https://www.redhat.com/en/technologies/linux-platforms/enterprise-linux" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RHEL</a> from Fedora Linux and <a href="http://centosproject.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CentOS</a><a href="http://centosproject.org/"> Stream</a>.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/IMG20230321190020_01-scaled.jpg"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="576" src="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/IMG20230321190020_01-1024x576.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-38360" srcset="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/IMG20230321190020_01-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/IMG20230321190020_01-300x169.jpg 300w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/IMG20230321190020_01-768x432.jpg 768w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/IMG20230321190020_01-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/IMG20230321190020_01-2048x1152.jpg 2048w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/IMG20230321190020_01-816x459.jpg 816w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><strong>From left to right</strong> &#8211; <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/ekidney" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Emma Kidney</a>  <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/dfan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">David Fan</a>  <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/zlopez/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Michal Konecny</a>  <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/t0xic0der/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Akashdeep Dhar</a>  <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/jnsamyak/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Samyak Jain</a>  <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/dkirwan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">David Kirwan</a></figcaption></figure>



<p>In the evening, at around 19:00, the team members left for a regional burger restaurant, <a href="https://www.tripadvisor.com/Restaurant_Review-g187497-d7223439-Reviews-Tio_Joe-Barcelona_Catalonia.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tio Joe’s</a>. This had been booked in advance and was near the hotel premises . With toasts made to the team members that were now united after a long time, they not only enjoyed the appetizing food that was served but also the company of the friends that they had bonded with over the course of the last couple days. </p>



<p>Once the dinner was over, at around 21:30, some folks headed back to the hotel for a respite. The remainder went to the <a href="https://trompokaraokebar.com/">Trompos </a><a href="https://trompokaraokebar.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Karaoke</a><a href="https://trompokaraokebar.com/"> Bar</a> to participate in the fun karaoke night session organized by <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/abompard/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aurelien Bompard</a>. People queued up their songs and soon began to collaborate in performing their favorite songs in duos and in choirs.  This was a fitting end to the night, as late as 02:00, and a fun look at their singing preferences.</p>



<p><strong>Day 3</strong><strong><br /></strong><strong><em>Thursday, 23rd March 2023</em></strong></p>



<p>This was the day of departure for a lot of people. Since they would miss out on the sessions on this third day, it was incredibly light in terms of the agenda and activities. Many of the team members checked out of their hotel rooms after breakfast at 09:00 and left their luggage with the hotel before leaving for the office.</p>



<p> <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/smattejiet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stefan Mattejiet</a> started off the last day with his discussion session about CPE Futurespective, and understanding what direction the team should head in the coming times. The interesting discussion felt a lot inspired by the established logic model planning structure used for <a href="https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/council/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fedora Council</a> community initiatives. This structure starts off with planning the general objectives first and then going back to the implementation details later.&nbsp;</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20230323_104914-scaled.jpg"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="768" src="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20230323_104914-1024x768.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-38358" srcset="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20230323_104914-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20230323_104914-300x225.jpg 300w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20230323_104914-768x576.jpg 768w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20230323_104914-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20230323_104914-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20230323_104914-816x612.jpg 816w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><strong>From left to right</strong> &#8211; <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/arrfab" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fabian Arrotin</a>  <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/james/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Antill</a>  <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/asaleh/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Adam Saleh</a>  <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/carlwgeorge/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Carl George</a>  <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/humaton/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tomas Hrcka</a></figcaption></figure>



<p>The next session was hosted by <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/amoloney/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aoife Moloney</a> who kicked off an interesting discussion about the limited-scope projects that the team undertakes and the maintainers for the applications that the team takes care of. The members participated in pointing out the things that currently work great and those that could use some improvements. This was the last planned session for the day and the group assembled to be a part of the “Community Platform Engineering family picture”. After that, they dispersed into small groups to have their lunches in their preferred places. </p>



<p>With no more planned talks after lunchtime, the team members were divided into smaller groups for breakout rooms to participate in more detailed discussions. <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/zlopez" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Michal Konecny</a> lead the one for the infrastructure and release engineering team.&nbsp;</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Group-Stories.jpeg"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="653" src="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Group-Stories-1024x653.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-38361" srcset="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Group-Stories-1024x653.jpeg 1024w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Group-Stories-300x191.jpeg 300w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Group-Stories-768x490.jpeg 768w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Group-Stories-816x520.jpeg 816w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Group-Stories.jpeg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><strong>From left to right</strong> &#8211; <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/zlopez/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Michal Konecny</a>  <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/carlwgeorge/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Carl George</a>  <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/t0xic0der/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Akashdeep Dhar</a>  <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/dkirwan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">David Kirwan</a>  <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/nphilipp/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nils Philippsen</a>  <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/arrfab/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fabian Arrotin</a>  <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/tdawson/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Troy Dawson</a>  <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/dherrera/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Diego Herrera</a></figcaption></figure>



<p>The team started slowly thinning down even more in the late afternoon, with the members bidding farewell to each other in the office and returning to the hotel. Some members decided to stay longer to explore Barcelona a bit more. Others began collecting their luggage from the hotel and leaving for the airport. With “goodbyes” waved to teammates and “resolves” about the next thing, the members departed from the face-to-face meeting with a new zeal and energy to contribute in an even better way to the community. </p>



<p>Even with minor hiccups and some teammates not being able to join the event, the meeting event turned out to be a grand success &#8211; both in uniting the members and in strategizing the team&#8217;s efforts. The members of the team surely look forward to the next time they get together.&nbsp;</p>


link: https://fedoramagazine.org/make-use-of-btrfs-snapshots-to-upgrade-fedora-linux-with-easy-fallback/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cDovL2ZlZG9yYW1hZ2F6aW5lLm9yZy9mZWVkLw==
read: False
type: Rss
title: Make use of Btrfs snapshots to upgrade Fedora Linux with easy fallback
categories: FAQs and Guides|btrfs|snapshot|system-upgrade
description:
Use a Btrfs snapshot as a fallback in case of any problems with a system upgrade. Think of it as a "save game" for your computer!

content:
<p>Back in 2018, a <a href="https://fedoramagazine.org/use-lvm-upgrade-fedora/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">previous article</a> demonstrated how to use LVM to clone the root filesystem before upgrading Fedora Linux so as to have a fallback in the unlikely event that something goes wrong. Today, the default Fedora Workstation install uses Btrfs. Now you can use a Btrfs snapshot to make creating a bootable fallback much easier. Note that converting or migrating a system to Btrfs from another filesystem is outside the scope of this article.</p>



<span id="more-38259"></span>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Check that root filesystem is Btrfs</h2>



<p>This example uses a Pinebook aarch64 laptop. Before proceeding, first make sure that Btrfs is being used for the root (system) filesystem. Not every spin or image uses Btrfs by default.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">$ df -T
Filesystem     Type     1K-blocks     Used Available Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs       devtmpfs      4096        0      4096   0% /dev
tmpfs          tmpfs       998992        0    998992   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs          tmpfs       399600     6360    393240   2% /run
/dev/mmcblk2p3 btrfs     56929280 39796116  15058348  73% /
tmpfs          tmpfs       998996       24    998972   1% /tmp
tmpfs          tmpfs      5242880        0   5242880   0% /var/lib/mock
/dev/mmcblk2p3 btrfs     56929280 39796116  15058348  73% /f34
/dev/mmcblk2p3 btrfs     56929280 39796116  15058348  73% /home
/dev/mmcblk2p2 ext4        996780   551888    376080  60% /boot
/dev/mmcblk2p1 vfat        194348    31648    162700  17% /boot/efi
tmpfs          tmpfs       199796      100    199696   1% /run/user/1000
tmpfs          tmpfs       199796       84    199712   1% /run/user/0</pre>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">List the existing Btrfs subvolumes</h2>



<p>The above example output shows that the file system mounted on &#8220;root&#8221; (&#8220;/&#8221;) is type Btrfs. Notice that three mountpoints show the same backing device and the same <em>Used</em> and <em>Available</em> blocks. This is because they are parts (subvolumes) mounted from a single Btrfs filesystem. The <em>/f34</em> subvolume is my bootable snapshot from last year.</p>



<p>A default Fedora Btrfs install creates one Btrfs filesystem with two subvolumes &#8212; <em>root</em> and <em>home</em> &#8212; mounted on / and /home respectively. Let&#8217;s see what other subvolumes I&#8217;ve added:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">$ sudo btrfs subvol list /
ID 272 gen 110428 top level 5 path root
ID 273 gen 110426 top level 5 path home
ID 300 gen 109923 top level 5 path f34
ID 301 gen 95852 top level 5 path home.22Jul26
ID 302 gen 95854 top level 5 path f36.22Jul26</pre>



<p>There is an <em>f34</em> subvol from the last system-upgrade and two readonly snapshots of <em>home</em> and <em>f36</em>. The easiest way to add and delete snapshots is to mount the Btrfs root. I will update the system and create a new snapshot of the current f36 <em>root</em> subvolume. If you have renamed your <em>root</em> subvolume, then you presumably know enough to adjust the following example accordingly for your system.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Create the Btrfs fallback snapshot</h2>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">$ sudo dnf update --refresh
... lots of stuff updated (reboot if kernel updated)
$ sudo mkdir -p /mnt/root
$ sudo mount /dev/mmcblk2p3 /mnt/root
$ cd /mnt/root
$ ls
f34  f36.22Jul26  home  home.22Jul26  root
$ sudo btrfs subvol snapshot root f36
Create a snapshot of 'root' in './f36'</pre>



<p>Because Btrfs snapshots are filesystem based, it is not necessary to &#8220;sync&#8221; before the snapshot, as I recommended for LVM. To boot from the new subvol as a fallback, you will need to edit /mnt/root/f36/etc/fstab with your favorite editor. If you are a beginner, nano is a dirt simple text editor with minimal features. Here are some lines from my <em>fstab</em> file:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">LABEL=PINE		/    btrfs   subvol=root,compress=zstd:1        1 1
UUID=e31667fb-5b6f-48d9-aa90-f2fd6aa5f005 /boot ext4    defaults        1 2
UUID=75DB-5832          /boot/efi               vfat    umask=0077,shortname=winnt 0 2
LABEL=PINE		/home    btrfs   subvol=home,compress=zstd:1    1 1
LABEL=SWAP swap			swap	discard=once	0 0</pre>



<p>Change <em>subvol=root</em> to <em>subvol=f36</em>. This change is to the file in the snapshot, not your production <em>fstab</em>. You can compare them with <kbd>diff /etc/fstab /mnt/root/f36/etc/fstab</kbd>. In my case, I also deleted my <em>f34</em> snapshot from last year with <kbd>sudo btrfs subvol delete f34</kbd>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Test the Btrfs fallback snapshot</h2>



<p>Now you are ready to test the fallback. You could use <a href="https://fedoramagazine.org/setting-kernel-command-line-arguments-with-fedora-30/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">grubby</a> or edit an entry in /boot/loader/entries to change <em>subvol=root</em> to <em>subvol=f36</em>. But in the interest of safety for beginners, I will have you edit the GRUB entry at boot time instead. Check out  <a href="https://fedoramagazine.org/boot-earlier-kernel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">this article on GRUB</a> for tips on getting to the GRUB menu.  Once you are there, press the <strong>e</strong> key to edit the default kernel entry. Don&#8217;t worry &#8212; your changes are in volatile memory only. If you mess up, reboot to start over. Just like with fstab, find <em>subvol=root</em> and change it to <em>subvol=f36</em>. Press <strong>F10</strong> or <strong>Ctrl</strong>+<strong>X</strong> to boot your modified entry. With these changes, the system should boot into your new snapshot. Look at /etc/fstab to make sure you are booting from the right subvol, or enter <kbd>mount | grep subvol</kbd> to see what subvolume is mounted on &#8220;/&#8221;. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Do the Fedora Linux system upgrade</h2>



<p>If your fallback is working, reboot back to your normal root filesystem (and confirm as above). Then proceed with the standard system-upgrade outlined on the <a href="https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/quick-docs/dnf-system-upgrade/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wiki page</a>. TIP: Before running <kbd>dnf system-upgrade reboot</kbd>, make another snapshot of root. Call it something like <em>root.dl</em>. That way, you don&#8217;t have to download five gigabytes of packages again should you discover that there wasn&#8217;t enough free space. The snapshot will not take up any additional space because all but the downloaded packages are shared with <em>root</em> and <em>f36</em>. About that sharing of disk blocks … <br /><br /><kbd>dnf system-upgrade</kbd> gets confused about free space as reported by Btrfs because the f36 files in the <em>root</em> subvolume use the same disk locations as the same files in the <em>f36</em> subvolume. So removing them from the <em>root</em> subvolume during the upgrade process doesn&#8217;t actually free up any space. If you run out of space, and you reboot &#8212; the graphical user interface (GUI) won&#8217;t start. Use <strong>Ctrl</strong>+<strong>Alt</strong>+<strong>F2</strong> to login on a text console and practice your command line interface skills. Figuring out what to remove to free up space or how to expand the root filesystem is beyond the scope of this article (mine is often on an LVM volume and can be expanded). Having more than 50% free for the upgrade is a safe bet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Recovery</h2>



<p>Should something go wrong, you can reboot and edit the GRUB entry to boot the fallback. If you are a beginner, you&#8217;ll want some hand holding if you do end up needing to change the GRUB entry on disk (so you don&#8217;t have to edit at each boot). It is straight forward to delete or rename the broken <em>root</em> subvol.  Snapshot the <em>f36</em> subvol (or the <em>root.dl</em> snapshot) to try the system-upgrade process again. Here is an example of starting over after booting into the fallback system on subvol f36:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">$ mount | grep subvol
$ sudo mount /dev/mmcblk2p3 /mnt/root
$ cd /mnt/root
$ sudo mv root root.failed
$ sudo btrfs subvol snapshot f36 root
Create a snapshot of 'f36' in './root'

Don't forget to edit /mnt/root/root/etc/fstab to change the subvol mounted on "/" to "root".</pre>



<p>As it turns out, the new kernel-6.2.11 for f38 did not boot on my Pinebook after the system-upgrade!  (Don&#8217;t worry, ARM is an alternative CPU architecture for Fedora Linux &#8212; this is very unlikely to happen to you on a mainstream device.) I was indeed able to boot back to f36 by editing the GRUB entry for kernel-6.2.10 at boot time as described above. I am now using f38 again &#8212; but with kernel-6.2.10 from f36. </p>



<p><strong>Update</strong>: <em>kernel-6.2.12 is out and it works on the Pinebook.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Expiration</h2>



