# syndication

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description:
Guides, information, and news about the Fedora operating system for users, developers, system administrators, and community members.


title: Linus Tech Tips
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title: De Telegraaf
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title: Kurzgesagt – In a Nutshell
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title: Wikipedia - Recente wijzigingen [nl]
syndication_type: Atom
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# syndication_item

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type: Rss
title: Zeker 38 leerlingen omgekomen bij aanval op middelbare school in Oeganda
categories: Algemeen|Buitenland|Instagram|Veel bekeken|Binnen- en buitenland
link:
https://www.nu.nl/buitenland/6268398/zeker-38-leerlingen-omgekomen-bij-aanval-op-middelbare-school-in-oeganda.html

description:
Bij een aanval op een middelbare school in het zuidwesten van Oeganda zijn vrijdagavond zeker 41 mensen om het leven gekomen. 38 van hen waren leerlingen.


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title: Negende zomerse dag op rij betekent weer een record: langste reeks ooit in juni
categories: Algemeen|Binnenland|Zomerweer|Klimaat
link:
https://www.nu.nl/binnenland/6268441/negende-zomerse-dag-op-rij-betekent-weer-een-record-langste-reeks-ooit-in-juni.html

description:
De thermometer van weerstation De Bilt heeft zaterdag weer de 25 graden aangetikt. Daarmee is een record genoteerd: nooit eerder waren er negen zomerse dagen op rij in de maand juni.


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title: Lowlands blijft ondanks boze media bij eis: journalisten moeten 10 euro betalen
categories: Algemeen|Muziek|Media|Media en Cultuur
link:
https://www.nu.nl/media/6268394/lowlands-blijft-ondanks-boze-media-bij-eis-journalisten-moeten-10-euro-betalen.html

description:
Concertorganisator MOJO houdt vast aan de eis dat journalisten en fotografen een "charity fee" van 10 euro betalen als zij verslag willen doen van festival Lowlands.


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type: Rss
title: Warm weer groot gevaar voor achtergelaten kind in auto, ook zwemmen blijft risico
categories: Algemeen|Binnenland
link:
https://www.nu.nl/binnenland/6268427/warm-weer-groot-gevaar-voor-achtergelaten-kind-in-auto-ook-zwemmen-blijft-risico.html

description:
Het warme, zonnige weer houdt de komende periode aan. Dat blijft niet zonder risico's. Zo loopt de temperatuur in stilstaande auto's snel op wat een gevaar kan zijn voor kinderen en dieren die in de auto worden achtergelaten. En de temperatuur van het (zee)water is toegenomen, maar de Reddingsbrigade blijft waarschuwen voor onderkoeling of kramp.


link: https://www.nu.nl/economie/6267832/wat-doet-en-verdient-een-piekbelaster-nu.html
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type: Rss
title: NU+ | Wat doet en verdient een piekbelaster nu?
categories: Economie|Algemeen|Achtergronden|login-vereist
description:
Piekbelaster is een relatief jong begrip in de boerengeschiedenis van ons land. Twee jaar geleden hadden we er nog nooit van gehoord, nu weet bijna iedereen wat het betekent. Wat een <a href="https://www.nu.nl/politiek/6267587/boeren-kunnen-uitzoeken-of-ze-piekbelaster-zijn-komt-geen-beter-aanbod.html" target="_blank">piekbelaster</a> kan krijgen als die zich laat uitkopen, varieert van een paar miljoen euro tot wel meer dan 10 miljoen euro.


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title: Militairen vinden varkens en vechthanen in zwaarbewaakte gevangenis Ecuador
categories: Algemeen|Buitenland|Binnen- en buitenland
link:
https://www.nu.nl/buitenland/6268434/militairen-vinden-varkens-en-vechthanen-in-zwaarbewaakte-gevangenis-ecuador.html

description:
In een Ecuadoraanse gevangenis hebben veiligheidstroepen onder meer varkens, vechthanen en wapens met scherpe bladen in beslag genomen.


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title: 'Rijdende rechter' krijgt plek in Dikke Van Dale: 'Een begrip geworden'
categories: Algemeen|Films & Series|Media en Cultuur
link:
https://www.nu.nl/film/6268435/rijdende-rechter-krijgt-plek-in-dikke-van-dale-een-begrip-geworden.html

description:
De term 'rijdende rechter', die bekend werd door het gelijknamige KRO-NCRV-programma, krijgt een plek in de Dikke Van Dale.


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type: Rss
title: Vrouw treft dronken 18-jarige man in onderbroek aan in wieg van dochter
categories: Algemeen|Opmerkelijk|Binnenland|Instagram|Veel bekeken|Binnen- en buitenland
link:
https://www.nu.nl/opmerkelijk/6268408/vrouw-treft-dronken-18-jarige-man-in-onderbroek-aan-in-wieg-van-dochter.html

description:
Een vrouw in de Zuid-Hollandse gemeente Molenlanden heeft in de nacht van vrijdag op zaterdag een achttienjarige man die alleen een onderbroek droeg aangetroffen in de wieg van haar dochter. Hoe hij daar terechtkwam, is niet duidelijk.


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title: Documaker volgde Masmeijer: 'Dingen die hem niet bevallen, wil hij er niet in'
categories: Algemeen|Achterklap|Media|Veel bekeken
link:
https://www.nu.nl/achterklap/6267800/documaker-volgde-masmeijer-dingen-die-hem-niet-bevallen-wil-hij-er-niet-in.html

description:
Frank Masmeijer haalde alle voorpagina's door zijn veroordeling in een drugshandelzaak. De oud-presentator is alweer even vrij en nu is er ook een documentaire. Maar dat ging niet zonder slag of stoot. "Dingen die hem niet bevallen, wil hij er niet in. Maar zo werkt het niet", vertelt de documentairemaker.


link: https://www.nu.nl/algemeen/6206682/zo-blijft-je-huis-koel-tijdens-zomerse-dagen.html
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type: Rss
title: Explainer | Zo blijft je huis koel tijdens zomerse dagen
categories: Algemeen|Binnenland
description:
Het is behoorlijk warm en hoewel dat buiten in de zon erg lekker is, is dat in je huis minder aangenaam. Zo zorg je ervoor dat je huis koel blijft tijdens zomerse dagen.


link: https://www.nu.nl/goed-nieuws/6268336/dit-was-het-positieve-en-vrolijke-nieuws-van-deze-week.html
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title: Overzicht | Dit was het positieve en vrolijke nieuws van deze week
categories: Algemeen|Goed nieuws
description:
Doordat het negatieve nieuws NU.nl vaak domineert, sneeuwt het positieve nieuws soms onder. Daarom zetten we vrolijk stemmende berichten op een rij. Met deze week: boodschappen worden niet meer duurder, meer zonnestroom dan vorig jaar, en een nieuwe behandeling tegen nierfalen met kleinere kans op overlijden.


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type: Rss
title: Ploeg van overleden Gino Mäder trekt zich terug uit Ronde van Zwitserland
categories: Algemeen|Sport|Wielrennen
link:
https://www.nu.nl/wielrennen/6268395/ploeg-van-overleden-gino-mader-trekt-zich-terug-uit-ronde-van-zwitserland.html

description:
Bahrain Victorious gaat zaterdag niet meer van start in de zevende etappe van de Ronde van Zwitserland. De renners hebben besloten zich terug te trekken uit de koers na het overlijden van ploeggenoot Gino Mäder.


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type: Rss
title: Eerste persoon met diagnose autisme overleden: 'Was sneller dan rekenmachine'
categories: Algemeen|Buitenland|Binnen- en buitenland
link:
https://www.nu.nl/buitenland/6268386/eerste-persoon-met-diagnose-autisme-overleden-was-sneller-dan-rekenmachine.html

description:
De eerste persoon bij wie autisme werd vastgesteld is overleden. De Amerikaan Donald Triplett, die vanwege zijn diagnose in 1938 ook wel bekendstond als 'Case 1', werd 89 jaar oud.


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type: Rss
title: Quiz | Waardoor ontstond er inflatie in Zweden? Test jouw nieuwskennis
categories: Algemeen|NU.nl|nieuwsquiz
link:
https://www.nu.nl/algemeen/6268317/waardoor-ontstond-er-inflatie-in-zweden-test-jouw-nieuwskennis.html

description:
Lees jij non-stop NU.nl? Neem dan nu de proef op de som en check met deze quiz wat jij nog weet van het nieuws van afgelopen week.


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type: Rss
title: Stelling: Vaste energiecontracten zijn niet meer van deze tijd
categories: Algemeen|Uitgelicht|Stelling
link:
https://www.nu.nl/stelling/6268400/stelling-vaste-energiecontracten-zijn-niet-meer-van-deze-tijd.html

description:
Op NU.nl vind je elke dag een stelling die bij het nieuws past. Om de energietransitie te versnellen, moeten we af van vaste energietarieven en overstappen op 'dynamische' stroomprijzen, <a href="https://www.nu.nl/klimaat/6268128/weg-met-de-vaste-energiecontracten-ze-bieden-alleen-nepzekerheid.html" target="_blank">vindt</a> klimaateconoom Reyer Gerlagh. Andere experts hebben daar hun bedenkingen bij. Daarom is vandaag de stelling: 'Vaste energiecontracten zijn niet meer van deze tijd'. Breng je stem uit en discussieer mee.


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type: Rss
title: Stelling: Elektronische muziek moet een plek hebben op het Songfestival
categories: Algemeen|Uitgelicht|Stelling
link:
https://www.nu.nl/stelling/6268324/stelling-elektronische-muziek-moet-een-plek-hebben-op-het-songfestival.html

description:
Op NU.nl vind je elke dag een stelling die bij het nieuws past. Armin van Buuren <a href="https://www.nu.nl/muziek/6268213/armin-van-buuren-zet-songfestival-uit-zijn-hoofd-bizar-behandeld.html" target="_blank">vertelde</a> vrijdag dat hij nooit namens Nederland aan het Songfestival mee zal doen. De dj zei 'bizar' te zijn behandeld door de selectiecommissie, die nooit reageerde op zijn ingezonden nummer. Op NUjij ging de discussie vervolgens over de elektronische muziek die Van Buuren maakt. Hoort die wel thuis op het Songfestival? Breng je stem uit en discussieer mee.


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type: Rss
title: Drukte op spoor Amsterdam verwacht vanwege concerten Beyoncé en onderhoud
categories: Algemeen|Binnenland|Media en Cultuur|Binnen- en buitenland
link:
https://www.nu.nl/binnenland/6268385/drukte-op-spoor-amsterdam-verwacht-vanwege-concerten-beyonce-en-onderhoud.html

description:
Vanwege werkzaamheden rond Amsterdam Centraal en twee uitverkochte concerten van Beyoncé in de Johan Cruijff ArenA wordt dit weekend drukte en vertraging op het spoor in en rond de hoofdstad verwacht.


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type: Rss
title: Overblijfselen van onbekende dinosaurussoort met snavel gevonden in Chili
categories: Algemeen|Buitenland|Tech & Wetenschap|Binnen- en buitenland
link:
https://www.nu.nl/tech-wetenschap/6268384/overblijfselen-van-onbekende-dinosaurussoort-met-snavel-gevonden-in-chili.html

description:
In Chili zijn restanten van een tot nu toe onbekende dinosaurus  gevonden. De soort, die een snavelachtige bek had, leefde ongeveer 72 miljoen jaar geleden.


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type: Rss
title: Weerbericht: Zomers warm met volop zon, in de middag lichte sluierbewolking
categories: Algemeen|Binnenland|Binnen- en buitenland
link:
https://www.nu.nl/binnenland/6268383/weerbericht-zomers-warm-met-volop-zon-in-de-middag-lichte-sluierbewolking.html

description:
Het wordt vandaag opnieuw zomers warm. De zon schijnt volop en de temperaturen komen uit op zo'n 24 tot 29 graden.


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type: Rss
title: Explainer | Wagner-baas heeft lak aan nieuwe Russische eis: dit speelt er
categories: Algemeen|Buitenland
link:
https://www.nu.nl/algemeen/6268295/wagner-baas-heeft-lak-aan-nieuwe-russische-eis-dit-speelt-er.html

description:
Een nieuwe maatregel van het Russische ministerie van Defensie zet de verhoudingen met de baas van huurlingenleger Wagner op scherp. En de relatie was al slecht. In deze video zie je wat er aan de hand is.