<p>As you update the f38 system, it will eventually want to delete the last f36 kernel from /boot. That is normally not a problem, as by that time you have settled into f38, and the f36 snapshot is just an archive.  If you want to keep your fork (f36 snapshot) bootable indefinitely, you should preserve a working f36 kernel under /boot. The simplest way to do so is to set <em>installonly_limit=0</em> in /etc/dnf/dnf.conf and manually remove old kernels. It is simple and safe (but annoying).<br /><br />Outline of a more complex solution (not for beginners): Run <kbd>find /boot -name "*fc36*"</kbd> to list all the kernel and GRUB files for your f36 subvolume snapshot that are under /boot (which is not in the snapshot). Copy them to a backup location (I would mount the f36 subvolume and copy to a backup directory there). While booted from f38, for each f36 kernel version, use dnf to remove that specific kernel version (for example, <kbd>dnf remove kernel-core-5.19.11-200.fc36</kbd>).  Do not remove the f38 kernels! Now restore the f36 kernels you saved to /boot. The f38 system doesn&#8217;t know about f36 kernels anymore, and it will not remove them from /boot.<br /><br />The problem with that method is the danger of accidentally removing the running f38 kernel. If anyone has a better method, let me know in the comments.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Future directions</h2>



<p>Those comfortable with modifying GRUB entries might consider creating a snapshot subvolume named <em>f38</em>, modifying the current GRUB entry to boot into that, rebooting, and running the system-upgrade in that subvolume. Then always name the subvol for the root filesystem after the Fedora Linux release it contains. I did not do that for this article for two reasons.</p>



<ol>
<li>Naming the current active subvolume <em>root</em> matches the Fedora Linux default.</li>



<li>Sticking with <em>root</em> for the current subvol does not require any permanent changes outside of the normal system-upgrade procedure.</li>
</ol>



<p>As this article has demonstrated, readonly snapsnots are useful as local restore points in case things go wrong when making significant system changes (such as a system release upgrade). These snapshots can also be sent to a remote backup using Btrfs&#8217; <em>send</em> subcommand. (And if the remote backup device already contains previous backups, Btrfs can do an incremental send that only transmits changed files to save time and space.) If you intend to archive these snapshots long term, the key to not getting confused about which ones are which and what order to restore them is to use a consistent naming convention. See the article on <a href="https://fedoramagazine.org/btrfs-snapshots-backup-incremental/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Btrfs snapshots for backup</a> for more information about using Btrfs&#8217; <em>send</em> command to create backups.</p>

comments_url:
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link: https://fedoramagazine.org/use-fido-u2f-security-keys-with-fedora-linux/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cDovL2ZlZG9yYW1hZ2F6aW5lLm9yZy9mZWVkLw==
read: False
type: Rss
title: Use FIDO U2F security keys with Fedora Linux
categories: FAQs and Guides|CTAP|CTAP1|FIDO|FIDO2|Security Key|U2F|W3C|WebAuthn|YubiKey
comments_url: https://fedoramagazine.org/use-fido-u2f-security-keys-with-fedora-linux/feed/
description:
A FIDO U2F security key is a small USB and/or NFC based device. It is a hardware security token with modules for many security related use-cases. There are several brands of FIDO compliant keys, including NitroKey, SoloKey v2, and YubiKey. FIDO, in contrast to proprietary protocols like Yubico OTP, is hardware token agnostic and the [&#8230;]

content:
<p>A FIDO U2F security key is a small USB and/or NFC based device. It is a hardware security token with modules for many security related use-cases. There are several brands of FIDO compliant keys, including NitroKey, SoloKey v2, and YubiKey. FIDO, in contrast to proprietary protocols like Yubico OTP, is hardware token agnostic and the tools used are manufacturer independent.</p>



<p>This post introduces the FIDO protocol(s) and shows how to install and enable a FIDO U2F security key as an alternative authentication factor for logging into a terminal, GDM, or authenticating for sudo.</p>



<span id="more-38200"></span>



<p>For YubiKeys, especially older ones <em>without</em> FIDO2/U2F support, see the previous post titled &#8220;<a href="https://fedoramagazine.org/how-to-use-a-yubikey-with-fedora-linux/">How to use a YubiKey with Fedora Linux</a>&#8220;.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-fedora-magazine wp-block-embed-fedora-magazine"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
<blockquote class="wp-embedded-content" data-secret="c3WsreIZcz"><a href="https://fedoramagazine.org/how-to-use-a-yubikey-with-fedora-linux/">How to use a YubiKey with Fedora Linux</a></blockquote><iframe class="wp-embedded-content" sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" title="&#8220;How to use a YubiKey with Fedora Linux&#8221; &#8212; Fedora Magazine" src="https://fedoramagazine.org/how-to-use-a-yubikey-with-fedora-linux/embed/#?secret=10dooDXm0Y#?secret=c3WsreIZcz" data-secret="c3WsreIZcz" width="600" height="338" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no"></iframe>
</div></figure>



<p>This post will not cover storing OpenPGP keys or X.509 certificates because those features are hardware dependent and not part of the FIDO U2F standard.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Keep a backup security key</h2>



<p>As soon as you start working with security tokens you have to account for the potential to lock yourself out of accounts tied to these tokens. As hardware security tokens are unique and designed to be extremely hard to copy you cannot just make a backup of it like you can with software vaults like KeePass or AndOTP. Consequently, all registrations you make with your primary key you should immediately repeat with a second backup key that you will store in a secure location, maybe even a safe.</p>



<p>In practice this means you will need to register both hardware tokens with your Linux and web accounts, generate OpenSSH private keys twice, and upload both OpenSSH public keys to the servers and services you use (for example, GitHub).</p>



<p>Should you lose a key, you&#8217;ll want to use your second key to sign in on every service the keys are registered with, remove the lost key, and register a new one. This is especially true for password-less logins using a FIDO2 protocol.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">FIDO2, U2F and the FIDO Alliance</h2>



<p>FIDO2 is a collection of standards maintained by the <a href="https://fidoalliance.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">FIDO Alliance</a>. The FIDO Alliance hopes to eventually get rid of passwords altogether and instead provide procedures to authenticate users securely through multiple factors but without the need for passwords.</p>



<p>The standard consists of the World Wide Web Consortium&#8217;s (W3C) Web Authentication (WebAuthn) and the FIDO Alliance&#8217;s Client-to-Authenticator Protocol (CTAP). WebAuthn is a standard API to request and process public key challenges for authentication. With this, browsers send a challenge to a client which then produces a response with a private key that the challenger then verifies using a previously exchanged public key. How the challenge answer is produced is unknown to the service and it is controlled by the CTAP. The user might be prompted for several verification methods like biometrics, PIN, or presence check (or some combination of these methods). These checks are the same for authentication as they are when registering the key with the service.</p>



<p>A access PIN to protect any interaction with the hardware token is optional and it is unset by default. Most keys will self-invalidate after eight sequential failed attempts at entering the access PIN. The only way to recover an invalidated key and set a new PIN is to reset the key. However, when a key is reset, all its service registrations will be lost!</p>



<p>A FIDO2 key also supports the FIDO U2F protocol (now renamed CTAP1). This protocol is designed for second- or multi-factor (but not password-less) authentication. Linux&#8217;s PAM authentication system can also be configured to use the U2F protocol. Although FIDO U2F is not designed for password-less authentication, the U2F PAM module does allow password-less authentication.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Security implications</h2>



<p>FIDO2 / U2F works by tying the security key to your user account. Most keys have a basic presence-check which is enabled / used by default. They typically perform a presence-check by lighting up and prompting you to touch the key. A FIDO2 PIN is optional and it will be unset by default. When the key is registered for signing in to your Linux account or for using sudo, it is sufficient to have the device and key physically present. A FIDO2 PIN is an important additional verification step to ensure that only you can use the key for authentication.</p>



<blockquote class="wp-block-quote">
<p>Wait! Now I have to keep track of an additional PIN? Isn&#8217;t this just a shorter password?</p>
<cite>The concerned reader</cite></blockquote>



<p>A FIDO2 PIN is not a password. It is a short, easy-to-remember phrase. This is not a problem because:</p>



<ol>
<li>You need physical access to the key <em>and</em> you need to know the PIN.</li>



<li>Failing to enter the PIN eight times will invalidate the key which makes it hard to brute-force.</li>
</ol>



<p>On the contrary, you can now use a secure password stored in a password manager that you don&#8217;t need to remember.</p>



<p>A 2016 case study by Google, titled &#8220;<em><a href="http://fc16.ifca.ai/preproceedings/25_Lang.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Security Keys: Practical Cryptographic Second Factors for the Modern Web</a></em>&#8220;, shows security keys effectively protect users from password reuse, phishing and man-in-the-middle attacks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">User authentication using PAM</h2>



<p>Local system authentication uses <a href="https://www.redhat.com/sysadmin/pluggable-authentication-modules-pam" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)</a>. The PAM module for U2F devices (and hence authentication) is <em>pam_u2f</em>. Whether your key supports FIDO2 or FIDO U2F will depend on its firmware version and hardware model.</p>



<p>The setup is as follows:</p>



<ol>
<li>Install the PAM module.</li>



<li>Register a key with your user account.</li>



<li>Use <em>authselect</em> to activate smart card support in PAM.</li>
</ol>



<p><a href="https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/8/html/configuring_authentication_and_authorization_in_rhel/configuring-user-authentication-using-authselect_configuring-authentication-and-authorization-in-rhel" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Authselect</a> is a tool for configuring PAM with reproducible profiles. By using authselect&#8217;s profiles, manually altering configuration files under the /etc/pam.d directory can be avoided.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Dependencies</h2>



<p>The required packages are available in the official repositories.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">[…]$ sudo dnf install pam-u2f pamu2fcfg fido2-tools</pre>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Set a FIDO2 PIN on your key</h3>



<p>The FIDO2 standard defines an optional PIN for access protection. There is no PUK or other way to restore a lost or invalidated PIN so make sure you have a backup approach for authentication. If the PIN is invalidated through sequential entry of invalid PINs, the only way to recover is to reset the key. However, resetting your key removes all its credentials and disconnects it from all previously registered services.</p>



<p>The <em>fido2-tools</em> package contains a tool to set the FIDO2 PIN of your key: <em>fido2-token</em>. Get a list of currently connected FIDO2 devices with <kbd>fido2-token -L</kbd> and set a new pin with <kbd>fido2-token -C &lt;/path/to/device&gt;</kbd>:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">[…]$ fido2-token -L
/dev/hidraw1: vendor=0x1050, product=0x0407 (Yubico YubiKey OTP+FIDO+CCID)
[…]$ fido2-token -C /dev/hidraw1
Enter current PIN for /dev/hidraw1: 
Enter new PIN for /dev/hidraw1:</pre>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Register the security key with your local account(s)</strong></h3>



<p>Use the tool <em>pamu2fcfg</em> to retrieve a configuration line that goes into ~/.config/Yubico/u2f_keys. <em>pam_u2f</em> is a Yubico-provided, generic module for U2F keys, hence the Yubico specific default configuration path. Each configuration line in this file consists of a username and a key-specific credential / config part separated by colons. Be sure to only use one line per user.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">fedora-user:owBYtPIH2yzjlSQaRrVcxB...Pg==,es256,+presence+pin[:another key for this user]</pre>



<p>If the key is PIN protected you&#8217;ll be asked to enter the PIN for this operation. Use the following for the initial registration of your first key:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">[…]$ mkdir -p ~/.config/Yubico
[…]$ pamu2fcfg --pin-verification &gt; ~/.config/Yubico/u2f_keys</pre>



<p>To add another key (for example, your backup key) to this single-user configuration, use the following command:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">[…]$ pamu2fcfg --nouser --pin-verification &gt;&gt; ~/.config/Yubico/u2f_keys</pre>



<p><em>pam_u2f</em> also supports the use of a central authentication file. In that case, be sure to use one line per user and to keep all the keys of a given user on the same line. If two lines reference the same username only the last one will be used! Have a look at the <a href="https://manpages.org/pam_u2f/8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pam_u2f man page</a> for all available options.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Configure PAM with authselect</h2>



<p><strong><a href="https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/8/html/configuring_authentication_and_authorization_in_rhel/configuring-user-authentication-using-authselect_configuring-authentication-and-authorization-in-rhel" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">authselect</a></strong> is a tool for controling your system&#8217;s PAM configuration. It introduces profiles as an additional layer of abstraction. One authselect profile can change several PAM configuration files. Profiles have parameters that control additional features and behaviors like enabling FIDO U2F security keys. A detailed tour of <em>authselect</em> is planned for a future article.</p>



<p>Display the currently active <em>authselect</em> profile. With the SSSD (System Security Service Daemon) profile selected and U2F support enabled, the output might resemble the following:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">[…]$ authselect current
Profile ID: sssd
Enabled features:
- with-pam-u2f</pre>



<p>Activate FIDO U2F support in PAM using <em>authselect</em> with the <em>with-pam-u2f</em> flag:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">[…]$ sudo authselect select sssd with-pam-u2f</pre>



<p>If you also want to use your fingerprint reader you have to enable both features:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">[…]$ sudo authselect select sssd with-pam-u2f with-fingerprint</pre>



<p>This activates the <em>sssd</em> profile with <em>pam_u2f</em> and fingerprint reader support. For example, when using sudo on a terminal with the above authselect profile configuration, you&#8217;ll first be asked for a fingerprint and if that fails for the U2F key. GDM, however, will use the U2F key first.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Unlocking the GNOME keyring daemon</h2>



<p>When using biometrics, a U2F key, or any other method that does not require a passphrase to sign in to GNOME, the <em>Login</em> keyring cannot be unlocked automatically. This is because, by default, the keyring passphrase is set to the same value as your login passphrase. Normally, PAM passes your login passphrase to the keyring daemon. Since you are not entering a passphrase when authenticating via methods such as biometrics or U2F keys, there is no passphrase for PAM to pass to the keyring daemon. There is no straight forward solution to this problem.</p>



<p>If you use LUKS encryption for your home partition and operate a single-user system, you could remove the passphrase from your keyring. This will leave your gnome keyring unencrypted at the file level. But it will still be encrypted at the block level by LUKS. LUKS encryption is equivalent to the default file-based keyring encryption on a single-user system since the keyring&#8217;s encryption is only designed to protect its contents from offline access. The keyring will be decrypted / unlocked after login either way and any runtime application or malware can potentially access the keyring&#8217;s contents after it is unlocked. Since LUKS is also an offline protection mechanism, it can be considered an equivalent alternative to the keyring&#8217;s normal file-based encryption.</p>



<p>LUKS encryption and the keyring&#8217;s normal file-based encryption are not equivalent if your system is used by multiple users. In the case of a multi-user system with the keyrings protected only by LUKS, any user with authorization to decrypt the disk and boot the system will be able to access any other user&#8217;s keyring on that same system.</p>



<p>Removing the GNOME <em>Login</em> keyring passphrase is straight forward. Just set a new empty password and the keyring will be unlocked and it will be stored unencrypted at the file level. The graphical utility <em>seahorse</em> (also called <em>Passwords and Keys</em>) can be used to set a blank password on your GNOME <em>Login</em> keyring.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Lookout and other use-cases</h2>



<p>Upcoming articles will explore how to use FIDO2/U2F keys for unlocking LUKS-encrypted disks using the U2F Dracut plugin.</p>



<p>OpenSSH 8.2+ supports the use of <em>ed25519-sk</em> security keys. This topic has already been touched upon in the previous article titled &#8220;<a href="https://fedoramagazine.org/how-to-use-a-yubikey-with-fedora-linux/">How to use a YubiKey with Fedora Linux</a>&#8220;.</p>



<p>Note that FIDO2/U2F is an authentication standard. There are other use-cases for security tokens (primarily established by Yubico) like (T)OTP, PIV (for x509 key management) or OpenPGP which are not covered in general but on a hardware by hardware basis.</p>


link: https://fedoramagazine.org/trying-different-desktop-environments-using-rpm-ostree/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cDovL2ZlZG9yYW1hZ2F6aW5lLm9yZy9mZWVkLw==
read: False
type: Rss
title: Trying different desktop environments using “rpm-ostree rebase”
categories: Fedora Project community
comments_url: https://fedoramagazine.org/trying-different-desktop-environments-using-rpm-ostree/feed/
description:
Fedora Linux Workstation features a GNOME desktop environment which is an easy to use, intuitive, and efficient desktop environment. But this is not the only option if you would like to use Fedora Linux. There are other spins that provide alternative desktop environments like KDE, XFCE, Cinnamon, etc. This article describes how you can try [&#8230;]

content:
<p>Fedora Linux Workstation features a GNOME desktop environment which is an easy to use, intuitive, and efficient desktop environment. But this is not the only option if you would like to use Fedora Linux. There are other spins that provide alternative desktop environments like KDE, XFCE, Cinnamon, etc. This article describes how you can try different desktop environments if you are using an OSTree based Fedora Linux spins.</p>



<span id="more-38288"></span>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Main version of Fedora Workstation</h2>



<p>If you installed a non-OSTree Fedora Workstation or one of the Spins and would like to try different desktop environment, you have some possibilities:</p>



<ul>
<li>install different desktop environment using <em>dnf</em></li>



<li>dual boot multiple spins of Fedora</li>
</ul>



<p>If you choose the first option, you have to install another desktop environment by using the <em>dnf install </em>command. This technique enables you to select which desktop environment you would like to use on the login screen after system boots. Using this method will pull in a lot of dependencies. This is  especially true when you have a GTK based desktop environment (like GNOME) and install a QT based (like KDE), or vice-versa. It can be difficult to completely uninstall one of the installed desktop environment if you are not satisfied with them.</p>



<p>Another issue with this is that system apps may be doubled in the application menu on each environment. For example, if you have installed GNOME and install KDE, you have Nautilus and Dolphin for browsing files, GNOME Terminal and Konsole for terminal emulation, etc. You have to remember which app to use on which environment, because apps from KDE behave worse on GNOME and vice-versa.</p>



<p>If you choose the second option, you have to make some free unpartitioned space on your hard drive to install another Fedora spin alongside one you are currently using. In this way, the systems are separated from each other and the system apps will not be doubled. You can decide to share the <em>/home</em> partition between them. This technique enables you select the system to use in the bootloader menu before system boots. But if you use this method, you have to maintain these systems separately (for example installing updates) and it consumes a lot of free space on the hard drive.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">OSTree based version of Fedora Workstation</h2>



<p>Some variants of Fedora Linux are OSTree based. OSTree provides immutability and transactional upgrades with the possibility of rollback in case something goes wrong. You can read more about it in <a href="https://fedoramagazine.org/pieces-of-fedora-silverblue/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">this great article.</a> Right now, we have three OSTree based Fedora Workstation variants:</p>



<ul>
<li>Silverblue &#8211; provides GNOME desktop environment</li>



<li>Kinoite &#8211; provides KDE Plasma desktop environment</li>



<li>Sericea &#8211; provides Sway window manager (not recommended for beginners)</li>
</ul>



<p>If you are running one of these variants of Fedora Linux, you can easily switch your system to another OSTree compatible one to try different desktop environment. This process is similar to doing a system upgrade. OSTree guarantees that the operation is transactional (finishes successfully or nothing is changed) and you are able to rollback if you are not satisfied with the change. The operation does not consume much space on the hard drive, and system apps are not doubled.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">How to use OSTree rebase to switch to a new variant</h3>



<p>To start, I recommend executing the following command to pin the current deployment. This makes certain it will not be deleted automatically in the future and provides the ability to roll back to it. </p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">$ sudo ostree admin pin 0</pre>



<p>If you have a pending update, the command may fail with the message:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">error: Cannot pin staged deployment</pre>



<p>In this case, reboot your system to apply pending updates,  and try again.</p>



<p>After pinning the deployment, execute:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">$ ostree remote refs fedora</pre>



<p>It outputs a list of all available branches that you can rebase into. Every branch has an architecture, version, and the name of the variant. Select carefully. In the following examples I assume you would like to rebase into the current stable version of Fedora for x86_64 (version 38). </p>



<ul>
<li>for Fedora Silverblue, use fedora:fedora/38/x86_64/silverblue</li>



<li>for Fedora Kinoite, use fedora:fedora/38/x86_64/kinoite</li>



<li>for Fedora Sericea, use fedora:fedora/38/x86_64/sericea</li>
</ul>



<p>Choose the branch you wish to rebase into and execute the following command (change the branch name provided in the example if necessary):</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">$ rpm-ostree rebase fedora:fedora/38/x86_64/kinoite</pre>



<p>When  this command succeeds, restart the system to begin using the new desktop environment. If it fails, the system should continue to work unmodified thanks to transactional updates provided by OSTree.  </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Undo the rebase into an OSTree variant</h3>



<p>If you are not satisfied with the new environment the following command will return you to your original variant:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">rpm-ostree rollback</pre>



<p>Restart your system once again to switch back to the previous variant of Fedora.</p>


link: https://fedoramagazine.org/new-aws-storage-type-for-fedora-linux/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cDovL2ZlZG9yYW1hZ2F6aW5lLm9yZy9mZWVkLw==
read: False
type: Rss
title: New AWS storage type for Fedora Linux
description: Fedora Linux now has a better performing default storage option at a lower cost on AWS.
categories: Fedora Project community|AWS|Cloud
comments_url: https://fedoramagazine.org/new-aws-storage-type-for-fedora-linux/feed/
content:
<p>If you filter Fedora Linux AWS images using a script, you might notice a change in the image names. The Fedora Cloud SIG recently updated the image publishing configuration to use the latest generation storage option and simplify the image listings.</p>



<span id="more-38326"></span>



<p>This involves two changes:</p>



<ul>
<li>Replacing <em>gp2</em> storage with <em>gp3</em> storage by default for new images</li>



<li>Removing <em>standard</em> storage from new images</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What&#8217;s the benefit of these changes?</h2>



<p>The <em>gp3</em> storage type appeared in 2020 and switching to that storage type for Fedora Linux users means more consistent performance for a lower cost. (For more details, read Corey Quinn&#8217;s <a href="https://www.lastweekinaws.com/blog/the-best-release-of-reinvent-2020/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">helpful blog post</a>.)</p>



<p>Removing <em>standard</em> storage from new image uploads means we&#8217;re creating half the AMIs we created before and it reduces the number of images you need to review when launching an instance. Finding the right Fedora Linux image for your deployment should be a little easier.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What if I really like the other storage types?</h2>



<p>When you launch your instance, you can choose any storage type that is compatible with your instance in your preferred region. Although Fedora Linux images will have <em>gp3</em> set as the default, you can choose from any other storage type at launch time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">How should I adjust my scripts that look for Fedora Linux images on AWS?</h2>



<p>The format of the image names remains the same, but you&#8217;ll notice a new string in the storage type portion of the image name. As an example, here&#8217;s what you would see before the change was made:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">Fedora-Cloud-Base-Rawhide-20230503.n.0.aarch64-hvm-us-east-1-standard-0
Fedora-Cloud-Base-Rawhide-20230503.n.0.aarch64-hvm-us-east-1-gp2-0
Fedora-Cloud-Base-Rawhide-20230503.n.0.x86_64-hvm-us-east-1-standard-0
Fedora-Cloud-Base-Rawhide-20230503.n.0.x86_64-hvm-us-east-1-gp2-0</pre>



<p>After the change, there is only one image per release and architecture:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">Fedora-Cloud-Base-Rawhide-20230504.n.0.aarch64-hvm-us-east-1-gp3-0
Fedora-Cloud-Base-Rawhide-20230504.n.0.x86_64-hvm-us-east-1-gp3-0</pre>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Why was this change made?</h2>



<p>The Fedora Cloud SIG wants to make the Fedora Linux cloud experience the best it can possibly be on every public cloud platform. This change gives Fedora Linux a better performing default storage option at a lower cost, reduces the overhead from creating AMIs on AWS, and simplifies the Fedora Linux image listings.</p>



<p>Read the Fedora change proposals for <a href="https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Changes/CloudEC2ImagesNoStandardStorage">removing standard storage</a> and <a href="https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Changes/CloudEC2gp3">switching the default to gp3</a> for a lot more detail. As always, you can find members of the Fedora Cloud SIG and join our group on <a href="https://chat.fedoraproject.org/#/room/#cloud:fedoraproject.org">Fedora Matrix</a> or on Libera IRC in <kbd>#fedora-cloud</kbd>.</p>


link: https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949894
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read: False
type: Rss
title: It’s summer and that means disturbing swim advisories. Here’s our top 5
description: Behold the most nauseating and mesmerizing swim advisories floating around.
categories:
Health|Science|CDC|cleveland clinic|crypto|E. coli O157|Giardia|health department|lakes|Norovirus|pool|safety|shigella|water

content:
<div id="rss-wrap">
<div>
      <img src="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/GettyImages-541894916-800x536.jpeg">
  
<p class="caption" style="font-size:0.8em">A 2-year-old enjoys the spray of water in a splash pad in Los Angeles on June 20, 2022. (credit: <a rel="nofollow" class="caption-link" href="https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/year-old-amara-price-enjoys-the-spray-of-water-in-the-news-photo/541894916?adppopup=true">Getty | Al Seib</a>)</p>
</div>





<div><a name="page-1"></a></div>
<p>It's summer, and that means health organizations will be periodically showering Americans with reminders of how public swimming venues are actually nightmarish cesspits teeming with microbes that can burn your eyes, ravage your intestines, and <a href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/07/brain-eating-amoeba-kills-again-heres-how-it-kills-and-how-to-avoid-it/">eat your brains</a>.</p>
<p>In attempts to communicate some pretty basic health advice—like, don't pee or poop in a public pool and try to avoid gulping toxic algae from lakes—health organizations create a mesmerizing fountain of hilarious, graphic, disturbing, clumsy, and sometimes perplexing advisories.</p>
<p>Given this wellspring of vomitus summer fun, here are our picks for the top five public health advisories bobbing in the waters this summer.</p></div><p><a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949894#p3">Read 21 remaining paragraphs</a> | <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949894&comments=1">Comments</a></p>

comments_url:
https://arstechnica.com/health/2023/06/its-summer-and-that-means-disturbing-swim-advisories-heres-our-top-5/feed/


link: https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949885
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9hcnN0ZWNobmljYS5jb20vZmVlZC8=
read: False
type: Rss
title: X-ray “light echoes” hint at outburst from Milky Way’s central black hole
description: The supermassive black hole at the center of our galaxy hasn't always been quiet.
categories: Science|astronomy|astrophysics|black holes|Sgr A*|supermassive black holes
content:
<div id="rss-wrap">
<div>
      <img src="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/eventTOP-800x800.jpg">
  
<p class="caption" style="font-size:0.8em">This is the first image of Sgr A*, the supermassive black hole at the center of our galaxy. It’s the first direct visual evidence of the presence of this black hole. It was captured by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT). (credit: EHT Collaboration)</p>
</div>





<div><a name="page-1"></a></div>
<p>It's probably not realistic to call a supermassive black hole "quiet." But, as far as these things go, the one at the center of our galaxy is pretty quiet. Yes, it emits enough energy that <a href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/05/feast-your-eyes-on-the-first-image-of-the-black-hole-at-the-center-of-our-milky-way/">we can image it</a>, and it occasionally gets a bit more active as it rips something nearby to shreds. But supermassive black holes in other galaxies power some of the brightest phenomena in the Universe. The object at the center of the Milky Way, Sgr A<sup>*</sup>, is nothing like those; instead, people get excited about <a href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2011/12/the-milky-ways-black-hole-may-spring-to-life-in-2013/">the mere prospect</a> that it might wake from its apparent slumber.</p>
<p>There's a chance that it was more active in the past, but any light from earlier events swept past Earth before we had observatories to see it. Now, however, scientists are suggesting they've seen echoes of light that might be associated with an Sgr A<sup>*</sup> outburst that took place about 200 years ago.</p>
<h2>Looking for echoes</h2>
<p>Audible echoes are simply the product of sound waves reflected off some surface. Light travels as a wave, as well, and it can reflect off objects. So, the basic idea of light echoes is a pretty straightforward extrapolation of these ideas. They may seem counterintuitive because, unlike sonic echoes, we never experience light echoes in normal life—light travels so fast that any echoes from the world around us arrive at the same time as the light itself. It all gets indistinguishable.</p></div><p><a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949885#p3">Read 8 remaining paragraphs</a> | <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949885&comments=1">Comments</a></p>

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link: https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949734
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9hcnN0ZWNobmljYS5jb20vZmVlZC8=
read: False
type: Rss
title: Lawyers have real bad day in court after citing fake cases made up by ChatGPT
description: Lawyers fined $5K and lose case after using AI chatbot "gibberish" in filings.
categories: AI|Policy|ChatGPT|openai
content:
<div id="rss-wrap">
<div>
      <img src="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/getty-robot-lawyer-800x450.jpg">
  
<p class="caption" style="font-size:0.8em">(credit: Getty Images | style-photography)</p>
</div>