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type: Rss
title: NU+ | GP Nederland in de clinch met gemeente Zandvoort over 'funtax': zo zit dat
categories: Algemeen|Sport|GP Canada|login-vereist
link:
https://www.nu.nl/formule-1/6268311/gp-nederland-in-de-clinch-met-gemeente-zandvoort-over-funtax-zo-zit-dat.html

description:
De Organisatie van de Grand Prix van Nederland ligt overhoop met de gemeente Zandvoort over de invoering van een vermakelijkheidsbelasting, de zogeheten 'funtax'. Dit is wat er speelt.


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type: Rss
title: NU+ | Weg met de vaste energiecontracten? 'Ze bieden alleen nepzekerheid'
categories: Economie|Algemeen|Achtergronden|Klimaat|login-vereist
link:
https://www.nu.nl/klimaat/6268128/weg-met-de-vaste-energiecontracten-ze-bieden-alleen-nepzekerheid.html

description:
Om de energietransitie te versnellen, moeten we meer stroom gebruiken als er veel zonne- en windenergie wordt opgewekt. Daarom moeten we af van vaste energietarieven en overstappen op 'dynamische' stroomprijzen, vindt klimaateconoom Reyer Gerlagh. Andere experts hebben daar bedenkingen bij.


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type: Rss
title: Justitieminister België wil (Nederlandse) drugsmaffia breken met keiharde aanpak
categories: Algemeen|Buitenland|Veel bekeken|Binnen- en buitenland
link:
https://www.nu.nl/buitenland/6268238/justitieminister-belgie-wil-nederlandse-drugsmaffia-breken-met-keiharde-aanpak.html

description:
Hij werd zelf bijna ontvoerd als gevolg van zijn strijd tegen de drugsmaffia, maar deinst allesbehalve terug. "We gaan ze het leven verdomd moeilijk maken", zegt de Belgische minister van Justitie Vincent Van Quickenborne in een interview met NU.nl.


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title: Defensie pakt door en koopt voor ruim 550 miljoen euro aan Reaper-drones in VS
categories: Algemeen|Buitenland|Binnen- en buitenland
link:
https://www.nu.nl/buitenland/6268378/defensie-pakt-door-en-koopt-voor-ruim-550-miljoen-euro-aan-reaper-drones-in-vs.html

description:
Het Amerikaanse ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken heeft de verkoop van vier Reaper-drones aan Nederland goedgekeurd. De drones en "bijbehorende apparatuur" hebben een waarde van zo'n 611 miljoen dollar (ruim 558 miljoen euro).


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type: Rss
title: Klokkenluider Pentagon Papers over Vietnamoorlog overleden op 92-jarige leeftijd
categories: Algemeen|Buitenland|Binnen- en buitenland
link:
https://www.nu.nl/buitenland/6268366/klokkenluider-pentagon-papers-over-vietnamoorlog-overleden-op-92-jarige-leeftijd.html

description:
Pentagon Papers-klokkenluider Daniel Ellsberg is op 92-jarige leeftijd overleden. De Amerikaan was in 1971 verantwoordelijk voor het lekken van geheime documenten van het Amerikaanse ministerie van Defensie over de oorlog in Vietnam.


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type: Rss
title: Duitse archeologen graven zwaard op dat na ruim 3.000 jaar nog steeds glimt
categories: Algemeen|Opmerkelijk|Veel bekeken|Tech & Wetenschap
link:
https://www.nu.nl/tech-wetenschap/6268364/duitse-archeologen-graven-zwaard-op-dat-na-ruim-3000-jaar-nog-steeds-glimt.html

description:
Archeologen in Duitsland hebben woensdag een zwaard uit de bronstijd opgegraven dat zó goed bewaard is gebleven dat het nog altijd glimt. Het zwaard is ruim drieduizend jaar oud.


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type: Rss
title: Eerste training GP Canada na vier minuten gestopt omdat camera's niet werken
categories: Algemeen|Sport|GP Canada
link:
https://www.nu.nl/formule-1/6268362/eerste-training-gp-canada-na-vier-minuten-gestopt-omdat-cameras-niet-werken.html

description:
De eerste vrije training voor de Grand Prix van Canada is vrijdag verstoord door een probleem met de veiligheidscamera's van de wedstrijdleiding. De fans langs het circuit in Montréal kregen daarom nauwelijks actie te zien. De tweede vrije training wordt nu met een half uur verlengd.


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type: Rss
title: Man die in 2018 elf mensen doodschoot in synagoge Pittsburgh riskeert doodstraf
categories: Algemeen|Buitenland|Binnen- en buitenland
link:
https://www.nu.nl/buitenland/6268357/man-die-in-2018-elf-mensen-doodschoot-in-synagoge-pittsburgh-riskeert-doodstraf.html

description:
De schutter die in 2018 elf mensen doodschoot in een synagoge in de Amerikaanse stad Pittsburgh is vrijdag schuldig bevonden. Wat gebeurde er vijf jaar geleden ook alweer en hoe verloopt de rechtszaak?


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type: Rss
title: Video | Syrische broers ontmoeten elkaar na schipbreuk bij Griekenland
categories: Algemeen|Video's
link:
https://www.nu.nl/videos/6268360/syrische-broers-ontmoeten-elkaar-na-schipbreuk-bij-griekenland.html

description:
Twee Syrische broers hebben elkaar vrijdag na jaren weer ontmoet in Griekenland. De 18-jarige Mohammed, in het witte shirt, overleefde de schipbreuk van afgelopen woensdag.


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type: Rss
title: NU+ | Wanneer kan ik de tuin sproeien? Jullie vragen over droogte beantwoord
categories: Algemeen|Binnenland|login-vereist|Stelling|Vragenuur|Binnen- en buitenland
link:
https://www.nu.nl/binnenland-en-buitenland/6268139/wanneer-kan-ik-de-tuin-sproeien-jullie-vragen-over-droogte-beantwoord.html

description:
Het is droog in Nederland. Volgens Weerplaza hebben we zelfs een <a href="https://www.nu.nl/binnenland/6268005/toch-nog-even-sproeien-waterverbruik-schiet-omhoog-door-droogte-en-warmte.html" target="_blank">record</a> bereikt: we zitten inmiddels al 35 dagen zonder regen. Dat leidde op ons reactieplatform NUjij tot veel vragen. Onze klimaatverslaggever Rolf Schuttenhelm geeft antwoord op jullie droogtevragen.


link: https://www.ad.nl/show/britten-vieren-eerste-verjaardagsparade-van-koning-charles~aa380f8c/
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read: False
type: Rss
title: Britten vieren eerste verjaardagsparade van koning Charles
authors: Showredactie
description:
In Londen is zaterdagochtend om 11.00 uur een speciale editie van Trooping the Colour van start gegaan. De jaarlijkse militaire parade in het centrum van Londen staat voor het eerst in het teken van de verjaardag van koning Charles. Net als in voorgaande jaren doen naar schatting zo’n 1400 soldaten, 200 paarden en 400 muzikanten mee.


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read: False
type: Rss
title: Domper voor Jong Oranje: Sepp van den Berg mist EK door blessure op trainingskamp
authors: Sportredactie
link:
https://www.ad.nl/nederlands-voetbal/domper-voor-jong-oranje-sepp-van-den-berg-mist-ek-door-blessure-op-trainingskamp~aa2701ec/

description:
Sepp van den Berg is afgevallen in de selectie van Jong Oranje voor het EK. De speler van FC Schalke 04 heeft tijdens het trainingskamp in Wiener Neustadt in Oostenrijk een blessure opgelopen.


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read: False
type: Rss
title: Titelverdedigster Ekaterina Aleksandrova opnieuw finaliste Libéma Open
authors: Sportredactie
link:
https://www.ad.nl/tennis/titelverdedigster-ekaterina-aleksandrova-opnieuw-finaliste-libema-open~a47c01de/

description:
Titelverdedigster Ekaterina Aleksandrova heeft opnieuw de finale bereikt van de Libéma Open. De Russische tennisster, als vierde geplaatst bij het grastoernooi in Rosmalen, won in de halve eindstrijd met 6-1 7-6 (1) van de Belarussische Aljaksandra Sasnovitsj, de nummer zeven van de plaatsingslijst.


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read: False
type: Rss
authors: Sportredactie
link:
https://www.ad.nl/wielrennen/live-ronde-van-zwitserland-peloton-onderweg-na-minuut-stilte-voor-mader-drie-teams-niet-opgestapt~af720768/

title:
LIVE Ronde van Zwitserland | Peloton onderweg na minuut stilte voor Mäder, drie teams niet opgestapt

description:
Na het overlijden van Gino Mäder in de koninginnenrit afgelopen donderdag, hebben zijn ploeg en twee andere teams zich teruggetrokken uit de Ronde van Zwitserland. In overleg met de familie van Mäder is besloten wel verder te rijden. Een uitgedund peloton vertrok daarom uit Tübach voor een etappe van 183,5 kilometer richting Weinfelden. Voor de start was er een minuut stilte. Voor het klassement telt de tijd op 25 kilometer van de finish. Volg de ontwikkelingen hierboven via een livewidget.


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read: False
type: Rss
authors: Arjan Schouten
link:
https://www.ad.nl/andere-sporten/maarten-van-der-weijden-gaat-voor-elfstedentriatlon-ik-weet-ook-wel-dat-het-al-na-een-dag-pijn-gaat-doen~a29715f9/

title:
Maarten van der Weijden gaat voor Elfstedentriatlon: 'Ik weet ook wel dat het al na één dag pijn gaat doen’

description:
Hij zwom al de Elfstedentocht. Omdat het altijd extremer kan, begint Maarten van der Weijden zondag aan een heuse Elfstedentriatlon om geld op te halen voor kankeronderzoek. ,,Waarom ik dit weer doe? Omdat er jaarlijks 47.000 mensen in Nederland sterven aan kanker. Dat doet mij pijn.’’


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read: False
type: Rss
title: Ruim 40 doden na aanslag op middelbare school Oeganda, enkele studenten ontvoerd
authors: Buitenlandredactie
link:
https://www.ad.nl/buitenland/ruim-40-doden-na-aanslag-op-middelbare-school-oeganda-enkele-studenten-ontvoerd~a470050a/

description:
Bij een aanval op een middelbare school in het zuidwesten van Oeganda zijn minstens veertig doden gevallen. Dat melden verschillende lokale media. Toen het dodental nog op 25 stond, meldde een overheidsvertegenwoordiger dat ‘alle slachtoffers studenten van de school zijn, van 16 jaar en ouder’. Mogelijk geldt dat ook voor de overige doden. De autoriteiten maakten niet bekend op welke manier de studenten zijn omgebracht.


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read: False
type: Rss
title: Volledige selectie Oranje fit voor duel met Italië, troostfinale in Enschede nog niet uitverkocht
authors: Sportredactie
link:
https://www.ad.nl/nederlands-voetbal/volledige-selectie-oranje-fit-voor-duel-met-italie-troostfinale-in-enschede-nog-niet-uitverkocht~ac0970c6/

description:
Het Nederlands elftal is met een fitte selectie aan de laatste training voor het duel van zondagmiddag met Italië om de derde plaats van de Nations League begonnen. Bondscoach Ronald Koeman staat met 23 internationals op het veld in Zeist.


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read: False
type: Rss
title: Herman zet na 37 jaar schaar in zijn lokken en Kim viert vakantie in luchtige outfit
authors: Maxime Segers
link:
https://www.ad.nl/show/herman-zet-na-37-jaar-schaar-in-zijn-lokken-en-kim-viert-vakantie-in-luchtige-outfit~a85ea2d5/

description:
Korte updates van de sterren op sociale media: wij smullen ervan. In de rubriek Showbytes struint de showredactie het web voor je af voor de gekste, mooiste en opvallendste posts van bekende Nederlanders en celebrity’s. Dit artikel wordt gedurende de dag vernieuwd.