<div><a name="page-1"></a></div>
<p>A federal judge tossed a lawsuit and issued a $5,000 fine to the plaintiff's lawyers after they used ChatGPT to research court filings that cited six fake cases invented by the artificial intelligence tool made by OpenAI.</p>
<p>Lawyers Steven Schwartz and Peter LoDuca of the firm Levidow, Levidow, &amp; Oberman "abandoned their responsibilities when they submitted non-existent judicial opinions with fake quotes and citations created by the artificial intelligence tool ChatGPT, then continued to stand by the fake opinions after judicial orders called their existence into question," <a href="https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nysd.575368/gov.uscourts.nysd.575368.54.0_5.pdf">US District Judge Kevin Castel wrote</a> in an order yesterday. The lawyers, Castel wrote, "advocated for the fake cases and legal arguments" even "after being informed by their adversary's submission that their citations were non-existent and could not be found."</p>
<p>The judge issued one fine of $5,000 to be paid by the two lawyers and their firm under joint and several liability. More embarrassingly for the lawyers, they are required to send letters to six real judges who were "falsely identified as the author of the fake" opinions cited in their legal filings. Castel described the legal analysis in one of the fake cases as "gibberish."</p></div><p><a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949734#p3">Read 25 remaining paragraphs</a> | <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949734&comments=1">Comments</a></p>

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link: https://arstechnica.com/?p=1948715
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9hcnN0ZWNobmljYS5jb20vZmVlZC8=
read: False
type: Rss
title: Behold the likely face of a 7th-century Anglo-Saxon teenage girl
description: Isotropic analysis revealed her diet and likely migration from southern Germany to England.
categories: Science|anglo-saxon period|Archaeology|bioarchaeology|forensic archaeology
content:
<div id="rss-wrap">
<div>
      <img src="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/anglo-TOP-800x533.jpg">
  
<p class="caption" style="font-size:0.8em">(left) Skull of teenage girl from 7th century CE. (right) Facial reconstruction as she might have looked in life. (credit: University of Cambridge Archaeological Unit/Hew Morrison ©2023)</p>
</div>





<div><a name="page-1"></a></div>
<p>Earlier this week, archaeologists unveiled the facial reconstruction of the remains of a seventh-century CE Anglo-Saxon teenage girl found in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpington_bed_burial">rare "bed burial"</a> in 2012. It's part of a new exhibit at the University of Cambridge's Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology called "<a href="https://www.museums.cam.ac.uk/events/beneath-our-feet-archaeology-cambridge-region">Beneath Our Feet: Archaeology of the Cambridge Region</a>." In addition to the reconstruction, scientists also analyzed the young woman's bones and teeth to learn more about her diet and geographical region of origin.</p>
<p>The girl is believed to have been about 16 years old when she died. The grave was discovered at a site near a village called Trumpington just outside Cambridge. It is one of only 18 so-called "bed burials"—a rare Anglo-Saxon practice, usually reserved for high-status women, in which the deceased was buried on an ornamental bed—discovered thus far in the United Kingdom. Nearby were three other graves holding two younger women and an older person. This particular bed had a wooden frame held together by metal brackets and looped metal to fix the cross-slats, most likely topped with a straw mattress.</p>
<p>Among the grave goods buried with the girl were an iron knife, a chatelaine (decorative belt), glass beads, gold and garnet pins, and most significantly, an ornate gold pectoral cross inlaid with garnets, now known as the Trumpington Cross. Archaeologists believe it may have been sewn onto the robe she wore when she died. Such crosses are very rare, and its presence indicated the young woman was likely a member of Anglo-Saxon nobility, particularly when combined with the evidence of the bed burial. The cross indicates she was a Christian, but the grave goods are a pagan practice, so <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/mystery-of-anglo-saxon-teen-buried-in-bed-with-gold-cross">archaeologists view</a> the find as representative of a pivotal period in British history when Christianity had just begun to spread through the land.</p></div><p><a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1948715#p3">Read 4 remaining paragraphs</a> | <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1948715&comments=1">Comments</a></p>

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link: https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949428
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9hcnN0ZWNobmljYS5jb20vZmVlZC8=
read: False
type: Rss
title: NASA’s Mars Sample Return has a new price tag—and it’s colossal
description: "It is better to not do it than to torch the whole science community."
categories: Features|Science|Space|Mars|NASA|space
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<p class="caption" style="font-size:0.8em">This illustration shows a concept for a proposed NASA Sample Retrieval Lander, about the size of an average two-car garage, that would carry a small rocket called the Mars Ascent Vehicle to the Martian surface. (credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech)</p>
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<p>During his final months as the chief of NASA's science programs last year, there was one mission Thomas Zurbuchen fretted about more than any other—the agency's ambitious plan to return rocks from Mars to Earth. He supported the Mars Sample Return mission and helped get it moving through the agency's approval process. But the project threatened to devour the agency's science budget.</p>
<p>"This was the thing that gave me sleepless nights toward the end of my tenure at NASA and even after I left," said Zurbuchen, who left NASA after seven years leading its Science Mission Directorate at the end of 2022. "I think there's a crisis going on."</p>
<p>Now, Ars has learned, the problem may be even worse than Zurbuchen imagined.</p></div><p><a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949428#p3">Read 36 remaining paragraphs</a> | <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949428&comments=1">Comments</a></p>

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link: https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949670
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9hcnN0ZWNobmljYS5jb20vZmVlZC8=
read: False
type: Rss
title: The search for the lost sub pushed up against the limits of tech and physics
description: Finding the <em>Titan</em>'s wreckage—or anything else at those depths—is hard.
categories: Science|deep ocean|sonar|submersibles|Titanic
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<p class="caption" style="font-size:0.8em">(credit: <a rel="nofollow" class="caption-link" href="https://www.noaa.gov/stories/safeguarding-rms-titanic-s-final-resting-place">NOAA/Institute for Exploration/University of Rhode Island</a>)</p>
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<p>Was that surprisingly fast or excruciatingly slow? The search to discover the fate of the <em>Titan</em> submersible took place against a backdrop of hopes for survival and dwindling oxygen supplies. Given that, the time it took to confirm the fate of those on board may have seemed excruciatingly slow.</p>
<p>At the same time, the extreme depths of the <em>Titanic</em>'s wreck posed a lot of challenges, and it's extremely difficult to find anything on the ocean's bottom if you don't know exactly where to look. From that perspective, the successful conclusion of the search can be viewed as happening remarkably quickly.</p>
<h2>A complex site</h2>
<p>One of the factors that took time was simply getting the right hardware to the right location. There aren't a lot of remotely operated vehicles that are built to withstand the pressures found at over 3,500 meters deep in the ocean. Not all of those vehicles will have the right equipment to handle the search, and some of the ones that do will be in use elsewhere. Any equipment that was appropriate and available would then have to get sent to Canada, put on board an appropriate vessel, and then taken several hundred miles off the coast to the site of the <em>Titanic</em>. And then it would have to descend to the wreck site.</p></div><p><a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949670#p3">Read 10 remaining paragraphs</a> | <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949670&comments=1">Comments</a></p>

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link: https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949648
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9hcnN0ZWNobmljYS5jb20vZmVlZC8=
read: False
type: Rss
title: In post-Roe US, clinical trials may be too risky during pregnancy
description: The bans and restrictions complicate clinical trials and leave risky paper trails.
categories:
Health|Abortion|bans|clinical research|complications|Dobbs|drugs|fetuses|medication|pregnancy|research|restrictions|roe v. wade|trials

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<p class="caption" style="font-size:0.8em">A woman holds a positive pregnancy test in her hands.  (credit: <a rel="nofollow" class="caption-link" href="https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/april-2023-berlin-a-woman-holds-a-positive-pregnancy-test-news-photo/1251750079?adppopup=true">Getty | picture alliance</a>)</p>
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<p>A year after the fall of <em>Roe v. Wade</em>, clinical researchers are still grappling with how to ethically adjust to the new reality—which at this point involves abortion bans and restrictions in roughly half of US states.</p>
<p>In a<a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adh3104"> policy forum piece published Thursday in Science</a>, a group of health experts and bioethicists led by Jeremy Sugarman at Johns Hopkins University lays out the ethical, legal, and practical challenges researchers face in the new era.</p>
<p>Bans and restrictions lead to "increased maternal morbidity and mortality and deepening socioeconomic and racial inequities," they wrote, but also "pose risks to clinical research participants and potentially compromise the scientific and social value of some research."</p></div><p><a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949648#p3">Read 13 remaining paragraphs</a> | <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949648&comments=1">Comments</a></p>

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link: https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949649
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9hcnN0ZWNobmljYS5jb20vZmVlZC8=
read: False
type: Rss
title: Meta won’t negotiate with publishers, will end Facebook news in Canada
description: A small percentage of Canadian Facebook users is already losing access to news.
categories: Policy|Canada|Facebook|google|Instagram|meta|online advertising|online news act
content:
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<p class="caption" style="font-size:0.8em">(credit: <a rel="nofollow" class="caption-link" href="https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/photo/creative-canadian-flag-consisting-of-a-smartphone-royalty-free-image/1205125294?phrase=canada%20flag%20phone">Emmeci74 | iStock / Getty Images Plus</a>)</p>
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<p>Yesterday, Canada passed its Online News Act, which requires tech companies to negotiate content deals with news publishers and pay news outlets for links shared on their platforms. As Meta <a href="https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2023/03/meta-threatens-to-restrict-news-in-canada-if-its-forced-to-pay-publishers/">threatened in March</a>, it promptly announced yesterday that it would be quickly ending news access on Facebook and Instagram in response to the law, <a href="https://www.reuters.com/technology/meta-end-access-news-facebook-instagram-canada-2023-06-22/">Reuters reported</a>.</p>
<p>"Today, we are confirming that news availability will be ended on Facebook and Instagram for all users in Canada prior to the Online News Act taking effect," Meta's statement said.</p>
<p>According to <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/23/business/media/meta-google-canada-news-facebook-instagram.html">The New York Times</a>, it's still unclear when Canada's law will take effect, but Meta's statement makes it sound like Meta plans to cut off news as quickly as it can. Meta claims that news has no value to either the tech giant or to users who do not go to Facebook and Instagram to consume news.</p></div><p><a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949649#p3">Read 19 remaining paragraphs</a> | <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949649&comments=1">Comments</a></p>

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link: https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949635
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9hcnN0ZWNobmljYS5jb20vZmVlZC8=
read: False
type: Rss
title: Private email shows PlayStation chief unworried about Xbox-exclusive Call of Duty
description: In FTC trial, Microsoft also downplays cloud gaming as "stuttering... tiny... niche."
categories: Gaming|Call of Duty|Case|exclusive|FTC|microsoft|PlayStation|trial
content:
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<p></p><div class="image right medium"><a href="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/alfred-e-neuman.jpeg"><img src="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/alfred-e-neuman-300x302.jpeg" srcset="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/alfred-e-neuman-640x644.jpeg 2x"></a><p class="caption" style="font-size:0.8em"><a href="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/alfred-e-neuman.jpeg" class="caption-link" rel="nofollow">Artist's conception of PlayStation chief Jim Ryan as he sent an email about the proposed Microsoft/Activision deal.</a> (credit: <a rel="nofollow" class="caption-link" href="http://morningcompanion.blogspot.com/2016/09/what-me-worry.html">Blogspot / Morning Companion</a>)</p></div>Publicly, Sony has been adamant that <a href="https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2022/01/microsoft-set-to-purchase-activision-blizzard-in-68-7-billion-deal/">Microsoft's proposed acquisition of Activision</a> would give Microsoft too much power over PlayStation's access to key multi-console franchises like Call of Duty. Privately, though, Sony Interactive Entertainment President and CEO Jim Ryan seemed less concerned, according to a blockbuster email Microsoft presented Thursday during opening statements in <a href="https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2023/06/report-ftc-will-file-to-block-microsofts-69b-activision-blizzard-acquisition/">a court hearing on the Federal Trade Commission's attempts to block the Activision purchase</a>.
<p>“It’s not an exclusive play at all,” Ryan said in the January 2022 email, as read by Microsoft lawyer Beth Wilkinson. "They are thinking bigger than that and they have the cash to make moves like this."</p>
<p>"I’ve spent a fair amount of time with both [Microsoft gaming head Phil Spencer] and Bobby [Kotick] over the past day," Ryan continued in the email. "I’m pretty sure we will continue to see CoD on PlayStation for many years to come. I’m not complacent and I’d rather this hasn’t happened but we’ll be OK, more than OK.”</p></div><p><a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949635#p3">Read 10 remaining paragraphs</a> | <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949635&comments=1">Comments</a></p>

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link: https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949468
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9hcnN0ZWNobmljYS5jb20vZmVlZC8=
read: False
type: Rss
title: Rocket Report: Electron scoops up Virgin launch, ULA flies first 2023 mission
description: "In microlaunchers that balance is on a knife’s edge."
categories: Science|Space|rocket report|space
content:
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<p class="caption" style="font-size:0.8em">United Launch Alliance's Delta IV Heavy rocket takes flight early on Thursday morning carrying the NROL-68 mission. (credit: Trevor Mahlmann)</p>
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<p>Welcome to Edition 5.43 of the Rocket Report! I am thrilled to announce that <strong>Stephen Clark</strong> is joining Ars Technica to cover space alongside me. You've already read some of his fine work here in the Rocket Report, as he has been the long-time editor of Spaceflight Now. But now, starting Monday, he'll be writing frequently for Ars and periodically authoring the Rocket Report. Accordingly, after next week, there will no longer be any breaks in this newsletter except for the year-end holidays.</p>
<p>As always, we <a href="https://arstechnica.wufoo.com/forms/launch-stories/">welcome reader submissions</a>, and if you don't want to miss an issue, please subscribe using the box below (the form will not appear on AMP-enabled versions of the site). Each report will include information on small-, medium-, and heavy-lift rockets as well as a quick look ahead at the next three launches on the calendar.</p>
<div class="centered-figure-container"><div class="image center full"><img src="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/smalll.png"></div></div>
<p><strong>North Star moves from LauncherOne to Electron</strong>. Canada’s NorthStar Earth and Space has signed a multi-launch deal with Rocket Lab after Virgin Orbit’s bankruptcy scotched plans to deploy its space situational awareness satellites this summer, <a href="https://spacenews.com/northstar-pivots-to-rocket-lab-following-virgin-orbits-collapse/">Space News reports</a>. Rocket Lab will launch the venture’s first four satellites this fall on an Electron rocket, NorthStar said this week. Spire Global is providing the satellites, each the size of 16 CubeSats.</p></div><p><a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949468#p3">Read 24 remaining paragraphs</a> | <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949468&comments=1">Comments</a></p>