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read: False
type: Rss
authors: Sportredactie
link:
https://www.ad.nl/wielrennen/ploeggenoten-gino-mader-twee-andere-teams-en-julius-van-den-berg-niet-meer-van-start-in-zwitserland~ac56fa69/

title:
Ploeggenoten Gino Mäder, twee andere teams en Julius van den Berg niet meer van start in Zwitserland

description:
Team Bahrain Victorious heeft zich na de geneutraliseerde etappe van vrijdag teruggetrokken uit de Ronde van Zwitersland. Teamgenoot Gino Mäder (26) kwam donderdag om het leven na een harde val in de afdaling van de koninginnenrit. Ook ProTeam Tudor en Intermarché-Crcus-Wanty trekken zich terug, net als Julius van den Berg (EF Pro Cycling) en zijn teamgenoot Tom Scully.


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type: Rss
title: Compressiesokken nuttig? ‘Vrijwel geen effect op hardloopprestaties aangetoond’
authors: Anne Van Asseldonk
link:
https://www.ad.nl/gezond/compressiesokken-nuttig-vrijwel-geen-effect-op-hardloopprestaties-aangetoond~a35bed39/

description:
Compressiekousen worden aangeprezen als middel voor beter spierherstel en tegen blessures, bijvoorbeeld bij hardlopen. Ze zijn tegenwoordig in allerlei hippe kleuren en met aantrekkelijke prints te krijgen. Maar werken compressiesokken echt? En heeft ook de gemiddelde recreatiesporter er wat aan? We vagen het aan hoogleraar Wessel Zimmermann en sportwetenschapper Bas van Hooren.


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type: Rss
title: Mooi moment in Japan: Ralf Seuntjens maakt na meer dan een jaar zijn rentree tijdens wedstrijd
authors: Sportredactie
link:
https://www.ad.nl/nederlands-voetbal/mooi-moment-in-japan-ralf-seuntjens-maakt-na-meer-dan-een-jaar-zijn-rentree-tijdens-wedstrijd~a24c9203/

description:
Een mooi moment voor Ralf Seuntjens: de Bredanaar keerde zaterdag voor het eerst sinds er bij hem lymfeklierkanker werd geconstateerd terug op het voetbalveld tijdens een wedstrijd. In Japan viel hij in de slotfase in namens zijn club FC Imabari tegen Tegevejaro Miyazaki.


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read: False
type: Rss
title: Botic van de Zandschulp op tijd hersteld voor grastoernooi op Queen's
authors: Sportredactie
link:
https://www.ad.nl/tennis/botic-van-de-zandschulp-op-tijd-hersteld-voor-grastoernooi-op-queen-s~a4170f30/

description:
Botic van de Zandschulp maakt zijn rentree bij het toernooi op Queen’s. De 27-jarige tennisser meldde zich af voor het grastoernooi in Rosmalen omdat niet op tijd hersteld was van een voetblessure die hem al hinderde op Roland Garros. In Parijs werd hij in de eerste ronde uitgeschakeld.


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type: Rss
title: LIVE | Poetin: Zelensky is een schande voor het Joodse volk, hij verdedigt neonazistische schoften
authors: Buitenlandredactie
link:
https://www.ad.nl/buitenland/live-poetin-zelensky-is-een-schande-voor-het-joodse-volk-hij-verdedigt-neonazistische-schoften~a2b2b3a0/

description:
De Russische president Vladimir Poetin heeft zijn Oekraïense ambtsgenoot Volodymyr Zelensky omschreven als ‘een schande voor het Joodse volk’. Hij benadrukte ook dat het Oekraïense tegenoffensief ‘geen schijn van kans’ heeft. Lees alles over de oorlog in Oekraïne in ons liveblog.


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read: False
type: Rss
authors: Suzanne de Winter
link:
https://www.ad.nl/koken-en-eten/bederft-de-slag-om-de-sjasliek-de-eetlust-het-idee-heerst-dat-we-verdeeld-zijn-over-vleesconsumptie~ab6983d8/

title:
Bederft de ‘Slag om de sjasliek’ de eetlust? ‘Het idee heerst dat we verdeeld zijn over vleesconsumptie’

description:
Wel iedere dag een gehaktbal in de bedrijfskantine, maar een haringparty zonder ‘overbeviste’ haring en mét asperges. Het leidde recent tot felle discussies in Arnhem en Nijmegen. Wie heeft er straks nog trek in die zomer-bbq van de baas? ,,Het idee heerst dat we verdeeld zijn over vleesconsumptie”, maar Wakker Dier denkt hier anders over.


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read: False
type: Rss
authors: Jan Martens
link:
https://www.ad.nl/nederlands-voetbal/sikking-24-verloor-met-13-0-van-pec-en-zet-nu-een-punt-achter-keepersloopbaan-er-is-meer-in-het-leven-dan-voetbal~ad7b2e01/

title:
Sikking (24) verloor met 13-0 van PEC en zet nu een punt achter keepersloopbaan: ‘Er is meer in het leven dan voetbal’

description:
Op een dramatische voetbalavond in Zwolle werd Konrad Sikking in maart met FC Den Bosch het lachertje van het Nederlandse voetbal. Nu hij zijn keepershandschoenen opbergt, blikt de 24-jarige Bosschenaar terug. ,,Ik heb daarna in elk geval ontdekt dat ik een hele dikke huid heb, maar ik heb de eerste dagen wel slechter geslapen.”


link: https://www.ad.nl/show/kourtney-kardashian-verwacht-eerste-kind-met-travis-barker~aed939e1/
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read: False
type: Rss
title: Kourtney Kardashian verwacht eerste kind met Travis Barker
authors: Showredactie
description:
Kourtney Kardashian is weer zwanger. De realityster deelde het nieuws met haar echtgenoot Travis Barker tijdens een concert van zijn band Blink-182 in Los Angeles. Kourtney hield opeens een bord omhoog met de tekst ‘Travis, ik ben zwanger!’.


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type: Rss
title: De transformatie van Serkan Ozcaglayan, kickbokser die ook wel ‘Haagse slaappillen’ wordt genoemd
authors: Tim Reedijk
link:
https://www.ad.nl/vechtsport/de-transformatie-van-serkan-ozcaglayan-kickbokser-die-ook-wel-haagse-slaappillen-wordt-genoemd~a754953d/

description:
Van een ‘kleine dikzak’ groeide Glory-kickbokser Serkan Ozcaglayan uit tot een fit middengewicht dat vanavond de kampioensriem kan grijpen door af te rekenen met Donovan Wisse. In de AD-vechtsportpodcast In de Ring met Remy Bonjasky vertelde hij over zijn transformatie, zijn loopbaan en zijn aankomende gevecht. ,,Onderschat een tegenstander nooit, maar overschat hem óók niet.”


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read: False
type: Rss
title: Syrische vluchteling wordt burgemeester in Duitsland: ‘Teken van tolerantie en wereldopenheid’
authors: Guy Hoeks
link:
https://www.ad.nl/buitenland/syrische-vluchteling-wordt-burgemeester-in-duitsland-teken-van-tolerantie-en-wereldopenheid~a54196a6/

description:
Door de burgeroorlog ontvluchtte Ryyan Alshebl zijn vaderland Syrië en kwam hij zeven jaar geleden in Duitsland terecht. Komende zondag begint hij als burgemeester van een conservatieve gemeente in Baden-Württemberg. Hij vertelt zijn opmerkelijke verhaal. ,,Je moet niet bang zijn om fouten te maken.”


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read: False
type: Rss
title: Martin Tyler, dé stem van Engels voetbal, stopt na 33 jaar bij Sky Sports: ‘Het was een eer’
authors: Sportredactie
link:
https://www.ad.nl/buitenlands-voetbal/martin-tyler-de-stem-van-engels-voetbal-stopt-na-33-jaar-bij-sky-sports-het-was-een-eer~aaa04b35/

description:
De bekendste voetbalcommentator van Engeland Martin Tyler stopt bij Sky Sports. De 77-jarige verslaggever - ook wel bekend als ‘The Voice’ - was 33 jaar lang de stem van de Premier League.


link: https://www.ad.nl/gezond/deze-zonnebrand-met-spf-30-komt-als-beste-uit-de-test~a53e3e01/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYWQubmwvaG9tZS9yc3MueG1s
read: False
type: Rss
title: Deze zonnebrand met SPF 30 komt als beste uit de test
authors: Consumentenbond
description:
Wat is het beste zonnebrandmiddel met beschermingsfactor 30? En welke heeft de beste prijs-kwaliteitverhouding? De Consumentenbond geeft antwoord.


link: https://www.ad.nl/opinie/migratiebeleid-van-de-eu-moet-eensgezind-zijn~a193ad21/
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read: False
type: Rss
title: Migratiebeleid van de EU moet eensgezind zijn
authors: Laurens Dassen
description:
De manier hoe de VVD de migratiecrisis aanpakt is ver beneden peil. Daarnaast moet de EU daadkrachtig en eensgezind optreden. Daarom is het tijd voor een Europese Spreidingswet, stelt Laurens Dassen.


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read: False
type: Rss
title: Keiharde aanpak van jonge criminelen: ‘Explosies zijn momenteel het grootste geweldsprobleem’
authors: Eric Oosterom
link:
https://www.ad.nl/binnenland/keiharde-aanpak-van-jonge-criminelen-explosies-zijn-momenteel-het-grootste-geweldsprobleem~a8c6d515/

description:
Angstaanjagend jong zijn ze. De bommenleggers die in Rotterdam voor een hausse aan explosies zorgen, zitten vaak nog op school. Een radicale aanpak moet deze jongeren losweken van de zware criminaliteit. ,,Vijf keer per dag gefouilleerd worden? Het kan.”


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read: False
type: Rss
title: Wat Eten We Vandaag: BBQ hotdogs met in bier gestoofde uien van John Bas
authors: Redactie Koken & Eten
link:
https://www.ad.nl/koken-en-eten/wat-eten-we-vandaag-bbq-hotdogs-met-in-bier-gestoofde-uien-van-john-bas~ace75fb5/

description:
Deze stoere hotdogs zijn favoriet van John Bas en mogen niet ontbreken tijdens een barbecue, vooral niet tijdens een barbecue op vaderdag. De sappige braadworsten krijgen een heerlijk pittige kick dankzij de smaakvolle uien gesmoord in bier. Dit gerecht is een absolute winnaar voor een barbecue met het hele gezin.


link: https://www.ad.nl/show/snelle-na-show-in-hometown-deventer-ik-heb-hier-geen-woorden-voor~a7e3f9c8/
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read: False
type: Rss
title: Snelle na show in 'hometown' Deventer: 'Ik heb hier geen woorden voor’
authors: Remco Regterschot
description:
Deventer liep gisteravond uit voor zijn eigen zoon. De artiest Snelle gaf onder perfecte omstandigheden een uitverkocht concert in zijn ‘hometown’ onder de naam ‘Thuis’. 15.000 fans genoten in een uitverkochte Adelaarshorst, waar vanavond het tweede concert van Snelle plaatsvindt.


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read: False
type: Rss
title: Politie zoekt minderjarig meisje dat mogelijk is ontvoerd door man in Capelle aan den IJssel
authors: Binnenlandredactie
link:
https://www.ad.nl/binnenland/politie-zoekt-minderjarig-meisje-dat-mogelijk-is-ontvoerd-door-man-in-capelle-aan-den-ijssel~a03c514d/

description:
De politie is op zoek naar een minderjarig meisje dat vrijdagavond voor het laatst in de omgeving van de Jacob van Ruysdaelsingel in Capelle aan den IJssel is gezien. Rond half elf ‘s avonds kwamen er meerdere meldingen binnen van mensen die zagen dat het meisje tegen haar wil werd meegenomen.


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type: Rss
title: Bizar: moeder treft ‘naakte’ man (18) dronken in kinderbedje van haar dochter aan
authors: Willemijn Schilten
link:
https://www.ad.nl/112-nieuws-molenlanden/bizar-moeder-treft-naakte-man-18-dronken-in-kinderbedje-van-haar-dochter-aan~aa9811d5/

description:
Een moeder uit Arkel in de gemeente Molenlanden, in de buurt van Rotterdam, kreeg de schrik van haar leven toen ze een ‘naakte’ man (18) in het kinderbedje van haar dochter aantrof.