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link: https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949504
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9hcnN0ZWNobmljYS5jb20vZmVlZC8=
read: False
type: Rss
title: Stars collided in galactic “demolition derby,” produced oddball gamma-ray burst
description: Such oddball events tell astronomers a lot about spectacular diversity of cosmic explosions.
categories:
Science|astronomy|galaxies|Gamma ray bursts|gravitational waves|multi-messenger astronomy|Physics|science|stellar evolution

content:
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<p class="caption" style="font-size:0.8em">Astronomers studying a powerful gamma-ray burst (GRB) may have observed a never-before-seen way to destroy a star. (credit: Int'l Gemini Observatory/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/M. Garlick/M. Zamani)</p>
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<p>When astronomers spotted a powerful gamma-ray burst (GRB) in October 2019, the most likely explanation was that it was produced by a massive dying star in a distant galaxy exploding in a supernova. But data from subsequent observations showed that the burst originated with the collision of stars (or their remnants) in a densely packed area near the supermassive black hole of an ancient galaxy, according to a <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-023-01998-8">new paper</a> published in the journal Nature Astronomy. Such a rare event has been hypothesized, but this is the first observational evidence for one.</p>
<p>As we've <a href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/10/its-the-boat-astronomers-observe-brightest-of-all-time-gamma-ray-burst/" data-uri="9664522109f2d6c16087871368d2d6e8">reported previously</a>, gamma-ray bursts are extremely high-energy explosions in distant galaxies lasting between mere milliseconds to several hours. There are two classes of gamma-ray bursts. Most (70 percent) are long bursts lasting more than two seconds, often with a bright afterglow. These are usually linked to galaxies with rapid star formation. Astronomers think that long bursts are tied to the deaths of massive stars collapsing to form a neutron star or black hole (or, alternatively, a newly formed <a href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/06/behold-the-magnetar-natures-ultimate-superweapon/" data-uri="8f1ee0a62459faf96835e5a6cb3568f5">magnetar</a>). The baby black hole would produce jets of highly energetic particles moving near the speed of light, powerful enough to pierce through the remains of the progenitor star, emitting X-rays and gamma rays.</p>
<p>Those gamma-ray bursts lasting less than two seconds (about 30 percent) are deemed short bursts, usually emitting from regions with very little star formation. Astronomers think these gamma-ray bursts result from mergers between two neutron stars or a neutron star merging with a black hole, comprising a "kilonova."</p></div><p><a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949504#p3">Read 7 remaining paragraphs</a> | <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949504&comments=1">Comments</a></p>

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link: https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949540
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9hcnN0ZWNobmljYS5jb20vZmVlZC8=
read: False
type: Rss
title: US might finally force cable-TV firms to advertise their actual prices
description: Biden angry about cable firms' hidden "Broadcast TV" and "Regional Sports" fees.
categories: Policy|Biden|FCC|fcc net neutrality
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<p class="caption" style="font-size:0.8em">President Joe Biden speaks on the South Lawn of the White House on June 15, 2023, in Washington, DC. (credit: Getty Images | Alex Wong )</p>
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<p>President Joe Biden this week criticized cable-TV companies for imposing "junk fees," as the Federal Communications Commission proposed new rules cracking down on the hidden fees charged by cable and satellite video providers.</p>
<p>"My administration's top priority is lowering the cost of living for the middle class, and that includes cracking down on companies' use of junk fees to hide true costs from families, who end up paying more as a result," Biden said in a <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/06/20/statement-from-president-joe-biden-on-proposed-fcc-all-in-pricing-rule/">statement</a> on Tuesday.</p>
<p>As Biden noted, the FCC "proposed a new rule that would require cable and satellite TV providers to give consumers the all-in price for the service they're offering up front." The proposed rule would force companies like Comcast, Charter Spectrum, and DirecTV to publish more accurate prices.</p></div><p><a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949540#p3">Read 12 remaining paragraphs</a> | <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949540&comments=1">Comments</a></p>

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link: https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949525
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9hcnN0ZWNobmljYS5jb20vZmVlZC8=
read: False
type: Rss
title: Twitter CEO starts fighting Musk’s battles, paying Musk’s overdue bills
description: Australia ordered Twitter to combat hate or risk maximum fines up to $700K daily.
categories:
Policy|australia|Elon Musk|google|google cloud|hate speech|linda yaccarino|online advertising|online hate speech|Twitter

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<p class="caption" style="font-size:0.8em">(credit: <a rel="nofollow" class="caption-link" href="https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/chief-executive-officer-of-spacex-and-tesla-and-owner-of-news-photo/1499013387">Chesnot / Contributor | Getty Images Europe</a>)</p>
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<p>Twitter CEO Linda Yaccarino has seemingly smoothed things over with Google after <a href="https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2023/06/musk-stiffing-google-could-unleash-yet-more-abuse-on-twitter-report-says/">Twitter reportedly stopped paying its Google Cloud bills</a>.</p>
<p>Sources familiar with the matter <a href="https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/twitter-ceo-intervened-to-mend-google-relationship-after-cloud-payment-issue-1e61186f">told The Wall Street Journal</a> that Twitter has resumed payments to Google after "consistently" dodging bills that sometimes racked up to more than $20 million a month.</p>
<p>According to one source, Yaccarino hopped on a video call with Google Cloud's chief executive, Thomas Kurian, last week, hoping to set things straight between the two tech companies. Now, it appears that Yaccarino's management tactics were so effective that Google is weighing the benefits of forming "a broader partnership" with Twitter, possibly investing more in Twitter ads or paying to access Twitter data.</p></div><p><a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949525#p3">Read 16 remaining paragraphs</a> | <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949525&comments=1">Comments</a></p>

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link: https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949507
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9hcnN0ZWNobmljYS5jb20vZmVlZC8=
read: False
type: Rss
title: Liquid metal could turn everyday things like paper into smart objects
description: This futuristic new liquid-metal coating can make ordinary objects extraordinary.
categories: Science|liquid metal|materials science|smart materials|soft robotics
content:
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<p class="caption" style="font-size:0.8em">(credit: <a rel="nofollow" class="caption-link" href="https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/illustration/liquid-silver-metal-pouring-with-crown-royalty-free-illustration/1129545469?phrase=liquid+metal&amp;adppopup=true">LEONELLO CALVETTI/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY</a>)</p>
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<p>While paper isn’t exactly a smart material, it someday could be if it is covered in a new type of liquid metal. This liquid alloy has the potential to turn paper and other materials into gadgets that can do some things on their own.</p>
<p>Liquid metal is already used in smart objects like circuits and wearable sensors—but not as a coating. Inspired by <a href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2017/11/origami-inspired-artificial-muscles-outperform-human-ones/">origami</a>, a team of scientists led by Bo Yuan of Tsinghua University in China has figured out a way to formulate liquid metal and apply it with a stamp so it sticks to paper without an adhesive, which has never been possible before. In a <a href="https://www.cell.com/cell-reports-physical-science/fulltext/S2666-3864(23)00193-5">study</a> recently published in Cell Reports Physical Science<i>, </i>the scientists showed that paper coated in the metal can be crafted into origami shapes and re-fold itself. The metal coating also conducts heat and electricity. It’s like magic. Almost.</p>
<h2>A sticky alloy</h2>
<p>Because the particles in liquid metal tend to stay so close together, it is difficult to get it to adhere to any surface without something that acts as glue. But these adhesives usually have a negative effect on the metal’s properties, such as its <a href="https://arstechnica.com/civis/threads/what-liquid-would-be-the-best-heat-transfer.1072348/">conductivity</a>. Yuan and his team wanted a liquid metal that could stick to paper without an adhesive. They used an alloy of bismuth, indium, and tin oxide (BiInSn) and tested how well it performed next to an indium/gallium alloy (eGaIn).</p></div><p><a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949507#p3">Read 9 remaining paragraphs</a> | <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949507&comments=1">Comments</a></p>

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link: https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949515
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9hcnN0ZWNobmljYS5jb20vZmVlZC8=
read: False
type: Rss
title: Ford’s bonkers new electric Supervan 4 is racing Pikes Peak this Sunday
description: Could the 1,400 hp van beat Volkswagen's record? We'll find out on Sunday.
categories:
Cars|electric transit|Ford E-Transit|Ford Supervan|Ford Transit|pikes peak|PPIHC|Supervan|transit ev|Transit van|vanlife|vantime

content:
<div id="rss-wrap">
<div>
      <img src="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/LC1_1501-800x533.jpeg">
  
<p class="caption" style="font-size:0.8em">This bewinged creation is the Ford Supervan 4.2. It looks (a bit) like the Ford E-Transit but goes much, much faster. (credit: Ford)</p>
</div>





<div><a name="page-1"></a></div>
<p>When Ford <a href="https://arstechnica.com/cars/2022/01/weve-driven-fords-other-electric-workhorse-the-2022-e-transit/">let Ars drive its new electric E-Transit van in early 2022</a>, I probably annoyed the heck out of the engineers and executives by repeatedly suggesting they make a Supervan version. While I don't think for a minute that my bugging them had any effect, the company did just that, building a souped-up version of its electric commercial vehicle with almost 2,000 hp (1,400 kW) and aerodynamic appendages that would not look out of place on a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_Dr.I">Fokker Triplane</a>. And this weekend, it's sending Supervan 4 to one of the hardest races in the world—the Pikes Peak International Hill Climb.</p>
<h2>Supervan?</h2>
<p>Ford's Transit van occupies roughly the same place in the European and British psyche as the pickup truck in the US. It's the default tradesperson's vehicle, available in various configurations and beloved by everyone from plumbers and builders to tour bands.</p>
<div class="centered-figure-container"><div class="image center"><a href="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/LC3_3561-scaled.jpeg"><img src="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/LC3_3561-980x653.jpeg"></a><p class="caption" style="font-size:0.8em"><a href="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/LC3_3561-scaled.jpeg" class="caption-link" rel="nofollow">Supervan 4.2's interior is quite unlike the production E-Transit. I don't think this one has a driver-monitoring program that beeps at you if you accelerate too quickly, for one thing.</a> (credit: Ford)</p></div></div>
<p>In 1970 or 1971, some bright spark at Ford UK had an idea to promote the Transit's image. <a href="https://silodrome.com/ford-supervan/">A Transit body shell was mated to the chassis of a GT40 race car</a>, complete with a 400 hp (298 kW) V8 engine. The Supervan was born, and it made its debut at a 1971 race meeting at Brands Hatch, just outside of London. Its performance was unlike any Transit van at the time, if a little pedestrian 52 years later—a zero-to-60-mph time of 7 seconds. For comparison, the current electric E-Transit is 0.6 seconds quicker off the line.</p></div><p><a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949515#p3">Read 11 remaining paragraphs</a> | <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949515&comments=1">Comments</a></p>

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link: https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949673
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read: False
type: Rss
title: Employee finds SSD stolen last year from corporate data center for sale on eBay
description: How can third-party marketplaces prevent stolen goods from being listed?
categories: Tech|eBay|SSD
content:
<div id="rss-wrap">
<figure class="intro-image intro-left">
  <img src="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/GettyImages-1253312124-800x533.jpg" alt="eBay logo is displayed on a phone">
      <p class="caption" style="font-size:0.8em"><a href="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/GettyImages-1253312124-scaled.jpg" class="enlarge-link" data-height="1706" data-width="2560">Enlarge</a> (credit: <a rel="nofollow" class="caption-link" href="https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/in-this-photo-illustration-the-ebay-logo-is-displayed-on-a-news-photo/1253312124">Rafael Henrique/SOPA Images/LightRocket via Getty Images</a>)</p>  </figure>






<div><a name="page-1"></a></div>
<p>Sketchy deals on eBay and other online marketplaces happen all the time. Encountering counterfeit, stolen, broken, or falsely advertised goods sold by third parties isn't surprising, but finding something that was stolen from you is.</p>
<p>That's reportedly what happened to an employee at the software company SAP. According to a report from <a href="https://www.theregister.com/2023/06/21/ssd_sap_datacenter/">The Register</a> on Wednesday, the employee found one of four SSDs recently stolen from SAP data centers in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, for sale on eBay. According to unnamed "sources close to the incident," the device was loaded with personal information for dozens of workers.</p>
<p>"One of the disks later turned up on eBay and was bought by an SAP employee. They were able to identify that it belonged to SAP. The disk contained personal records of 100 or more SAP employees," The Register reported.</p></div><p><a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949673#p3">Read 22 remaining paragraphs</a> | <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949673&comments=1">Comments</a></p>

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link: https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949715
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read: False
type: Rss
title: “Stunning”—Midjourney update wows AI artists with camera-like feature
description: Midjourney v5.2 features camera-like zoom control over framing, more realism.
categories: AI|Biz & IT|Tech|image synthesis|MidJourney|Midjourney 5.2|outpainting|synthography
content:
<div id="rss-wrap">
<figure class="intro-image intro-left">
  <img src="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/midjourney_zoomout_hero_2-800x450.jpg" alt="Midjourney 5.2 allows " zooming out on synthesized images.>
      <p class="caption" style="font-size:0.8em"><a href="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/midjourney_zoomout_hero_2.jpg" class="enlarge-link" data-height="675" data-width="1200">Enlarge</a> <span class="sep">/</span> Midjourney 5.2 allows "zooming out" on synthesized images. The original synthetic image is shown in the red dotted box here. (credit: Midjourney)</p>  </figure>






<div><a name="page-1"></a></div>
<p>On Thursday, Midjourney unveiled version 5.2 of its AI-powered image synthesis model, which includes a new "zoom out" feature that allows maintaining a central synthesized image while automatically building out a larger scene around it, simulating zooming out with a camera lens.</p>

<p>Similar to <a href="https://openai.com/blog/dall-e-introducing-outpainting">outpainting</a>—an AI imagery technique introduced by OpenAI's <a href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2022/09/openai-image-generator-dall-e-now-available-without-waitlist/">DALL-E 2</a> in August 2022—Midjourney's zoom-out feature can take an existing AI-generated image and expand its borders while keeping its original subject centered in the new image. But unlike DALL-E and Photoshop's <a href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2023/05/adobe-photoshops-new-generative-fill-ai-tool-lets-you-manipulate-photos-with-text/">Generative Fill</a> feature, you can't select a custom image to expand. At the moment, v5.2's zoom-out only works on images generated within Midjourney, a <a href="https://www.midjourney.com/home/?callbackUrl=%2Fapp%2F">subscription</a> AI image-generator service.</p>
<p>On the Midjourney Discord server (still the official interface for Midjourney, although plans are underway to change that), users can experiment with zooming out by generating any v5.2 image (now the default) and upscaling a result. After that, special "Zoom" buttons appear below the output. You can zoom out by a factor of 1.5x, 2x, or a custom value between 1 and 2. Another button, called "Make Square," will generate material around the existing image in a way that creates a 1:1 square aspect ratio.</p></div><p><a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949715#p3">Read 6 remaining paragraphs</a> | <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949715&comments=1">Comments</a></p>