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read: False
type: Rss
title: Zondag buien verwacht in delen van Nederland én die kunnen wegen verraderlijk glad maken
authors: Binnenlandredactie
link:
https://www.ad.nl/binnenland/zondag-buien-verwacht-in-delen-van-nederland-en-die-kunnen-wegen-verraderlijk-glad-maken~a6fa835f/

description:
Na een recorddroge periode van maar liefst 34 dagen, kunnen zondag hier en daar de eerste regenbuien vallen. De eerste regen kan zorgen voor gladde wegen, waarschuwt Weeronline.


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type: Rss
title: De do’s en don’ts van Royal Ascot: wedstrijd om grootste én meest bizarre hoed
authors: Eefje Oomen
link:
https://www.ad.nl/mode/de-dos-en-donts-van-royal-ascot-wedstrijd-om-grootste-en-meest-bizarre-hoed~a4fd215b8/

description:
Pandjesjassen, bedekte schouders en gedoe rond Máxima's hoed. Nee, het is waarlijk niet makkelijk om je uit te dossen voor Royal Ascot, hét hippische evenement voor de Britse elite, dat volgende week van start gaat.


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type: Rss
title: Het was een voetbaljaar waar je vrijwel continu van in de war raakte
authors: Sjoerd Mossou
link:
https://www.ad.nl/nederlands-voetbal/het-was-een-voetbaljaar-waar-je-vrijwel-continu-van-in-de-war-raakte~ac58aa32/

description:
Columnist Sjoerd Mossou keek zijn ogen weer uit dit seizoen en denkt nu al na over zijn beste aanpak voor de voorspelling voor het nieuwe seizoen. ,,Wellicht is het slimmer om juist vol-le-dig van het padje te gaan, en vóór het inleveren eerst drie paddo’s en een halve pil te slikken.”


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read: False
type: Rss
authors: Sportredactie
link:
https://www.ad.nl/tennis/rosmalen-overweegt-kleine-uitbreiding-na-succesvolle-week-maar-liever-uitverkocht-dan-lege-tribunes~a8fa4b84/

title:
Rosmalen overweegt kleine uitbreiding na succesvolle week: ‘Maar liever uitverkocht dan lege tribunes’

description:
Het grastoernooi van Rosmalen overweegt een uitbreiding voor de editie van volgend jaar na nieuw Nederlands succes. Het Brabantse tennistoernooi is al dagen uitverkocht, terwijl er op het Autotron ruimte is voor grotere tribunes.


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read: False
type: Rss
title: NASA Awards Institutional, Maintenance, Operations, and Repair Contract
description: NASA Awards Institutional, Maintenance, Operations, and Repair Contract
link:
http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-awards-institutional-maintenance-operations-and-repair-contract


link: http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-awards-transformational-shared-services-support-contract
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubmFzYS5nb3YvcnNzL2R5bi9icmVha2luZ19uZXdzLnJzcw==
read: False
type: Rss
title: NASA Awards Transformational Shared Services Support Contract
description:
NASA has selected COLSA Corporation of Huntsville, Alabama to provide a broad range of support to the NASA Shared Services Center (NSSC). The contract includes support for financial management, human resources, procurement, and other services the NSSC provides.


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title: NASA Invites Media to View Orion Spacecraft for Next Artemis Missions
link:
http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-invites-media-to-view-orion-spacecraft-for-next-artemis-missions

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Media are invited to view NASA’s Orion spacecraft for upcoming Artemis missions at the agency’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida later this summer.


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title: Seven US Companies Collaborate with NASA to Advance Space Capabilities
link:
http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/seven-us-companies-collaborate-with-nasa-to-advance-space-capabilities

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NASA will partner with seven U.S. companies to meet future business and government needs, ultimately benefitting human spaceflight and the U.S. commercial low Earth orbit economy.


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title: Next Generation Experimental Aircraft Becomes NASA’s Newest X-Plane
link:
http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/next-generation-experimental-aircraft-becomes-nasa-s-newest-x-plane

description:
NASA and Boeing said Monday the aircraft produced through the agency’s Sustainable Flight Demonstrator project has been designated by the U.S. Air Force as the X-66A.


link: http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-invites-media-to-opening-tours-of-earth-information-center
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title: NASA Invites Media to Opening, Tours of Earth Information Center
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NASA Administrator Bill Nelson is inviting media to a ribbon cutting ceremony on Wednesday, June 21, for the opening of NASA’s Earth Information Center at the agency’s headquarters in Washington. The exhibit is a hybrid – part physical, part online – effort that shows how viewing Earth from space can improve lives in the face of disasters, environm


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title: NASA Awards $5 Million to Women’s Colleges Tackling STEM Gender Gap
link:
http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-awards-5-million-to-women-s-colleges-tackling-stem-gender-gap

description:
As part of a Biden/Harris initiative, NASA will award more than $5 million in funding to seven Women’s Colleges and Universities (WCUs) to research and develop strategies that increase retention of women in STEM degree programs and careers.


link: http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-invites-media-to-view-asteroid-sample-recovery-rehearsal
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title: NASA Invites Media to View Asteroid Sample Recovery Rehearsal
description:
NASA invites media to attend the first major asteroid sample recovery rehearsal for its OSIRIS-REx (Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security – Regolith Explorer) mission on Tuesday, June 27, to Thursday, June 28, at Lockheed Martin in Littleton, Colorado.


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title: NASA Opens Applications for Artifact Program to Museums, Schools, More
link:
http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-opens-applications-for-artifact-program-to-museums-schools-more

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Eligible schools, universities, museums, libraries, and planetariums interested in receiving historic NASA objects for their STEM programs have until Friday, June 30, to apply for the 60th screening of the NASA Artifacts Module.


link: http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-names-winners-of-2023-student-rocket-launch-competition
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title: NASA Names Winners of 2023 Student Rocket Launch Competition
description:
NASA announced Tuesday the University of Alabama in Huntsville is the overall winner of the agency’s 2023 Student Launch challenge.


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title: Ukraine’s counteroffensive is now underway. Here’s what’s happened so far - CNN
link:
https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2k1bTlEN0J4RllaUUNuRFJRT2FDZ0FQAQ?oc=5

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<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiXGh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmNubi5jb20vMjAyMy8wNi8xNy9ldXJvcGUvdWtyYWluZS1jb3VudGVyb2ZmZW5zaXZlLWV4cGxhaW5lZC1obmstaW50bC9pbmRleC5odG1s0gFgaHR0cHM6Ly9hbXAuY25uLmNvbS9jbm4vMjAyMy8wNi8xNy9ldXJvcGUvdWtyYWluZS1jb3VudGVyb2ZmZW5zaXZlLWV4cGxhaW5lZC1obmstaW50bC9pbmRleC5odG1s?oc=5" target="_blank">Ukraine’s counteroffensive is now underway. Here’s what’s happened so far</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">CNN</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CCAiC240VkhveEhza0dNmAEB?oc=5" target="_blank">Fighting rages near Bakhmut as Ukrainian counteroffensive presses on</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">CBS Mornings</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiZGh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lndzai5jb20vYXJ0aWNsZXMvdGF0dGVyZWQtYW5kLWJhbmRhZ2VkLXJ1c3NpYW4tcG93cy1kZXNjcmliZS11a3JhaW5lcy1vZmZlbnNpdmUtM2VlOGM3ZTPSAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">Tattered and Bandaged, Russian POWs Describe Ukraine's Offensive</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The Wall Street Journal</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CCAiC3lDVVMtWGlyRGQ0mAEB?oc=5" target="_blank">Putin Calls Zelensky 'Disgrace'; Claims Ukraine lost 200 Tanks in 'Dud' Counteroffensive | Watch</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Hindustan Times</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiT2h0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm55dGltZXMuY29tLzIwMjMvMDYvMTcvd29ybGQvZXVyb3BlL3J1c3NpYS11a3JhaW5lLXdhci10YWN0aWNzLmh0bWzSAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">Russia Shifts Battle Tactics After Mistakes</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The New York Times</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2k1bTlEN0J4RllaUUNuRFJRT2FDZ0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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Takeaways from the scathing report on Minneapolis police after George Floyd's killing - The Associated Press

content:
<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMicGh0dHBzOi8vYXBuZXdzLmNvbS9hcnRpY2xlL21pbm5lYXBvbGlzLXBvbGljZS1yZXBvcnQtaW52ZXN0aWdhdGlvbi1nZW9yZ2UtZmxveWQtMzU4MDMzYTY3N2U4MmY0YjQ4YzZiMTUxOTczNTJkNDXSAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">Takeaways from the scathing report on Minneapolis police after George Floyd's killing</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The Associated Press</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CCAiC0xlZV96NkhseFo0mAEB?oc=5" target="_blank">DOJ slams Minneapolis police department in scathing review</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">NBC News</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiSmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm55dGltZXMuY29tL2xpdmUvMjAyMy8wNi8xNi91cy9taW5uZWFwb2xpcy1wb2xpY2UtZ2VvcmdlLWZsb3lk0gEA?oc=5" target="_blank">Minneapolis Police: Scathing Report Exposes Racist and Unconstitutional Policing</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The New York Times</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMifGh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm1pbm5wb3N0LmNvbS9wdWJsaWMtc2FmZXR5LzIwMjMvMDYvY291cnQtZW5mb3JjZWFibGUtcG9saWNlLXJlZm9ybS1pcy1jb21pbmctdG8tbWlubmVhcG9saXMtaG93LWRpZC13ZS1nZXQtaGVyZS_SAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">Court-enforceable police reform is coming to Minneapolis. How did we get here?</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">MinnPost</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CCAiC2NNdkd6eERVeFFNmAEB?oc=5" target="_blank">Shaq Brewster: DOJ Minneapolis police probe findings 'validates' claims of racial bias in policing</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">MSNBC</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2pWX3FIX0J4SHNIanpXLUtGYVppZ0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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title:
Dodgers honor anti-Catholic drag 'nuns' more than an hour before first pitch inside nearly empty stadium - Fox News

content:


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title: Secretary Blinken's Delicate China Mission - 23 ABC News | KERO
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<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CCAiC0UwLWtNVEVGc2o0mAEB?oc=5" target="_blank">Secretary Blinken's Delicate China Mission</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">23 ABC News | KERO</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiRmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm55dGltZXMuY29tLzIwMjMvMDYvMTYvd29ybGQvYXNpYS9ibGlua2VuLWNoaW5hLXVzLXhpLmh0bWzSAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">As Blinken Heads to China, a Wall of Suspicion Awaits Him</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The New York Times</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiVGh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lndhc2hpbmd0b25wb3N0LmNvbS9vcGluaW9ucy8yMDIzLzA2LzE2L2NoaW5hLWJsaW5rZW4tdmlzaXQtdGhhdy1leHBlcnRzL9IBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">Opinion | Nikki Haley and other experts: How to thaw relations with China</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The Washington Post</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiZmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmNubi5jb20vMjAyMy8wNi8xNi9vcGluaW9ucy91cy1jaGluYS1yZWxhdGlvbnMtZXVyb3BlLWppbnBpbmctYmxpbmtlbi1ib2NpdXJraXcvaW5kZXguaHRtbNIBamh0dHBzOi8vYW1wLmNubi5jb20vY25uLzIwMjMvMDYvMTYvb3BpbmlvbnMvdXMtY2hpbmEtcmVsYXRpb25zLWV1cm9wZS1qaW5waW5nLWJsaW5rZW4tYm9jaXVya2l3L2luZGV4Lmh0bWw?oc=5" target="_blank">Opinion: This is bigger than just the US and China</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">CNN</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2lvbXFYeUJ4R3JRaFAxNHhrbWx5Z0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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title: Putin says Russia positions nuclear bombs in Belarus as warning to West - Reuters.com
link:
https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2p3eTZIMkJ4RlVVYUlnU2N2Wm5TZ0FQAQ?oc=5

content:
<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMib2h0dHBzOi8vd3d3LnJldXRlcnMuY29tL3dvcmxkL2V1cm9wZS9wdXRpbi1zYXlzLXJ1c3NpYS1wb3NpdGlvbnMtbnVjbGVhci1ib21icy1iZWxhcnVzLXdhcm5pbmctd2VzdC0yMDIzLTA2LTE2L9IBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">Putin says Russia positions nuclear bombs in Belarus as warning to West</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Reuters.com</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiY2h0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmJ1c2luZXNzaW5zaWRlci5jb20vcHV0aW4td2FybnMtd2VzdC1ydXNzaWFuLXRhY3RpY2FsLW51a2VzLWJlaW5nLXB1dC1pbi1iZWxhcnVzLTIwMjMtNtIBZ2h0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmJ1c2luZXNzaW5zaWRlci5jb20vcHV0aW4td2FybnMtd2VzdC1ydXNzaWFuLXRhY3RpY2FsLW51a2VzLWJlaW5nLXB1dC1pbi1iZWxhcnVzLTIwMjMtNj9hbXA?oc=5" target="_blank">Putin warns the West of Russian tactical nukes being put in Belarus</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Business Insider</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiLmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmJiYy5jb20vbmV3cy93b3JsZC1ldXJvcGUtNjU5MzI3MDDSATJodHRwczovL3d3dy5iYmMuY29tL25ld3Mvd29ybGQtZXVyb3BlLTY1OTMyNzAwLmFtcA?oc=5" target="_blank">Ukraine war: Putin confirms first nuclear weapons moved to Belarus</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">BBC</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CCAiC3dpU3dmd202aGNRmAEB?oc=5" target="_blank">Putin confirms transfer of nuclear warheads to Belarus | DW News</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">DW News</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiT2h0dHBzOi8vbmV3cy55YWhvby5jb20vYW1iYXNzYWRvci1ydXNzaWFzLW51Y2xlYXItdGhyZWF0LWJlbGFydXMtMDAyMDI1MDAzLmh0bWzSAVdodHRwczovL25ld3MueWFob28uY29tL2FtcGh0bWwvYW1iYXNzYWRvci1ydXNzaWFzLW51Y2xlYXItdGhyZWF0LWJlbGFydXMtMDAyMDI1MDAzLmh0bWw?oc=5" target="_blank">Ambassador: Russia's nuclear threat in Belarus should be taken 'very seriously' by West</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Yahoo News</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2p3eTZIMkJ4RlVVYUlnU2N2Wm5TZ0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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title: Fetterman turns heads with speech struggles during Senate infrastructure hearing - New York Post
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<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiWmh0dHBzOi8vbnlwb3N0LmNvbS8yMDIzLzA2LzE3L2ZldHRlcm1hbi1zdHVtYmxlcy1vdmVyLXdvcmRzLWR1cmluZy1zZW5hdGUtaGVhcmluZy1vbi1pLTk1L9IBXmh0dHBzOi8vbnlwb3N0LmNvbS8yMDIzLzA2LzE3L2ZldHRlcm1hbi1zdHVtYmxlcy1vdmVyLXdvcmRzLWR1cmluZy1zZW5hdGUtaGVhcmluZy1vbi1pLTk1L2FtcC8?oc=5" target="_blank">Fetterman turns heads with speech struggles during Senate infrastructure hearing</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">New York Post </font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMie2h0dHBzOi8vd3d3LnBlbm5jYXBpdGFsLXN0YXIuY29tL2Jsb2cvYWZ0ZXItaS05NS1jb2xsYXBzZS1wYS1zZW4tZmV0dGVybWFuLWNhbGxzLWZvci1tb3JlLXJlc291cmNlcy1mb3ItcGhpbGFkZWxwaGlhLXNlcHRhL9IBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">After I-95 collapse, Pa. Sen. Fetterman calls for more resources for Philadelphia, SEPTA</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Pennsylvania Capital-Star</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiZ2h0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmZveG5ld3MuY29tL21lZGlhL2ZldHRlcm1hbi10dXJucy1oZWFkcy1zcGVlY2gtc3RydWdnbGVzLXNlbmF0ZS1pbmZyYXN0cnVjdHVyZS1oZWFyaW5nLXdlbGzSAWtodHRwczovL3d3dy5mb3huZXdzLmNvbS9tZWRpYS9mZXR0ZXJtYW4tdHVybnMtaGVhZHMtc3BlZWNoLXN0cnVnZ2xlcy1zZW5hdGUtaW5mcmFzdHJ1Y3R1cmUtaGVhcmluZy13ZWxsLmFtcA?oc=5" target="_blank">Fetterman turns heads with speech struggles during Senate infrastructure hearing: 'He's not well'</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Fox News</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2pFN3JmOUJ4SHFBcEt2QXVSRWhpZ0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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title: President Biden hold first rally in 2024 campaign in Philadelphia Saturday - CBS Philadelphia
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<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CCAiCzRtTnphUGd3T3BBmAEB?oc=5" target="_blank">President Biden hold first rally in 2024 campaign in Philadelphia Saturday</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">CBS Philadelphia</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiTGh0dHBzOi8vbmV3cy55YWhvby5jb20vYmlkZW4tcmV0dXJucy1waGlsYWRlbHBoaWEtcmFsbHktdW5pb24tMDQxMzM0MjE0Lmh0bWzSAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">Biden returns to Philadelphia to rally with union workers in first big event of his 2024 campaign</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Yahoo News</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMijQFodHRwczovL3d3dy5wb3N0LWdhemV0dGUuY29tL25ld3MvcG9saXRpY3Mtc3RhdGUvMjAyMy8wNi8xNS9qb2UtYmlkZW4tcGVubnN5bHZhbmlhLWluZnJhc3RydWN0dXJlLXNwZW5kaW5nLTIwMjQtZWxlY3Rpb24vc3Rvcmllcy8yMDIzMDYxNDAxMDXSAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">Biden highlights Pennsylvania infrastructure spending ahead of 2024 election</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2lwNHE2QUNCSGd4MnNxSWhpMGh5Z0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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title: Arizona Man Is Freed After 28 Years on Death Row - The New York Times
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<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiVGh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm55dGltZXMuY29tLzIwMjMvMDYvMTYvdXMvYXJpem9uYS1iYXJyeS1qb25lcy1jb252aWN0aW9uLW92ZXJ0dXJuZWQuaHRtbNIBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">Arizona Man Is Freed After 28 Years on Death Row</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The New York Times</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiU2h0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmZveG5ld3MuY29tL3VzL2Zvcm1lci1kZWF0aC1yb3ctaW5tYXRlLWZyZWVkLXBsZWFkaW5nLWd1aWx0eS1ib3lzLWRlYXRo0gFXaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZm94bmV3cy5jb20vdXMvZm9ybWVyLWRlYXRoLXJvdy1pbm1hdGUtZnJlZWQtcGxlYWRpbmctZ3VpbHR5LWJveXMtZGVhdGguYW1w?oc=5" target="_blank">Former death row inmate freed after pleading guilty in boy's death</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Fox News</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CCAiC1VWMHpPRWZyWmxrmAEB?oc=5" target="_blank">Arizona death row inmate released</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">ABC15 Arizona</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CCAiC2VyT1ExQlZfNEk4mAEB?oc=5" target="_blank">Former death row inmate pleads guilty to reduced charges, released from jail after 17 years</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">LOCAL 12</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2liNjhmOUJ4RzVoWXNNaENHNVJpZ0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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title:
In Branson, Missouri, a Motor Scooter Program Aims to Help Struggling Commuters - The New York Times

content:
<a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiSmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm55dGltZXMuY29tLzIwMjMvMDYvMTcvdXMvYnJhbnNvbi1taXNzb3VyaS1tb3Rvci1zY29vdGVycy5odG1s0gEA?oc=5" target="_blank">In Branson, Missouri, a Motor Scooter Program Aims to Help Struggling Commuters</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The New York Times</font>


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title: Celebrate Juneteenth by promoting Black health, wealth and joy - CNN
link:
https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2pvc3Vqb0J4SDl4aGtOdDU1cHJDZ0FQAQ?oc=5

content:
<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiX2h0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmNubi5jb20vMjAyMy8wNi8xNi91cy9jZWxlYnJhdGluZy1ibGFjay13ZWFsdGgtZXhjZWxsZW5jZS1qdW5ldGVlbnRoLWl5dy9pbmRleC5odG1s0gFjaHR0cHM6Ly9hbXAuY25uLmNvbS9jbm4vMjAyMy8wNi8xNi91cy9jZWxlYnJhdGluZy1ibGFjay13ZWFsdGgtZXhjZWxsZW5jZS1qdW5ldGVlbnRoLWl5dy9pbmRleC5odG1s?oc=5" target="_blank">Celebrate Juneteenth by promoting Black health, wealth and joy</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">CNN</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiPmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmNic25ld3MuY29tL25ld3MvanVuZXRlZW50aC0yMDIzLWhvdy10by1jZWxlYnJhdGUv0gFCaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuY2JzbmV3cy5jb20vYW1wL25ld3MvanVuZXRlZW50aC0yMDIzLWhvdy10by1jZWxlYnJhdGUv?oc=5" target="_blank">How and where to celebrate Juneteenth 2023 across the U.S. this holiday weekend</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">CBS News</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMibWh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmJvc3Rvbmdsb2JlLmNvbS8yMDIzLzA2LzE2L2xpZmVzdHlsZS8xMy1ib29rcy1yZWFkLXdpdGgteW91ci1raWRzLWhvbm9yLWp1bmV0ZWVudGgtYmxhY2staGlzdG9yeS_SAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">13 books to read with your kids to honor Juneteenth and Black history</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The Boston Globe</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiWmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lndzai5jb20vYXJ0aWNsZXMvc2V2ZW4tbWFzdGVycGllY2VzLXRvLWNlbGVicmF0ZS1qdW5ldGVlbnRoLWFpcmRpZ2l0YWwtODg0NzIzOdIBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">Seven Masterpieces to Celebrate Juneteenth - WSJ</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The Wall Street Journal</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CCAiC3d4cDQ4QXZ6ZGRrmAEB?oc=5" target="_blank">See a few resources for learning more about Juneteenth</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">WGN News</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2pvc3Vqb0J4SDl4aGtOdDU1cHJDZ0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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title:
Greek migrant boat disaster may be ‘worst ever tragedy’ in Mediterranean sea, EU commissioner says - CNN