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link: https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949705
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5hcnN0ZWNobmljYS5jb20vYXJzdGVjaG5pY2EvZ2FkZ2V0cw==
read: False
type: Rss
title: Android’s emergency call shortcut is flooding dispatchers with false calls
description: Google says it's working on a fix, but as usual, manufacturers will need to update.
categories: Google|Tech|android 12|android phone|emergency calls|google phone
content:
<div id="rss-wrap">
<figure class="intro-image intro-left">
  <img src="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/ambulance-lights-800x534.jpg" alt="Rotating lights flash on an ambulance.">
      <p class="caption" style="font-size:0.8em"><a href="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/ambulance-lights.jpg" class="enlarge-link" data-height="683" data-width="1024">Enlarge</a> (credit: <a rel="nofollow" class="caption-link" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/21511448@N00/3936549884/">Eric Lagace / Flickr</a>)</p>  </figure>






<div><a name="page-1"></a></div>
<p>Police forces in the UK are seeing a "record number" of false calls to 999, the UK's emergency services number, and the culprit is apparently Android. As <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65962942">the BBC</a> reports, Android 12 added an easy-access feature for emergency services: just press the power button five times, and your phone will dial emergency services for you. That's apparently pretty easy to do accidentally when a phone is sitting in your pocket, or if you have a wonky power button, resulting in a surge of totally silent accidental calls to emergency dispatch.</p>
<p>The National Police Chiefs Council <a href="https://twitter.com/PoliceChiefs/status/1670032057538433025?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1670032057538433025%7Ctwgr%5E46e6dd6188389d1ef67e8abdf9da9770d9610f92%7Ctwcon%5Es1_&amp;ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-65962942">tweeted</a> earlier this month that "Nationally, all emergency services are currently experiencing record high 999 call volumes. There's a few reasons for this, but one we think is having a significant impact is an update to Android smartphones." The BBC report says one department "received 169 silent 999 calls between 00:00 and 19:00 BST on Sunday alone." In response to these most recent complaints, Google says it's working on a fix with Android OEMs.</p>
<p>The funny thing is, Android 12—and this easy emergency call feature—came out a year and a half ago. Thanks to the <em>unique</em> (uniquely bad) way that Android is rolled out, the feature is only now hitting enough people to become a national problem. Google's Pixel devices get new Android updates immediately, but everyone else can take months or years to get new versions of Android because it's up to your device manufacturer to make new, bespoke Android builds for every device they have ever released. When this landed on Pixel devices in 2021, it was immediately flagged as a problem by some people, with one Reddit post calling it "<a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/GooglePixel/comments/qklxe7/the_most_dangerous_feature_for_android_12_for/">dangerous</a>." Since then, there has been a <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/GooglePixel/search/?q=emergency+sos&amp;include_over_18=on&amp;restrict_sr=on&amp;t=all&amp;sort=top">steady stream</a> of posts warning people about it.</p></div><p><a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949705#p3">Read 3 remaining paragraphs</a> | <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949705&comments=1">Comments</a></p>

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link: https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949683
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5hcnN0ZWNobmljYS5jb20vYXJzdGVjaG5pY2EvZ2FkZ2V0cw==
read: False
type: Rss
title: Windows 11 preview adds better passkey support, rolls back File Explorer changes
description: User pushback deters Microsoft from even tiny changes to ancient Windows menus.
categories:
Tech|File Explorer|insider preview|win11|windows 11|windows 11 22h2|windows 11 23h2|windows insider program

content:
<div id="rss-wrap">
<figure class="intro-image intro-left">
  <img src="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Screen-Shot-2021-08-30-at-11.34.41-PM-800x450.jpg" alt="A PC running Windows 11.">
      <p class="caption" style="font-size:0.8em"><a href="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Screen-Shot-2021-08-30-at-11.34.41-PM.jpg" class="enlarge-link" data-height="1080" data-width="1920">Enlarge</a> <span class="sep">/</span> A PC running Windows 11. (credit: <a rel="nofollow" class="caption-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/">Microsoft</a>)</p>  </figure>






<div><a name="page-1"></a></div>
<p>This week's Dev Channel <a href="https://blogs.windows.com/windows-insider/2023/06/22/announcing-windows-11-insider-preview-build-23486/">Windows Insider Preview build for Windows 11</a> adds another handful of useful and/or interesting improvements to the operating system, most notably improved support for <a href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2023/05/passkeys-may-not-be-for-you-but-they-are-safe-and-easy-heres-why/">the passkey standard</a> that Microsoft, Google, Apple, and others are currently uniting behind.</p>
<p>Though the Microsoft Edge browser has supported passkeys for a while now, this week's Insider build expands support to "any app or website that supports passkeys," which can use built-in Windows Hello authentication (either via a PIN, fingerprint reader, or face-scanning camera) to sign you in without requiring a password. You can also view the full list of passkeys that have been created on your device and delete individual passkeys if you no longer want to use them.</p>

<p>If your browser natively supports passkeys and has its own user interface for handling them, you'll need to select "Windows Hello or external security key" to use the built-in Windows UI instead.</p></div><p><a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949683#p3">Read 3 remaining paragraphs</a> | <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949683&comments=1">Comments</a></p>

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link: https://arstechnica.com/?p=1942751
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5hcnN0ZWNobmljYS5jb20vYXJzdGVjaG5pY2EvZ2FkZ2V0cw==
read: False
type: Rss
title: A threat to portable monitors everywhere: Lenovo Yoga Book 9i review
description: Multitasking on a 13-inch laptop is much easier with 26.6 inches of screen.
categories: Features|Tech|Ars Shopping|Gadgetology|laptops|Lenovo
content:
<div id="rss-wrap">
<figure class="intro-image intro-left">
  <img src="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/article-800x698.jpg" alt="Lenovo Yoga Book 9i">
      <p class="caption" style="font-size:0.8em"><a href="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/article-scaled.jpg" class="enlarge-link" data-height="2234" data-width="2560">Enlarge</a> <span class="sep">/</span> The hinge awkwardly breaking up content on Lenovo's Yoga Book 9i. (credit: Scharon Harding)</p>  </figure>






<div><a name="page-1"></a></div>
<table class="specifications right" width="400">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left;" colspan="4"><strong>Specs at a glance: Lenovo Yoga Book 9i</strong></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td><strong>Worst</strong></td>
<td><strong>Best</strong></td>
<td><strong>As reviewed </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Screen</strong></td>
<td colspan="3">2x 13.3-inch 2880×1800 OLED touchscreen</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>OS</strong></td>
<td colspan="3">Windows 11 Home</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>CPU</strong></td>
<td colspan="3">Intel Core i7-1355U</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>RAM</strong></td>
<td colspan="3">16GB LPDDR5x-6400</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Storage</strong></td>
<td>512GB M.2 NVMe 2242 PCIe 4.0 SSD</td>
<td>1TB M.2 NVMe 2242 PCIe 4.0 SSD</td>
<td>512GB M.2 NVMe 2242 PCIe 4.0 SSD</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Networking</strong></td>
<td colspan="3">Wi-Fi 6E, Bluetooth 5.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Ports</strong></td>
<td colspan="3">3x Thunderbolt 4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Size</strong></td>
<td colspan="3">11.78×8.03×0.63 inches (299.1×203.9×15.95 mm)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Weight</strong></td>
<td colspan="3">Starts at 2.95 lbs (1.34 kg)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Battery</strong></td>
<td colspan="3">80 Wh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Warranty</strong></td>
<td colspan="3">1 year</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Price (MSRP)</strong></td>
<td><a href="https://howl.me/cj04gjK5L0O" target="_blank" rel="noopener">$2,000</a></td>
<td><a href="https://howl.me/cj04gjK5L0O" target="_blank" rel="noopener">$2,100</a></td>
<td><a href="https://howl.me/cj04gjK5L0O" target="_blank" rel="noopener">$2,000</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Other</strong></td>
<td colspan="3">Bluetooth keyboard, Bluetooth mouse, stylus, and laptop stand/keyboard cover included</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Dual-screen laptops have been around for enough years that Asus now has a <a href="https://www.asus.com/laptops/for-creators/zenbook/filter?SubSeries=Zenbook-Duo">lineup</a> of them. But <a href="https://howl.me/cj04gjK5L0O" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lenovo's Yoga Book 9i</a> is the dual-screen option for maximum screen space. Open the 2-in-1 laptop, and you'll find two 13.3-inch, 16:10 OLED touchscreens in lieu of any integrated keyboard, touchpad, or traditional deck.</p>
<p>The machine looks striking. But once you're past the initial intrigue, you might ask yourself: Why would I want this? Well—you might not. This is an unusual laptop built for unique needs. While our review will explain how it works—and its undesirable quirks—many might find its design inconvenient.</p>
<p>But for some, the laptop opens possibilities in ways new laptops rarely do. It can make your <a href="https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2022/04/portable-monitor-roundup-the-search-for-a-second-screen/">portable monitor</a> redundant, and it sports a crease-free look that foldables can only dream of at this point. Lenovo's dual-screen laptop could influence future products for the better. For now, the laptop's a refreshingly realistic option for people who want more screen real estate without giving up more space.</p></div><p><a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1942751#p3">Read 47 remaining paragraphs</a> | <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1942751&comments=1">Comments</a></p>

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link: https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949473
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read: False
type: Rss
title: Apple fixes 0-day kernel and WebKit security flaws in iOS, macOS, watchOS, and more
description: One of the bugs is a serious kernel-level security flaw.
categories:
Apple|Security|Tech|apple security updates|iOS|iOS 15|iOS 16|MacOS|macOS 11|macOS 12|macOS 13|macos Ventura|security update

content:
<div id="rss-wrap">
<figure class="intro-image intro-left">
  <img src="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/iphone-14-hero-800x450.jpg" alt="Apple fixes 0-day kernel and WebKit security flaws in iOS, macOS, watchOS, and more">
      <p class="caption" style="font-size:0.8em"><a href="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/iphone-14-hero-scaled.jpg" class="enlarge-link" data-height="1440" data-width="2560">Enlarge</a> (credit: Apple)</p>  </figure>






<div><a name="page-1"></a></div>
<p>Apple has released new minor updates for iOS 16, macOS 13 Ventura, and most of its other actively supported operating systems that fix a pair of serious security bugs that the company says "may have been actively exploited." You should install the <a href="https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213814">iOS and iPadOS 16.5.1</a>, <a href="https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213813">macOS 13.4.1</a>, and <a href="https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213812">watchOS 9.5.2</a> updates at your earliest convenience, if you haven't already.</p>

<p>One of the vulnerabilities, CVE-2023-32434, is a kernel-level flaw that can allow apps to "execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges." The other, a WebKit bug labeled CVE-2023-32439, can allow the execution of arbitrary code after processing "maliciously crafted web content."</p>
<p>The iOS and iPadOS 16.5.1 updates also fix a non-security bug "that prevents charging with the Lightning to USB 3 Camera Adapter."</p></div><p><a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949473#p3">Read 4 remaining paragraphs</a> | <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949473&comments=1">Comments</a></p>

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link: https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949348
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5hcnN0ZWNobmljYS5jb20vYXJzdGVjaG5pY2EvZ2FkZ2V0cw==
read: False
type: Rss
title: DuckDuckGo browser beta for Windows bakes in a lot of privacy tools
description: No extensions yet, but it can fight spam, tracking, and YouTube's algorithm.
categories: Tech|browser cookies|browsers|cookies|duckduckgo|privacy|tracking|web browsers
content:
<div id="rss-wrap">
<figure class="intro-image intro-left">
  <img src="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/DDG-Windows-Duck-Player-800x450.jpg" alt="By using DuckDuckGo's built-in Duck Player, you should be able to avoid both advertisements and having your YouTube recommendations be affected by memes and movie clips for when you forget to open a private window.">
      <p class="caption" style="font-size:0.8em"><a href="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/DDG-Windows-Duck-Player.jpg" class="enlarge-link" data-height="900" data-width="1600">Enlarge</a> <span class="sep">/</span> By using DuckDuckGo's built-in Duck Player, you should be able to avoid both advertisements and having your YouTube recommendations be affected by memes and movie clips for when you forget to open a private window. (credit: DuckDuckGo)</p>  </figure>






<div><a name="page-1"></a></div>
<p>Privacy-focused firm DuckDuckGo has released <a href="https://duckduckgo.com/windows">a public beta of its browser for Windows</a>, offering more default privacy protections and an assortment of Duck-made browsing tools.</p>
<p>More than a year after <a href="https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2022/04/duckduckgo-announces-a-new-privacy-focused-mac-web-browser/">debuting its browser for Mac</a> in private beta, the search engine and tracking antagonist offers many of those same features to a much wider audience. Like its Mac browser, DuckDuckGo (DDG) uses "the underlying operating system rendering API" rather than its own forked browser code. That's "a <a href="https://developer.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-edge/webview2/">Windows WebView2</a> call that utilizes the Blink rendering engine underneath," according to <a href="https://spreadprivacy.com/p/e0f81d13-9233-4e9a-b158-01ecdafba193/">DuckDuckGo's blog post</a>. Fittingly, the browser reports itself as Microsoft Edge at most header-scanning sites.</p>
<p>Inside the DuckDuckGo browser, you'll find:</p></div><p><a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949348#p3">Read 4 remaining paragraphs</a> | <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949348&comments=1">Comments</a></p>

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link: https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949343
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5hcnN0ZWNobmljYS5jb20vYXJzdGVjaG5pY2EvZ2FkZ2V0cw==
read: False
type: Rss
title: Apple releases visionOS SDK to developers and details testing process
description: Dev kits, in-person labs, and more will enable developing for unreleased gear.
categories:
Apple|Tech|apple|Apple Vision|Apple Vision Pro|ar|augmented reality|developers|mixed reality|visionOS|Xcode|XR

content:
<div id="rss-wrap">





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          <p>
            This is Apple’s Vision Pro headset. It looks a bit like a particularly bulky pair of ski goggles, with the materials and design language of Apple’s AirPods Max headphones.                          [credit:
                              Samuel Axon                            ]
                      </p>
        </div>
      </li>
      </ul>

<p>Today, Apple <a href="https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2023/06/developer-tools-to-create-spatial-experiences-for-apple-vision-pro-now-available/">announced</a> the imminent availability of the visionOS software development kit, which will allow app developers to begin working on apps for the company's upcoming Vision Pro mixed reality headset.</p>
<p>Developers will use frameworks like SwiftUI, RealityKit, and ARKit to make augmented or mixed reality apps while working with tools previously used in Mac and iOS development, like Apple's Xcode IDE, Simulator, and TestFlight.</p>
<p>Tools like these can be used either to develop new spatial apps for Vision Pro or to adapt iPhone or iPad apps to be used as windows within the Vision Pro's interface.</p></div><p><a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949343#p3">Read 6 remaining paragraphs</a> | <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949343&comments=1">Comments</a></p>