content:
<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiaWh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmNubi5jb20vMjAyMy8wNi8xNy93b3JsZC9ncmVlY2UtYm9hdC13b3JzdC1ldmVyLXRyYWdlZHktbWVkaXRlcnJhbmVhbi1zZWEtaW50bC1obmsvaW5kZXguaHRtbNIBbWh0dHBzOi8vYW1wLmNubi5jb20vY25uLzIwMjMvMDYvMTcvd29ybGQvZ3JlZWNlLWJvYXQtd29yc3QtZXZlci10cmFnZWR5LW1lZGl0ZXJyYW5lYW4tc2VhLWludGwtaG5rL2luZGV4Lmh0bWw?oc=5" target="_blank">Greek migrant boat disaster may be ‘worst ever tragedy’ in Mediterranean sea, EU commissioner says</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">CNN</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CCAiC3ozN1NzZ3RRUUk4mAEB?oc=5" target="_blank">9 arrested after deadly migrant shipwreck near Greece leaves at least 78 dead</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">CBS News</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMihAFodHRwczovL3d3dy5ldXJvbmV3cy5jb20vbXktZXVyb3BlLzIwMjMvMDYvMTYvc3RhdGUtb2YtdGhlLXVuaW9uLW1pZ3JhbnQtZGlzYXN0ZXItc3RyaWtlcy1hZ2Fpbi1ldXMtbmF0dXJlLXJlc3RvcmF0aW9uLWFjdC1zdHJ1Z2dsZXPSAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">Migrant disaster strikes again & EU's nature restoration act struggles</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Euronews</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMieWh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LnRoZWd1YXJkaWFuLmNvbS9jb21tZW50aXNmcmVlLzIwMjMvanVuLzE1L3RoZS1ndWFyZGlhbi12aWV3LW9uLWFub3RoZXItbWlncmFudC10cmFnZWR5LXBpZXRpZXMtYXJlLW5vdC1lbm91Z2jSAXlodHRwczovL2FtcC50aGVndWFyZGlhbi5jb20vY29tbWVudGlzZnJlZS8yMDIzL2p1bi8xNS90aGUtZ3VhcmRpYW4tdmlldy1vbi1hbm90aGVyLW1pZ3JhbnQtdHJhZ2VkeS1waWV0aWVzLWFyZS1ub3QtZW5vdWdo?oc=5" target="_blank">The Guardian view on another migrant tragedy: pieties are not enough</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The Guardian</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiLmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmJiYy5jb20vbmV3cy93b3JsZC1ldXJvcGUtNjU5MjU1NTjSATJodHRwczovL3d3dy5iYmMuY29tL25ld3Mvd29ybGQtZXVyb3BlLTY1OTI1NTU4LmFtcA?oc=5" target="_blank">Greece boat disaster: Up to 500 people still missing says UN</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">BBC</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2ktMXBUNkJ4RklaSXZvYVE3eHJ5Z0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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title: Pope Francis leaves hospital after nine days - Reuters
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content:
<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CCAiC3FnVTZ3ZHFFOG1zmAEB?oc=5" target="_blank">Pope Francis leaves hospital after nine days</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Reuters</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiYmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmNubi5jb20vMjAyMy8wNi8xNi9ldXJvcGUvcG9wZS1mcmFuY2lzLWRpc2NoYXJnZWQtaG9zcGl0YWwtc3VyZ2VyeS1pbnRsLWhuay9pbmRleC5odG1s0gFmaHR0cHM6Ly9hbXAuY25uLmNvbS9jbm4vMjAyMy8wNi8xNi9ldXJvcGUvcG9wZS1mcmFuY2lzLWRpc2NoYXJnZWQtaG9zcGl0YWwtc3VyZ2VyeS1pbnRsLWhuay9pbmRleC5odG1s?oc=5" target="_blank">Pope Francis in ‘better’ shape than before, surgeon says</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">CNN</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CCAiC3ZOazF0djRycElVmAEB?oc=5" target="_blank">"World needs such an important figure", faithful relieved after Pope discharged from hospital</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The Sun</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiUGh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LnVjYW5ld3MuY29tL25ld3MvcG9wZS1yZWFkaWVzLXRvLWxlYXZlLWhvc3BpdGFsLWFmdGVyLXN1cmdlcnkvMTAxNjc20gFPaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudWNhbmV3cy5jb20vYW1wL3BvcGUtcmVhZGllcy10by1sZWF2ZS1ob3NwaXRhbC1hZnRlci1zdXJnZXJ5LzEwMTY3Ng?oc=5" target="_blank">Pope readies to leave hospital after surgery</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">UCA News</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2pYOHZfX0J4SDVacV9Bby0xZkRTZ0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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title: Daniel Ellsberg, who leaked 'Pentagon Papers,' dies at 92 - Reuters.com
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https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2pKNlAyQUNCRjIteG5ObVdJTDFpZ0FQAQ?oc=5

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<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMidWh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LnJldXRlcnMuY29tL3dvcmxkL3VzL3BlbnRhZ29uLXBhcGVycy13aGlzdGxlYmxvd2VyLWRhbmllbC1lbGxzYmVyZy1kZWFkLWFmdGVyLXRlcm1pbmFsLWNhbmNlci0yMDIzLTA2LTE2L9IBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">Daniel Ellsberg, who leaked 'Pentagon Papers,' dies at 92</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Reuters.com</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiP2h0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm55dGltZXMuY29tLzIwMjMvMDYvMTYvdXMvZGFuaWVsLWVsbHNiZXJnLWRlYWQuaHRtbNIBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">Daniel Ellsberg, Who Leaked the Pentagon Papers, Is Dead at 92</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The New York Times</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiWmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lndhc2hpbmd0b25wb3N0LmNvbS9vYml0dWFyaWVzLzIwMjMvMDYvMTYvZGFuaWVsLWVsbHNiZXJnLXBlbnRhZ29uLXBhcGVycy1kZWFkL9IBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">Daniel Ellsberg, who leaked the Pentagon Papers, dies at 92</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The Washington Post</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CCAiC3gyZnptNVM0cFhZmAEB?oc=5" target="_blank">Daniel Ellsberg, who leaked Pentagon Papers, dies at 92</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">KTLA 5</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2pKNlAyQUNCRjIteG5ObVdJTDFpZ0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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title:
Zelenskyy urges African leaders to press Putin on release of political prisoners - The Associated Press

content:
<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiYGh0dHBzOi8vYXBuZXdzLmNvbS9hcnRpY2xlL3J1c3NpYS11a3JhaW5lLXdhci1wZWFjZS1wbGFuLWFmcmljYS1hNDI0Nzk5ZTczMzI4MDY1N2EzNTJiNzg3YjkwYzA3ZdIBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">Zelenskyy urges African leaders to press Putin on release of political prisoners</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The Associated Press</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiWWh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm55dGltZXMuY29tLzIwMjMvMDYvMTYvd29ybGQvZXVyb3BlL3VrcmFpbmUtcnVzc2lhLWFmcmljYW4tcGVhY2UtbWlzc2lvbi5odG1s0gEA?oc=5" target="_blank">African Leaders Visit Ukraine to Talk Peace With Russia</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The New York Times</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiLmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmJiYy5jb20vbmV3cy93b3JsZC1hZnJpY2EtNjU5Mjg3ODLSATJodHRwczovL3d3dy5iYmMuY29tL25ld3Mvd29ybGQtYWZyaWNhLTY1OTI4NzgyLmFtcA?oc=5" target="_blank">South Africa's stranded presidential security team: Poland denies racism</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">BBC</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiTGh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LnRlbGVncmFwaC5jby51ay9vcGluaW9uLzIwMjMvMDYvMTcvdGhlLXdlc3QtaXMtcGxheWluZy1jYXRjaC11cC_SAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">The West is playing catch-up</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The Telegraph</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMihwFodHRwczovL3d3dy5uZXdzMjQuY29tL25ld3MyNC9vcGluaW9ucy9hbmFseXNpcy9hbmFseXNpcy1hZnJpY2FuLXBlYWNlLW1pc3Npb24tZnJ1aXRsZXNzLWV4ZXJjaXNlLW9yLWEtY2xldmVyLWFjdC1vZi1kaXBsb21hY3ktMjAyMzA2MTfSAYsBaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubmV3czI0LmNvbS9hbXAvbmV3czI0L29waW5pb25zL2FuYWx5c2lzL2FuYWx5c2lzLWFmcmljYW4tcGVhY2UtbWlzc2lvbi1mcnVpdGxlc3MtZXhlcmNpc2Utb3ItYS1jbGV2ZXItYWN0LW9mLWRpcGxvbWFjeS0yMDIzMDYxNw?oc=5" target="_blank">ANALYSIS | African peace mission: Fruitless exercise, or a clever act of diplomacy?</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">News24</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2pLeXBELUJ4R2MwOXN6QVIxejBDZ0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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Despite widespread protest, Reddit CEO says company is 'not negotiating' on 3rd-party app charges - The Associated Press

content:
<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiYWh0dHBzOi8vYXBuZXdzLmNvbS9hcnRpY2xlL3JlZGRpdC1ibGFja291dC1zdGV2ZS1odWZmbWFuLWNlby1hcGktMGE0ZjdiMzQ0ZWNmYmY1MGM5MjRiMDMwYzM0NGM1NWXSAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">Despite widespread protest, Reddit CEO says company is 'not negotiating' on 3rd-party app charges</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The Associated Press</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiXmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LnRoZXZlcmdlLmNvbS8yMDIzLzYvMTYvMjM3NjM1MzgvcmVkZGl0LWJsYWNrb3V0LWFwaS1wcm90ZXN0LW1vZC1yZXBsYWNlbWVudC10aHJlYXTSAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">Here's the note Reddit sent to moderators threatening them if they don't reopen</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The Verge</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiQ2h0dHBzOi8vd3d3LndpcmVkLmNvbS9zdG9yeS90aGUtcmVkZGl0LWJsYWNrb3V0LWlzLWJyZWFraW5nLXJlZGRpdC_SAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">The Reddit Blackout Is Breaking Reddit | WIRED</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">WIRED</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMid2h0dHBzOi8vZm9ydW1zLmFwcGxlaW5zaWRlci5jb20vZGlzY3Vzc2lvbi8yMzI0NzQvYXBwbGUtc3VicmVkZGl0LXJlb3BlbnMtYWZ0ZXItbW9kZXJhdGlvbi10ZWFtLXRocmVhdGVuZWQtd2l0aC1yZW1vdmFs0gEA?oc=5" target="_blank">Apple subreddit reopens after moderation team threatened with removal - General Discussion Discussions on AppleInsider Forums</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">AppleInsider</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiamh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm1vbmV5Y29udHJvbC5jb20vbmV3cy9vcGluaW9uL3JlZGRpdC1tYWRlLXRoZS1taXN0YWtlLW9mLWlnbm9yaW5nLWl0cy1jb3JlLXVzZXJzLTEwODA1NjkxLmh0bWzSAW5odHRwczovL3d3dy5tb25leWNvbnRyb2wuY29tL25ld3Mvb3Bpbmlvbi9yZWRkaXQtbWFkZS10aGUtbWlzdGFrZS1vZi1pZ25vcmluZy1pdHMtY29yZS11c2Vycy0xMDgwNTY5MS5odG1sL2FtcA?oc=5" target="_blank">Reddit made the mistake of ignoring its core users</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Moneycontrol</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2plN09mb0J4SDN6MGFMN0hlNTh5Z0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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title:
How U.S. financial markets have performed in the past 15 months as Fed rate hikes fueled wild swings - MarketWatch

content:
<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMijgFodHRwczovL3d3dy5tYXJrZXR3YXRjaC5jb20vc3RvcnkvaG93LXUtcy1maW5hbmNpYWwtbWFya2V0cy1oYXZlLXBlcmZvcm1lZC1pbi10aGUtcGFzdC0xNS1tb250aHMtYXMtZmVkLXJhdGUtaGlrZXMtZnVlbGVkLXdpbGQtc3dpbmdzLTUyMzYxOWYw0gGSAWh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm1hcmtldHdhdGNoLmNvbS9hbXAvc3RvcnkvaG93LXUtcy1maW5hbmNpYWwtbWFya2V0cy1oYXZlLXBlcmZvcm1lZC1pbi10aGUtcGFzdC0xNS1tb250aHMtYXMtZmVkLXJhdGUtaGlrZXMtZnVlbGVkLXdpbGQtc3dpbmdzLTUyMzYxOWYw?oc=5" target="_blank">How U.S. financial markets have performed in the past 15 months as Fed rate hikes fueled wild swings</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">MarketWatch</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiTGh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmNubi5jb20vMjAyMy8wNi8xNi9pbnZlc3RpbmcvcHJlbWFya2V0LXN0b2Nrcy10cmFkaW5nL2luZGV4Lmh0bWzSAVBodHRwczovL2FtcC5jbm4uY29tL2Nubi8yMDIzLzA2LzE2L2ludmVzdGluZy9wcmVtYXJrZXQtc3RvY2tzLXRyYWRpbmcvaW5kZXguaHRtbA?oc=5" target="_blank">Why the Fed paused its rate hikes: It’s tired of playing a giant guessing game</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">CNN</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CCAiCzBpWjczVGRpUGhjmAEB?oc=5" target="_blank">The Fed Pause: Breaking down what it means for inflation and future rate hikes</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Yahoo Finance</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMifGh0dHBzOi8vdGhlaGlsbC5jb20vb3Bpbmlvbi9maW5hbmNlLzQwNTE3MjYtdGhlLWhhd2tpc2gtZmVkLXBhdXNlLWlzLWEtY2xlYXItbWVzc2FnZS10aGF0LXJhdGVzLXdpbGwtc3RheS1oaWdoZXItZm9yLWxvbmdlci_SAYABaHR0cHM6Ly90aGVoaWxsLmNvbS9vcGluaW9uL2ZpbmFuY2UvNDA1MTcyNi10aGUtaGF3a2lzaC1mZWQtcGF1c2UtaXMtYS1jbGVhci1tZXNzYWdlLXRoYXQtcmF0ZXMtd2lsbC1zdGF5LWhpZ2hlci1mb3ItbG9uZ2VyL2FtcC8?oc=5" target="_blank">The ‘hawkish’ Fed pause is a clear message that rates will stay higher for longer</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The Hill</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMihwFodHRwczovL3d3dy50aGVoaW5kdWJ1c2luZXNzbGluZS5jb20vb3Bpbmlvbi9lZGl0b3JpYWwvY2VudHJhbC1iYW5rLW1vbmV0YXJ5LWFjdGlvbnMtY291bGQtZGl2ZXJnZS1pbi1jb21pbmctbW9udGhzL2FydGljbGU2Njk3NzE3NS5lY2XSAYwBaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudGhlaGluZHVidXNpbmVzc2xpbmUuY29tL29waW5pb24vZWRpdG9yaWFsL2NlbnRyYWwtYmFuay1tb25ldGFyeS1hY3Rpb25zLWNvdWxkLWRpdmVyZ2UtaW4tY29taW5nLW1vbnRocy9hcnRpY2xlNjY5NzcxNzUuZWNlL2FtcC8?oc=5" target="_blank">Central bank monetary actions could diverge in coming months</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">BusinessLine</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2lHcW83MkJ4RUNBcDVBODFCRW9pZ0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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title: Binance, SEC agree to allow only US employees to access customer funds - Reuters
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title: Former U.S. Virgin Islands first lady aided Epstein, JPMorgan argues - The Washington Post
link:
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title: Best early Amazon Prime Day headphone and earbud deals - Android Police
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title: Phil Spencer Shares How Xbox Game Pass Differs From Netflix - GameSpot
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title: EU Votes To Bring Back Replaceable Phone Batteries - Slashdot
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title: Kourtney Kardashian is pregnant, expecting baby with Travis Barker - USA TODAY
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title: The Flash Ending, Post-Credits, and Cameos Explained - Nerdist
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title:
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The Decision: Jey Uso takes his talents away from The Bloodline: SmackDown highlights, June 16, 2023 - WWE