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link: https://arstechnica.com/?p=1948891
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5hcnN0ZWNobmljYS5jb20vYXJzdGVjaG5pY2EvZ2FkZ2V0cw==
read: False
type: Rss
title: After porn-y protest, Reddit ousted mods; replacing them isn’t simple
description: Replacement volunteers have big shoes to fill.
categories: Policy|Tech
content:
<div id="rss-wrap">
<figure class="intro-image intro-left">
  <img src="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/GettyImages-1239583756-800x533.jpg" alt="In this photo illustration, a woman's silhouette holds a smartphone with the Reddit logo in the background.">
      <p class="caption" style="font-size:0.8em"><a href="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/GettyImages-1239583756-scaled.jpg" class="enlarge-link" data-height="1706" data-width="2560">Enlarge</a> (credit: <a rel="nofollow" class="caption-link" href="https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/in-this-photo-illustration-a-womans-silhouette-holds-a-news-photo/1239583756">Getty</a>)</p>  </figure>






<div><a name="page-1"></a></div>
<p>After threatening to do so last week, Reddit has now removed the moderators of some of the subreddits that were <a href="https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2023/06/the-reddit-protests-are-winding-down-so-whats-next/">protesting Reddit's new API pricing scheme</a>. Some of these subreddits have new mods in the protesters' place, while other affected subreddits have been left unmoderated. Still others, oddly, saw their moderators reinstated.</p>
<p>Reddit claims the moves are a response to mods breaking its Moderator Code of Conduct by allowing "not safe for work" (NSFW) content in previously "safe for work" subreddits. However, moderators who spoke to Ars Technica believe Reddit's actions are designed to silence their protests over the new fees.</p>
<h2>Mod status revoked</h2>
<p>Various Reddit moderators reached out to Ars Technica this week, informing us that mods for r/Celebrities, r/interestingasfuck, <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/ModCoord/comments/14eq8ip/the_entire_rmildlyinteresting_mod_team_has_just/">r/mildlyinteresting</a>, r/self, r/ShittyLifeProTips, and r/TIHI have been removed. Other subreddits are reportedly affected, too, including r/toyota, r/garmin, and r/IllegalLifeProTips. All of the communities recently started allowing NSFW content as a form of <a href="https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2023/06/reddit-ceo-assures-employees-that-api-protests-havent-hurt-revenue/">API pricing protest</a>.</p></div><p><a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1948891#p3">Read 37 remaining paragraphs</a> | <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1948891&comments=1">Comments</a></p>

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link: https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949222
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5hcnN0ZWNobmljYS5jb20vYXJzdGVjaG5pY2EvZ2FkZ2V0cw==
read: False
type: Rss
title: Get your first look at the OnePlus V Fold, thanks to render leaks
description: We were expecting an Oppo-style foldable, but this looks like a Samsung phone.
categories: Tech|OnePlus|OnePlus 5|OnePlus fold
content:
<div id="rss-wrap">
<figure class="intro-image intro-left">
  <img src="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/15-1-800x450.jpg" alt="The OnePlus V Fold is in the style of a Samsung Foldable.">
      <p class="caption" style="font-size:0.8em"><a href="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/15-1.jpg" class="enlarge-link" data-height="1250" data-width="2220">Enlarge</a> <span class="sep">/</span> The OnePlus V Fold is in the style of a Samsung Foldable. (credit: OnLeaks x Smartprix)</p>  </figure>






<div><a name="page-1"></a></div>
<p>OnePlus is gearing up to release a foldable smartphone, and the reliable leaker, Steve Hemmerstoffer (aka OnLeaks), has given us our first look at the "OnePlus V Fold" at <a href="https://www.smartprix.com/bytes/oneplus-fold/">Smartprix</a>. As always, this isn't an official image but a render produced by OnLeaks. Usually, these are based on CAD files that need to float around for accessory makers.</p>
<p>OnePlus is a subsidiary of BBK, and the previous vague expectation was that OnePlus would end up shipping a rebrand of an existing BBK foldable, like the Oppo Find N2. OnLeaks' render looks nothing like the <a href="https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2023/06/oppo-find-n2-review-beautiful-hardware-that-android-just-cant-deal-with/">nearly square Find N2</a>, though. This device is more in line with the Samsung Galaxy Fold, a foldable in the mold of "two normal smartphone screens next to each other." Smartprix didn't publish exact dimensions, but it looks like a very slim device.</p>
<p>The rear camera bump is a big circle, just like <a href="https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2023/02/oneplus-11-comes-to-the-us-with-killer-699-price-tag/">other recent</a> OnePlus phones. It has three cameras on the back, one of which is an optical-zoom periscope lens. The phone makes the curious decision to not put the LED flash in the camera bump, instead sticking it all the way in the upper-left corner of the phone. Isn't the purpose of a camera bump to make room for all that extra bulky camera hardware? I wonder if anything else is in that camera bump.</p></div><p><a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949222#p3">Read 3 remaining paragraphs</a> | <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949222&comments=1">Comments</a></p>

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link: https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949089
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5hcnN0ZWNobmljYS5jb20vYXJzdGVjaG5pY2EvZ2FkZ2V0cw==
read: False
type: Rss
title: Camera review site DPReview finds a buyer, avoids shutdown by Amazon
description: Amazon layoffs were supposed to shut down the 25-year-old site back in April.
categories: Biz & IT|Tech|Amazon|dpreview|layoffs
content:
<div id="rss-wrap">
<figure class="intro-image intro-left">
  <img src="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/canon-eos-800x450.jpeg" alt="Camera review site DPReview finds a buyer, avoids shutdown by Amazon">
      <p class="caption" style="font-size:0.8em"><a href="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/canon-eos.jpeg" class="enlarge-link" data-height="972" data-width="1728">Enlarge</a> (credit: Canon)</p>  </figure>






<div><a name="page-1"></a></div>
<p>Back in March, the editor-in-chief of the 25-year-old, Amazon-owned camera review site DPReview.com <a href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2023/03/amazon-layoffs-will-shut-down-camera-review-site-dpreview-com-after-25-years/">announced that the site would be closing in April</a>. The site was the casualty of a round of layoffs at Amazon that will affect a total of about 27,000 employees this year; DPReview was meant to stop publishing new pieces on April 10 and to be available in read-only mode for an undetermined period of time after that.</p>

<p>But then, something odd happened: The site simply kept publishing at a fairly regular clip throughout the entire month of April and continuing until now. A no-update update from EIC Scott Everett <a href="https://www.dpreview.com/news/8995784126/dpreview-an-update">published in mid-May</a> merely acknowledged that pieces were still going up and that there was "nothing to share," which wasn't much to go on but also didn't make it sound as though the site were in imminent danger of disappearing.</p>
<p>Yesterday, Everett finally had something to share: DPReview.com and its "current core editorial, tech, and business team[s]" were <a href="https://www.dpreview.com/site-news/8298318614/dpreview-com-looks-forward-to-a-new-chapter-with-gear-patrol">acquired by Gear Patrol</a>, an independently owned consumer technology site founded by Eric Yang in 2007. The deal had <a href="https://www.gearpatrol.com/about/a44214660/gear-patrol-dpreview-acquisition/">already closed</a> as of yesterday, June 20.</p></div><p><a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949089#p3">Read 4 remaining paragraphs</a> | <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949089&comments=1">Comments</a></p>

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link: https://arstechnica.com/?p=1948872
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5hcnN0ZWNobmljYS5jb20vYXJzdGVjaG5pY2EvZ2FkZ2V0cw==
read: False
type: Rss
title: Google’s $200 metal Pixel Watch band is very premium, very expensive
description: Google chips away at the Pixel Watch's lack of band styles.
categories: Google|Tech|Google Pixel|Pixel watch
content:
<div id="rss-wrap">





<div><a name="page-1"></a></div>
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          <div class="gallery-image"><img src="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/13-1-980x668.jpg" alt=""></div>
          <p>
            It's finally here, the metal Pixel Watch band.                           [credit:
                              Ron Amadeo                            ]
                      </p>
        </div>
      </li>
      </ul>

<p>When the Pixel Watch came out <a href="https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2022/10/pixel-watch-review-googles-wearable-efforts-are-relevant-again/">in October</a>, it seemed like a decent-but-first-generation swing at a smartwatch (even though Android Wear came out about nine years ago). Part of what gives off the first-generation vibe is the Pixel Watch's lack of watch band variety. Eight months after the watch's release, Google is taking a big step toward fixing that problem by introducing metal watch bands. The "<a href="https://store.google.com/product/watch_band_metal_link">Google Pixel Watch Metal Links Band</a>" was briefly for sale on the Google Store Friday before being sold out.</p>
<p>Google's metal watch band is $200, which might seem expensive for a $350 watch, but that is on par with what <a href="https://www.samsung.com/us/mobile/mobile-accessories/smartwatches/galaxy-watch4-classic-metal-link-band-small-silver-gp-tyr880hcasu/">Samsung</a> charges, and <a href="https://www.apple.com/shop/product/MUHL2AM/A/42mm-silver-link-bracelet">Apple's</a> metal link band is $350. We have one of these bands in person now, and it's worth every bit of the $200 price tag. Google's watch band feels just as premium as a band from a luxury watchmaker, with an incredible amount of weight and a solid-feeling clasp section. With the default amount of metal links (you get six extra in the box), the Pixel Watch plus a metal band weighs 145 g, which is<a href="https://millenarywatches.com/rolex-watches-weight-weight-of-common-rolex-watches/"> mid-weight luxury watch</a> territory.</p>
<p>The band links have an interesting attachment mechanism. I'm used to bands that either have a long screw running through each link or a pin you slide in from the side, but the links on the Pixel each connect with an internal spring bar system. Fold one of the links in half, and you'll reveal a set of openings to insert a special pair of included tweezers. Squeeze the tweezers, and you'll compress the spring bar, retracting the two pins and disconnecting the link from the watch band.</p></div><p><a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1948872#p3">Read 4 remaining paragraphs</a> | <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1948872&comments=1">Comments</a></p>

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link: https://arstechnica.com/?p=1948932
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5hcnN0ZWNobmljYS5jb20vYXJzdGVjaG5pY2EvZ2FkZ2V0cw==
read: False
type: Rss
title: Purely AI-generated songs declared ineligible for Grammy Awards
description: "A work that contains no human authorship is not eligible in any categories."
categories: AI|Biz & IT|Culture|Tech|Grammy Awards|machine learning
content:
<div id="rss-wrap">
<figure class="intro-image intro-left">
  <img src="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/tin_robots_hero-800x450.jpg" alt="Tin robots dance in a stock photo.">
      <p class="caption" style="font-size:0.8em"><a href="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/tin_robots_hero.jpg" class="enlarge-link" data-height="675" data-width="1200">Enlarge</a> (credit: Getty Images)</p>  </figure>






<div><a name="page-1"></a></div>
<p>Amid <a href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2023/04/grimes-says-anyone-can-ai-generate-her-voice-without-penalty/">increasing use</a> of generative AI in music, the Recording Academy has updated its rules for the 66th annual Grammy Awards regarding the role of AI in considered works, Reuters <a href="https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/grammys-bans-ai-only-music-allows-only-human-creators-2023-06-16/">reports</a>. To be eligible for an award, a song must have meaningful human authorship. Purely algorithmically generated music cannot win a Grammy.</p>

<p>According to the 66th Grammy Awards Rules &amp; Guidelines <a href="https://naras.a.bigcontent.io/v1/static/66th_Rules&amp;Guidelines">booklet</a>, works generated solely by AI are not eligible for the awards. However, the Academy does not completely exclude AI's potential role in the creation process. Works that incorporate elements of "AI-generated material" are eligible if they meet two key criteria, and we'll quote the booklet itself:</p>
<ul>
<li>"The human-authored components of the work must be meaningful and more than 'de minimis.'" (The booklet defines "de minimis" as "lacking significance or importance, or so minor as to merit disregard.")</li>
<li>"These human-authored components must be relevant to the category in which the work is entered. For instance, if the work is submitted in a songwriting category, there should be significant human authorship involved in the music and/or lyrics. Similarly, for a performance category, the human performance element should be significant."</li>
</ul>
<p>The rules also state that if a piece of work incorporates material generated by AI, the individuals or teams who programmed or operated the AI to generate that material cannot be considered for a Grammy award based on that contribution. In other words, if a song uses AI to generate a melody, lyrics, or any other element, the people who created or utilized the AI do not get credit for Grammy consideration for that specific AI-generated part. The credit and potential for nomination or award receipt go to the human elements that significantly contribute to the song.</p></div><p><a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1948932#p3">Read 7 remaining paragraphs</a> | <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1948932&comments=1">Comments</a></p>

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link: https://arstechnica.com/?p=1948877
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5hcnN0ZWNobmljYS5jb20vYXJzdGVjaG5pY2EvZ2FkZ2V0cw==
read: False
type: Rss
title: EU wants “readily removable” batteries in devices soon—but what does that mean?
description: Should you have to melt glue? Which tools do you need? What about pricing?
categories: Policy|Tech|batteries|e-waste|EU|European parliament|european union|right to repair|smartphones
content:
<div id="rss-wrap">
<figure class="intro-image intro-left">
  <img src="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/fairphone_repair-800x600.jpg" alt="Fairphone 4 disassembled on a table">
      <p class="caption" style="font-size:0.8em"><a href="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/fairphone_repair.jpg" class="enlarge-link" data-height="1920" data-width="2560">Enlarge</a> <span class="sep">/</span> Very few modern smartphones can be considered to have a "readily removable" battery, but <a href="%22https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2021/09/fairphone-4-has-an-incredible-5-year-warranty-aims-for-6-years-of-updates/%22">the Fairphone 4</a> is one of them. (credit: Fairphone)</p>  </figure>






<div><a name="page-1"></a></div>
<p>Whenever regulation passes that seems to herald the dawn of a new age of repairable devices, there is almost always a catch, a loophole, or at least an "it depends." In the case of recent headline-grabbing battery legislation out of the European Union, we're waiting to see what counts as "readily" when it comes to removing and replacing device batteries.</p>
<p>Last week, the European Parliament voted overwhelmingly in favor of <a href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20230609IPR96210/making-batteries-more-sustainable-more-durable-and-better-performing">new rules for handling batteries of all sizes in the EU</a>, due to be implemented within 3.5 years of passage or as early as 2027. Along with measures addressing carbon footprints for electric vehicle and industrial batteries and stricter waste and recycling targets, there was <a href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/docs_autres_institutions/commission_europeenne/com/2020/0798/COM_COM(2020)0798_EN.pdf">a particular line in Article 11</a> regarding the "Removability and replaceability of portable batteries," that likely got smartphone, tablet, and laptop manufacturer lobbyists moving:</p>
<blockquote><p>Portable batteries incorporated in appliances shall be readily removable and replaceable by the end-user or by independent operators during the lifetime of the appliance, if the batteries have a shorter lifetime than the appliance, or at the latest at the end of the lifetime of the appliance.</p></blockquote>
<p>"Readily replaceable," as addressed in the next paragraph, is when, after removing a battery, you can substitute a similar battery "without affecting the functioning or the performance of that appliance." For all the things specifically defined, outlined, and estimated in the 129-page "COM(2020) 798 final," there's not much more about what the phrase exactly means.</p></div><p><a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1948877#p3">Read 15 remaining paragraphs</a> | <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1948877&comments=1">Comments</a></p>

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link: https://arstechnica.com/?p=1948950
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5hcnN0ZWNobmljYS5jb20vYXJzdGVjaG5pY2EvZ2FkZ2V0cw==
read: False
type: Rss
title: Apple’s self-service repairs no longer require a call to Apple when you’re done
description: System Config tool handles post-repair processes that trip up third-party kits.
categories:
Apple|Tech|apple repair|iFixit|iphone|iphone battery replacement|iphone screen repair|MacBook|right to repair

content:
<div id="rss-wrap">
<figure class="intro-image intro-left">
  <img src="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Apple_Right-to-repair_Hero-800x450.jpg" alt="A man uses a tool to open up an iPhone">
      <p class="caption" style="font-size:0.8em"><a href="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Apple_Right-to-repair_Hero.jpg" class="enlarge-link" data-height="1102" data-width="1960">Enlarge</a> <span class="sep">/</span> An iPhone undergoes repairs. (credit: <a rel="nofollow" class="caption-link" href="https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2022/04/apples-self-service-repair-now-available/">Apple</a>)</p>  </figure>






<div><a name="page-1"></a></div>
<p>Apple launched its <a href="https://www.selfservicerepair.com/home">Self Service Repair program</a> in the spring of 2022, giving owners of some iPhones and Macs access to the same parts and repair manuals used by Apple-certified technicians. Since the program's launch, most changes have focused on adding new devices—most recently, <a href="https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2022/12/apples-self-service-repairs-expand-to-desktops-like-imac-mac-studio/">support for M1-series desktops in December 2022</a>. But in a new update today, Apple also announced that it is making the self-repair process slightly less onerous.</p>
<p>The company <a href="https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2023/06/apple-expands-self-service-repair-and-updates-system-configuration-process/">will now provide</a> a "postrepair software tool" called System Configuration that will handle the process of verifying that repairs were done properly, calibrating and updating the firmware of any replaced components and pairing TouchID and FaceID sensors with the device's Secure Enclave.</p>

<p>Previously, these steps required a call to Apple's Self Service Repair support team, which would run users through finishing the repair process. Apple says its team will still be on standby if home repairers need help.</p></div><p><a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1948950#p3">Read 4 remaining paragraphs</a> | <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1948950&comments=1">Comments</a></p>

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link: https://arstechnica.com/?p=1948808
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5hcnN0ZWNobmljYS5jb20vYXJzdGVjaG5pY2EvZ2FkZ2V0cw==
read: False
type: Rss
title: Submarine missing near Titanic used a $30 Logitech gamepad for steering
description: While rescuers fear for OceanGate crew, Logitech F710 PC gamepad sells out within minutes.
categories: Gaming|Science|Tech|Ars Shopping|Logitech|OceanGate|RMS Titanic|submarine
content:
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<figure class="intro-image intro-left">
  <img src="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/sub_gamecontroller_hero_1-800x450.jpg" alt="Stockton Rush shows David Pogue the game controller that pilots the OceanGate Titan sub during a CBS Sunday Morning segment broadcast in November 2022.">
      <p class="caption" style="font-size:0.8em"><a href="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/sub_gamecontroller_hero_1.jpg" class="enlarge-link" data-height="888" data-width="1577">Enlarge</a> <span class="sep">/</span> OceanGate CEO Stockton Rush shows David Pogue the 2010-era game controller that pilots the <em>Titan</em> sub during a <em>CBS Sunday Morning</em> segment broadcast in November 2022. (credit: CBS Sunday Morning)</p>  </figure>






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<p>On Sunday, news broke about an OceanGate Expeditions tourist submarine headed for the wreck of the <em>Titanic</em> that <a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/titanic-submarine-shipwreck-expedition-missing-search-what-we-know/">went missing</a> with five people aboard. Soon after, details emerged about the sub's <a href="https://www.insider.com/titan-submarine-ceo-complained-about-obscenely-safe-regulations-2023-6">non-standard design</a> that did not meet regulations, including steering apparently handled by a $30 <a href="https://howl.me/cjZVI6VagyJ" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Logitech F710 wireless PC game controller</a> from 2010.</p>

<p>Reuters <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/whos-board-missing-titanic-sub-2023-06-20/">reports</a> that the five-person crew of the missing vessel, known as <em><a href="https://oceangate.com/our-subs/titan-submersible.html">Titan</a></em>, includes Hamish Harding, a British billionaire and adventure enthusiast, and OceanGate's founder and CEO, Stockton Rush. It disappeared on Sunday while on an expedition to explore the <em>Titanic</em> shipwreck site after losing contact with the Polar Prince research ship, roughly 1 hour and 45 minutes after their dive began.</p>
<p>The submarine was last reported in the North Atlantic, approximately 900 miles east of Cape Cod, in a water body known to have a depth of about 13,000 feet. Search and rescue operations began shortly thereafter and are still underway. According to the BBC, the entire sub is <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-65953872">bolted shut</a> from the outside, so even if the vessel surfaces, the occupants cannot escape without outside assistance and could suffocate within the capsule.</p></div><p><a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1948808#p3">Read 7 remaining paragraphs</a> | <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1948808&comments=1">Comments</a></p>

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link: https://arstechnica.com/?p=1948635
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5hcnN0ZWNobmljYS5jb20vYXJzdGVjaG5pY2EvZ2FkZ2V0cw==
read: False
type: Rss
title: Valve gives Steam its biggest update and redesign in years
description: It's a night-and-day difference for macOS and Linux users.
categories: Gaming|Tech|Linux|MacOS|pc|PC gaming|Steam|steam deck|Valve
content:
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          <div class="gallery-image"><img src="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Steam-2023-library-980x599.png" alt=""></div>
          <p>
            This is the new library view. The interface isn't that different functionally, but it has a new coat of paint.                          [credit:
                              Valve                            ]
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<p>PC gamers could easily make a joke that three things in life never change: death, taxes, and the classic look of Steam. One of those things just changed, though; Valve just released the most substantial <a href="https://steamcommunity.com/games/593110/announcements/detail/3687931965598906185">overhaul</a> to Steam in years, including a visual makeover and several new features.</p>
<p>Further, the company has brought the Mac and Linux versions of Steam closer to parity with the historically superior Windows version.</p>
<p>Valve says "the most impactful changes" are actually under the hood. The company's developers put effort into achieving greater consistency between how things work in Steam for desktop, the TV-oriented Big Picture mode, and Steam Deck. This codebase overhaul means that new features that come to the desktop version of Steam can simultaneously ship on Steam Deck with minimal effort.</p></div><p><a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1948635#p3">Read 9 remaining paragraphs</a> | <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1948635&comments=1">Comments</a></p>

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link: https://arstechnica.com/?p=1948543
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5hcnN0ZWNobmljYS5jb20vYXJzdGVjaG5pY2EvZ2FkZ2V0cw==
read: False
type: Rss
title: Windows 11 beta fixes major taskbar gripe, removes old File Explorer settings
description: New build also (sort of) removes OS-level Microsoft Teams integration.
categories:
Tech|File Explorer|insider preview|microsoft|Taskbar|win11|windows 11|windows 11 22h2|windows 11 23h2|windows 11 home

content:
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<figure class="intro-image intro-left">
  <img src="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/win11-light-800x500.jpeg" alt="Windows 11 beta fixes major taskbar gripe, removes old File Explorer settings">
      <p class="caption" style="font-size:0.8em"><a href="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/win11-light.jpeg" class="enlarge-link" data-height="1200" data-width="1920">Enlarge</a> (credit: Microsoft)</p>  </figure>






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<p>The new Insider Preview build of Windows 11 <a href="https://blogs.windows.com/windows-insider/2023/06/14/announcing-windows-11-insider-preview-build-23481/">that was released this week</a> introduces some handy and oft-requested new features, including the ability to write in any text field with Windows Ink and reintroducing the Windows 7-to-10-era "never combine labels" setting for app icons in the taskbar.</p>
<p>But Windows 11 giveth and Windows 11 taketh away. The new preview is also removing several power-user-oriented settings away from the File Explorer's Folder Options menu, most of which have been around for decades. These are the settings Microsoft has removed:</p>
<ul>
<li>Hide Folder Merge conflict</li>
<li>Always show icons, never thumbnails</li>
<li>Display file icon on thumbnails</li>
<li>Display file type information on Folder tips</li>
<li>Hide protected OS files</li>
<li>Show drive letters</li>
<li>Show popup description for Folder and Desktop items</li>
<li>Show encrypted or compressed NTFS files in color</li>
<li>Use sharing wizard</li>
</ul>
<div class="image shortcode-img center full"><img alt="The Folder Options menu, one of several Windows 95-style menus lurking just below Windows 11's shiny surface." src="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/folder-options.jpeg"><p class="caption" style="font-size:0.8em">The Folder Options menu, one of several Windows 95-style menus lurking just below Windows 11's shiny surface. (credit: Andrew Cunningham)</p></div>
<p>Microsoft says all of the settings will continue to exist but that they'll only be accessible via registry keys. In a default Windows install, some of these options are on-by-default and others are off-by-default; Microsoft didn't say any of these defaults would be changing.</p></div><p><a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1948543#p3">Read 4 remaining paragraphs</a> | <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1948543&comments=1">Comments</a></p>

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link: https://arstechnica.com/?p=1948540
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5hcnN0ZWNobmljYS5jb20vYXJzdGVjaG5pY2EvZ2FkZ2V0cw==
read: False
type: Rss
title: Google Domains is yet another useful service to get the ax in favor of “focus”“
description: Transition is automatic, but Squarespace honoring renewal fees for only 1 year.
categories: Biz & IT|Tech|Ars Shopping|domain name registrar|domain names|google|google domains
content:
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<figure class="intro-image intro-left">
  <img src="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Screenshot-from-2023-06-16-12-08-09-800x326.png" alt="Google Domain's " find your domain image with corporate memphis people looking at a search bar>
      <p class="caption" style="font-size:0.8em"><a href="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Screenshot-from-2023-06-16-12-08-09.png" class="enlarge-link" data-height="1095" data-width="2690">Enlarge</a> <span class="sep">/</span> These <a href="%22https://www.wired.co.uk/article/corporate-memphis-design-tech%22">Corporate Memphis</a> folks are going to have to look elsewhere soon to get their own domain, unless they're good with Squarespace. (credit: Google)</p>  </figure>






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<p>Eight years after Google Domains launched, and a little more than a year after it graduated <a href="https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2022/03/google-domains-is-out-of-beta-after-seven-years/">out of beta</a>, Google is "winding down following a transition period," as part of "efforts to sharpen our focus." That's <a href="https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/squarespace-enters-definitive-agreement-to-acquire-google-domains-assets-301852507.html?tc=eml_cleartime">corporate-ese</a> for "We need to keep cost-cutting, so we're selling this business we just finished shaping up to <a href="https://fave.co/443BxOA" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Squarespace</a>."</p>
<p>As we <a href="https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2022/03/google-domains-is-out-of-beta-after-seven-years/">noted when it fully launched</a>, Google Domains wasn't the cheapest registrar you could find, but it had a great interface, offered more than 300 different domain endings (now <a href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2023/05/critics-say-googles-new-zip-and-mov-domains-will-be-a-boon-to-scammers/">including, controversially, .mov and .zip</a>), and its upkeep fees were a flat $12 per year, without add-on charges like WHOIS privacy or DNSSEC.</p>
<p>Google Domains tied into many other Google products, including Gmail, Workspace, Cloud, Ads, and more. But there wasn't really an engine for making a website, the thing you see when you visit the domain. Domains offered quick hook-ups to services like Shopify, Wix, and Squarespace. Now the last of those is set to take the whole business over, along with the roughly 10 million domains and the millions of customers behind them.</p></div><p><a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1948540#p3">Read 4 remaining paragraphs</a> | <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1948540&comments=1">Comments</a></p>

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link: https://arstechnica.com/?p=1948075
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5hcnN0ZWNobmljYS5jb20vYXJzdGVjaG5pY2EvZ2FkZ2V0cw==
read: False
type: Rss
title: Retro MacOS desktop blanket trades pixels for thread, and it looks Mac-nificent
description: New knit screenshot throw celebrates the Mac's early years. We talk to its creator.
categories:
Apple|Tech|68K Mac|apple|blankets|Macintosh|MacOS|pillows|retrocomputing|retrotech|Roberto Hoyos|System 7|textiles|Throwboy|Vintage computing

content:
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<figure class="intro-image intro-left">
  <img src="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/mac_blanket_couch-800x450.jpg" alt="Throwboy's Mac desktop blanket trades pixels for thread.">
      <p class="caption" style="font-size:0.8em"><a href="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/mac_blanket_couch.jpg" class="enlarge-link" data-height="675" data-width="1200">Enlarge</a> <span class="sep">/</span> Throwboy's new monochrome throw includes a Mac desktop screenshot knit into the blanket itself. (credit: Throwboy)</p>  </figure>






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<p>Vintage tech is part of our shared cultural heritage, but in the commercial world, it often gets overshadowed by pop culture mementos. Go to a retail clothing store and you'll find 1984 He-Man T-shirts, but where are the products that celebrate 1984 computers? Enter <a href="https://throwboy.com/">Throwboy</a>, a Seattle-based company that produces throw pillows and blankets based on old tech.</p>

<p>Although Throwboy has been in business since 2007, it's still coming up with new designs. Targeting <a href="http://vintagemacmuseum.com/collection/68k-macintosh/">68K Mac</a> nostalgia, Throwboy just released a <a href="https://throwboy.com/collections/blankets/products/classic-desktop-knit-cotton-blanket">50x60-inch knit throw blanket</a> based on a modified Mac OS desktop screenshot in all of its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_image">1-bit color</a> glory. (It looks like System 7 to us, based on the presence of the <a href="https://512pixels.net/2020/09/kbase-week-balloon-help/">Balloon Help</a> icon.)</p>
<p>We haven't seen the $185 blanket in person—and this is not a review or an endorsement (although <a href="https://www.cultofmac.com/817038/throwboy-pillows-review/">others</a> seem to like their pillows)—but the cultural history woven into Throwboy's products over the years made us want to reach out to its founder and CEO, Roberto Hoyos, to ask him about the retro tech inspirations behind his business.</p></div><p><a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1948075#p3">Read 9 remaining paragraphs</a> | <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1948075&comments=1">Comments</a></p>

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