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title: U.S. Open analysis: What to know on Rickie Fowler, Xander Schauffele and more - The Athletic
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<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiYWh0dHBzOi8vbnlwb3N0LmNvbS8yMDIzLzA2LzE2L2dyaXp6bGllcy1zdGFyLWphLW1vcmFudC1ibGFtZWQtaGVhdnktZHJpbmtpbmctZm9yLWZpcnN0LWd1bi12aWRlby_SAWVodHRwczovL255cG9zdC5jb20vMjAyMy8wNi8xNi9ncml6emxpZXMtc3Rhci1qYS1tb3JhbnQtYmxhbWVkLWhlYXZ5LWRyaW5raW5nLWZvci1maXJzdC1ndW4tdmlkZW8vYW1wLw?oc=5" target="_blank">Grizzlies' Ja Morant blamed 'heavy drinking' for first gun video</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">New York Post </font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiX2h0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmVzcG4uY29tL25iYS9zdG9yeS9fL2lkLzM3ODYzODI1L3NvdXJjZXMtZ3JpenpsaWVzLWphLW1vcmFudC1zdXNwZW5kZWQtMjUtZ2FtZXMtbmJh0gFsaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZXNwbi5jb20vbmJhL3N0b3J5L18vaWQvMzc4NjM4MjUvc291cmNlcy1ncml6emxpZXMtamEtbW9yYW50LXN1c3BlbmRlZC0yNS1nYW1lcy1uYmE_cGxhdGZvcm09YW1w?oc=5" target="_blank">Grizzlies' Ja Morant suspended for 25 games by NBA - ESPN</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">ESPN</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiQmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lndhc2hpbmd0b25wb3N0LmNvbS9zcG9ydHMvMjAyMy8wNi8xNy9qYS1tb3JhbnQtZnV0dXJlL9IBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">Ja Morant's punishment will outlast his suspension</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The Washington Post</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMilgFodHRwczovL3d3dy5jb21tZXJjaWFsYXBwZWFsLmNvbS9zdG9yeS9zcG9ydHMvY29sdW1uaXN0cy9tYXJrLWdpYW5ub3R0by8yMDIzLzA2LzE2L2phLW1vcmFudC1zdXNwZW5zaW9uLW5iYS1hZGFtLXNpbHZlci1tZW1waGlzLWdyaXp6bGllcy83MDIzNzk4MDAwNy_SAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">Was Ja Morant's suspension too harsh? Only Grizzlies star can decide</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Commercial Appeal</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiWWh0dHBzOi8vYXBuZXdzLmNvbS9hcnRpY2xlL2phLW1vcmFudC1ndW5zLW5iYS1zdXNwZW5zaW9uLTc3ZmJmMGUzZTk5N2EwMDA1MzFkNGQ3ODNjMGI3MmM20gEA?oc=5" target="_blank">Column: Morant suspension sends mixed message in country that worships guns</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The Associated Press</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2pwazRMOUJ4SGkwUTE5VkNxQmN5Z0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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title: Cyclist Dies After Mountain Crash in Tour de Suisse - The New York Times
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https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2pPdThqNkJ4SFVjQ3hUSmwybm5TZ0FQAQ?oc=5

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<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiWGh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm55dGltZXMuY29tLzIwMjMvMDYvMTYvc3BvcnRzL2N5Y2xpbmcvY3ljbGlzdC1kaWVzLXRvdXItZGUtc3Vpc3NlLWNyYXNoLmh0bWzSAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">Cyclist Dies After Mountain Crash in Tour de Suisse</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">The New York Times</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiY2h0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmVzcG4uY29tL29seW1waWNzL3N0b3J5L18vaWQvMzc4NjI4NjQvY3ljbGlzdC1naW5vLW1hZGVyLTI2LWRpZXMtZm9sbG93aW5nLWNyYXNoLXJhdmluZdIBcGh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmVzcG4uY29tL29seW1waWNzL3N0b3J5L18vaWQvMzc4NjI4NjQvY3ljbGlzdC1naW5vLW1hZGVyLTI2LWRpZXMtZm9sbG93aW5nLWNyYXNoLXJhdmluZT9wbGF0Zm9ybT1hbXA?oc=5" target="_blank">Cyclist Gino Mäder, 26, dies following crash down ravine - ESPN</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">ESPN</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMidWh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmZveG5ld3MuY29tL3Nwb3J0cy9zd2lzcy1jeWNsaXN0LTI2LWRpZXMtYWZ0ZXItY3Jhc2hpbmctZmFsbGluZy1pbnRvLXJhdmluZS1kdXJpbmctcmFjZS13ZS1hcmUtZGV2YXN0YXRlZNIBeWh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmZveG5ld3MuY29tL3Nwb3J0cy9zd2lzcy1jeWNsaXN0LTI2LWRpZXMtYWZ0ZXItY3Jhc2hpbmctZmFsbGluZy1pbnRvLXJhdmluZS1kdXJpbmctcmFjZS13ZS1hcmUtZGV2YXN0YXRlZC5hbXA?oc=5" target="_blank">Swiss cyclist, 26, dies after crashing, falling into ravine during race: 'We are devastated'</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Fox News</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CCAiCzNscmRyNFYwYm80mAEB?oc=5" target="_blank">Cycling In Mourning After The Death Of Gino Mäder | Tour De Suisse 2023 Men - Stage 6</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">GCN Racing</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiWGh0dHBzOi8vY3ljbGluZ21hZ2F6aW5lLmNhL3NlY3Rpb25zL25ld3Mvcm9tYWluLWJhcmRldHMtYmVhdXRpZnVsLXRyaWJ1dGUtdG8tZ2luby1tYWRlci_SAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">Romain Bardet's beautiful and moving tribute to Gino Mäder</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Canadian Cycling Magazine</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2pPdThqNkJ4SFVjQ3hUSmwybm5TZ0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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title: Vadim Nemkov outstrikes lethargic Yoel Romero to retain title at Bellator 297 - MMA Fighting
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https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2pfNTZUM0J4RXBuZTRCak5jTDJpZ0FQAQ?oc=5

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<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMikwFodHRwczovL3d3dy5tbWFmaWdodGluZy5jb20vMjAyMy82LzE3LzIzNzY0MzA5L3ZhZGltLW5lbWtvdi1vdXRzdHJpa2VzLWxldGhhcmdpYy15b2VsLXJvbWVyby1yZXRhaW4tbGlnaHQtaGVhdnl3ZWlnaHQtdGl0bGUtYmVsbGF0b3ItMjk3LW1haW4tZXZlbnTSAaABaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubW1hZmlnaHRpbmcuY29tL3BsYXRmb3JtL2FtcC8yMDIzLzYvMTcvMjM3NjQzMDkvdmFkaW0tbmVta292LW91dHN0cmlrZXMtbGV0aGFyZ2ljLXlvZWwtcm9tZXJvLXJldGFpbi1saWdodC1oZWF2eXdlaWdodC10aXRsZS1iZWxsYXRvci0yOTctbWFpbi1ldmVudA?oc=5" target="_blank">Vadim Nemkov outstrikes lethargic Yoel Romero to retain title at Bellator 297</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">MMA Fighting</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMic2h0dHBzOi8vbW1hanVua2llLnVzYXRvZGF5LmNvbS9saXN0cy9iZWxsYXRvci0yOTctdHdpdHRlci1yZWFjdHMtdmFkaW0tbmVta292LXZzLXlvZWwtcm9tZXJvLXRpdGxlLWRlZmVuc2UtbG9wc2lkZWTSAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">Twitter reacts to Vadim Nemkov's lopsided title defense over Yoel Romero at Bellator 297</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">MMA Junkie</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CCAiC1M3VkNUSWFCRHhZmAEB?oc=5" target="_blank">Patchy Mix Talks Bantamweight Picture, Life as Champ, Potential Return to Hawaii | Bellator 297</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">MMA Junkie</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMikAFodHRwczovL3d3dy5tbWFmaWdodGluZy5jb20vMjAyMy82LzE2LzIzNzY0MTkzL2JlbGxhdG9yLTI5Ny1yZXN1bHRzLXNlcmdpby1wZXR0aXMtZG9taW5hdGVzLXBhdHJpY2lvdGJ1bGwtdGh3YXJ0LWF0dGVtcHQtdGhyZWUtZGl2aXNpb24tY2hhbXBpb27SAZ0BaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubW1hZmlnaHRpbmcuY29tL3BsYXRmb3JtL2FtcC8yMDIzLzYvMTYvMjM3NjQxOTMvYmVsbGF0b3ItMjk3LXJlc3VsdHMtc2VyZ2lvLXBldHRpcy1kb21pbmF0ZXMtcGF0cmljaW90YnVsbC10aHdhcnQtYXR0ZW1wdC10aHJlZS1kaXZpc2lvbi1jaGFtcGlvbg?oc=5" target="_blank">Bellator 297 results: Sergio Pettis dominates Patricio Pitbull to thwart three-division attempt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">MMA Fighting</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMikgFodHRwczovL21tYWp1bmtpZS51c2F0b2RheS5jb20vbGlzdHMvYmVsbGF0b3ItMjk3LWNoaWNhZ28tcGF0cmljaW8tcGl0YnVsbC1mcmVpcmUtc2VyZ2lvLXBldHRpcy12YWRpbS1uZW1rb3YteW9lbC1yb21lcm8tcmVzdWx0cy1saXZlLXZpZGVvLXN0cmVhbdIBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">Bellator 297 live and official results, video stream from Chicago</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">MMA Junkie</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2pfNTZUM0J4RXBuZTRCak5jTDJpZ0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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title: Rampant groundwater pumping has changed the tilt of Earth's axis - Nature.com
link:
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<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiMmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm5hdHVyZS5jb20vYXJ0aWNsZXMvZDQxNTg2LTAyMy0wMTk5My160gEA?oc=5" target="_blank">Rampant groundwater pumping has changed the tilt of Earth's axis</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Nature.com</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiTGh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmF4aW9zLmNvbS8yMDIzLzA2LzE3L2dyb3VuZHdhdGVyLXJlbW92YWwtdGlsdGVkLWVhcnRoLTMxNS1pbmNoZXPSAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">Groundwater removal tilted Earth 31.5 inches</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Axios</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiPmh0dHBzOi8vZTM2MC55YWxlLmVkdS9kaWdlc3QvZ3JvdW5kd2F0ZXItZGVwbGV0aW9uLWVhcnRocy1heGlz0gEA?oc=5" target="_blank">Humans Have Pumped Enough Groundwater to Change the Tilt of the Earth</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Yale Environment 360</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMibWh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm5ld3NjaWVudGlzdC5jb20vYXJ0aWNsZS8yMzc4Nzk5LWh1bWFucy1oYXZlLXB1bXBlZC1zby1tdWNoLWdyb3VuZHdhdGVyLXdldmUtc2hpZnRlZC1lYXJ0aHMtYXhpcy_SAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">Humans have pumped so much groundwater, we've shifted Earth's axis</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">New Scientist</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiX2h0dHBzOi8vd3d3LnNjaWVuY2Uub3JnL2NvbnRlbnQvYXJ0aWNsZS9odW1hbml0eS1zLWdyb3VuZHdhdGVyLXB1bXBpbmctaGFzLWFsdGVyZWQtZWFydGgtcy10aWx00gEA?oc=5" target="_blank">Humanity's groundwater pumping has altered Earth's tilt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Science</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2kyb01IX0J4RjdyVHFEcE1VRWxpZ0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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title: How to see 5 planets line up in the sky on Saturday morning - KSL.com
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<a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiYGh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmtzbC5jb20vYXJ0aWNsZS81MDY2Nzc0NC9ob3ctdG8tc2VlLTUtcGxhbmV0cy1saW5lLXVwLWluLXRoZS1za3ktb24tc2F0dXJkYXktbW9ybmluZ9IBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">How to see 5 planets line up in the sky on Saturday morning</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">KSL.com</font><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2pGOEw3M0J4SEtFVkdFRC1OX2FpZ0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong>


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title: Equipping the Space Station to Produce More Power on This Week @NASA – June 16, 2023 - NASA
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https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2pvZzlfMUJ4RW9jOTBiZGxoeXd5Z0FQAQ?oc=5

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<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CCAiCzZVM1dpVUEyQ0VzmAEB?oc=5" target="_blank">Equipping the Space Station to Produce More Power on This Week @NASA – June 16, 2023</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">NASA</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiamh0dHBzOi8vc2NpdGVjaGRhaWx5LmNvbS9mcm9tLXNvbGFyLWFycmF5cy10by1zcGFjZXN1aXRzLWJ1c3ktd2Vlay1hYm9hcmQtdGhlLWludGVybmF0aW9uYWwtc3BhY2Utc3RhdGlvbi_SAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">From Solar Arrays to Spacesuits: Busy Week Aboard the International Space Station</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">SciTechDaily</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiXmh0dHBzOi8vY2xlYW50ZWNobmljYS5jb20vMjAyMy8wNi8xNy9uYXNhLXNwYWNld2Fsa2Vycy1maW5pc2gtaW5zdGFsbGluZy1yb2xsLW91dC1zb2xhci1hcnJheS_SAWJodHRwczovL2NsZWFudGVjaG5pY2EuY29tLzIwMjMvMDYvMTcvbmFzYS1zcGFjZXdhbGtlcnMtZmluaXNoLWluc3RhbGxpbmctcm9sbC1vdXQtc29sYXItYXJyYXkvYW1wLw?oc=5" target="_blank">NASA Spacewalkers Finish Installing Roll-Out Solar Array</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">CleanTechnica</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiaWh0dHBzOi8vYmxvZ3MubmFzYS5nb3Yvc3BhY2VzdGF0aW9uLzIwMjMvMDYvMTYvY3Jldy1lbmRzLXdlZWstY29tcGxldGluZy1zcGFjZXdhbGstcHJlcGFyaW5nLWZvci1hbm90aGVyL9IBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">Crew Ends Week Completing Spacewalk, Preparing for Another</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">NASA Blogs</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiOmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm5hc2FzcGFjZWZsaWdodC5jb20vMjAyMy8wNi9pc3NfaXJvc2Ffcm91bmR1cC_SAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">ISS finishes initial iROSA upgrade with two EVAs this month - NASASpaceFlight.com</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">NASASpaceflight.com</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2pvZzlfMUJ4RW9jOTBiZGxoeXd5Z0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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title: Surprise! Jupiter's ocean moon Europa may not have a fully formed core - Space.com
link:
https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2pPdF95QUNCSEY4THpFVUFtd3FTZ0FQAQ?oc=5

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<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiRGh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LnNwYWNlLmNvbS9qdXBpdGVyLW9jZWFuLW1vb24tZXVyb3BhLW5vLWZ1bGx5LWZvcm1lZC1jb3Jl0gEA?oc=5" target="_blank">Surprise! Jupiter's ocean moon Europa may not have a fully formed core</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Space.com</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiQGh0dHBzOi8vcGh5cy5vcmcvbmV3cy8yMDIzLTA2LWp1cGl0ZXItbW9vbi1ldXJvcGEtZXZvbHV0aW9uLmh0bWzSAT9odHRwczovL3BoeXMub3JnL25ld3MvMjAyMy0wNi1qdXBpdGVyLW1vb24tZXVyb3BhLWV2b2x1dGlvbi5hbXA?oc=5" target="_blank">Jupiter's moon Europa may have had a slow evolution</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Phys.org</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiMmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LnNjaWVuY2Uub3JnL2RvaS8xMC4xMTI2L3NjaWFkdi5hZGYzOTU10gEA?oc=5" target="_blank">Slow evolution of Europa's interior: metamorphic ocean origin, delayed metallic core formation, and limited seafloor volcanism</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Science</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2pPdF95QUNCSEY4THpFVUFtd3FTZ0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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title: Rates of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease are soaring, study finds - Yahoo News
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https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2l5dVB5QUNCSF9oUTZCa1NYUnB5Z0FQAQ?oc=5

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<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiTGh0dHBzOi8vbmV3cy55YWhvby5jb20vcmF0ZXMtbm9uYWxjb2hvbGljLWZhdHR5LWxpdmVyLWRpc2Vhc2UtMjMwNjQyNTgxLmh0bWzSAVRodHRwczovL25ld3MueWFob28uY29tL2FtcGh0bWwvcmF0ZXMtbm9uYWxjb2hvbGljLWZhdHR5LWxpdmVyLWRpc2Vhc2UtMjMwNjQyNTgxLmh0bWw?oc=5" target="_blank">Rates of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease are soaring, study finds</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Yahoo News</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMifGh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm5ld3MtbWVkaWNhbC5uZXQvbmV3cy8yMDIzMDYxNy9TdHVkeS1NZXRhYm9saWMtYXNzb2NpYXRlZC1mYXR0eS1saXZlci1kaXNlYXNlLWlzLWluY3JlYXNpbmctYW1vbmctVVMtYWR1bHRzLmFzcHjSAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">Study: Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease is increasing among U.S. adults</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">News-Medical.Net</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiZWh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm1lZGljYWxuZXdzdG9kYXkuY29tL2FydGljbGVzL3doeS1tZXRhYm9saWMtYXNzb2NpYXRlZC1mYXR0eS1saXZlci1kaXNlYXNlLWlzLW9uLXRoZS1yaXNl0gEA?oc=5" target="_blank">Metabolic associated fatty liver disease is increasing: Here's why</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Medical News Today</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiNWh0dHBzOi8vc3R1ZHlmaW5kcy5vcmcvYW1lcmljYW5zLWZhdHR5LWxpdmVyLWRpc2Vhc2Uv0gEA?oc=5" target="_blank">More than 1 in 3 Americans are now living with fatty liver disease</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Study Finds</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiogFodHRwczovL3d3dy5oaW5kdXN0YW50aW1lcy5jb20vbGlmZXN0eWxlL2hlYWx0aC9wZXJjZW50YWdlLW9mLWFkdWx0cy13aXRoLW1ldGFib2xpYy1hc3NvY2lhdGVkLWZhdHR5LWxpdmVyLWRpc2Vhc2UtaXMtZ3Jvd2luZy1maW5kcy1uZXctc3R1ZHktMTAxNjg2OTc1OTQ0NzMwLmh0bWzSAaYBaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuaGluZHVzdGFudGltZXMuY29tL2xpZmVzdHlsZS9oZWFsdGgvcGVyY2VudGFnZS1vZi1hZHVsdHMtd2l0aC1tZXRhYm9saWMtYXNzb2NpYXRlZC1mYXR0eS1saXZlci1kaXNlYXNlLWlzLWdyb3dpbmctZmluZHMtbmV3LXN0dWR5LTEwMTY4Njk3NTk0NDczMC1hbXAuaHRtbA?oc=5" target="_blank">Percentage of adults with metabolic-associated fatty liver disease is growing</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Hindustan Times</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2l5dVB5QUNCSF9oUTZCa1NYUnB5Z0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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title: What is berberine? Why this supplement isn't like Ozempic. - Insider
link:
https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2lNdU5uM0J4SGJlcGVPOE92d0hDZ0FQAQ?oc=5

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<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiVWh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lmluc2lkZXIuY29tL3doYXQtaXMtYmVyYmVyaW5lLXRoaXMtc3VwcGxlbWVudC1pc250LW5hdHVyZXMtb3plbXBpYy0yMDIzLTbSAVlodHRwczovL3d3dy5pbnNpZGVyLmNvbS93aGF0LWlzLWJlcmJlcmluZS10aGlzLXN1cHBsZW1lbnQtaXNudC1uYXR1cmVzLW96ZW1waWMtMjAyMy02P2FtcA?oc=5" target="_blank">What is berberine? Why this supplement isn't like Ozempic.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Insider</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiTGh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LnlhaG9vLmNvbS9saWZlc3R5bGUvYmVyYmVyaW5lLXdlaWdodC1sb3NzLW96ZW1waWMtMjIyNDIyMzI2Lmh0bWzSAVRodHRwczovL3d3dy55YWhvby5jb20vYW1waHRtbC9saWZlc3R5bGUvYmVyYmVyaW5lLXdlaWdodC1sb3NzLW96ZW1waWMtMjIyNDIyMzI2Lmh0bWw?oc=5" target="_blank">Berberine is hailed online as 'nature's Ozempic.' Why experts say 'it's not accurate.'</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Yahoo Life</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMifmh0dHBzOi8vbG9uZ2V2aXR5LnRlY2hub2xvZ3kvbGlmZXN0eWxlL25hdmlnYXRlLXRoZS1vemVtcGljLXdhdmUtYmVyYmVyaW5lLWlzLWFmZm9yZGFibGUtd2VpZ2h0LWxvc3MtZm9yLWEtdGhyaXZpbmctbGlmZXN0eWxlL9IBfmh0dHBzOi8vbG9uZ2V2aXR5LnRlY2hub2xvZ3kvbGlmZXN0eWxlL25hdmlnYXRlLXRoZS1vemVtcGljLXdhdmUtYmVyYmVyaW5lLWlzLWFmZm9yZGFibGUtd2VpZ2h0LWxvc3MtZm9yLWEtdGhyaXZpbmctbGlmZXN0eWxlLw?oc=5" target="_blank">Navigate the Ozempic wave: Berberine is affordable weight-loss for a thriving lifestyle</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Longevity.Technology</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiZmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm1pbmRib2R5Z3JlZW4uY29tL2FydGljbGVzL2JlcmJlcmluZS1pcy1ub3QtbmF0dXJlcy1vemVtcGljLWFuZC1pdHMtbm90LXJpZ2h0LWZvci1ldmVyeW9uZdIBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">Berberine Is Not "Nature's Ozempic" & It's Not Right For Everyone | mindbodygreen</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">mindbodygreen</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiWmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LnVwaS5jb20vSGVhbHRoX05ld3MvMjAyMy8wNi8xNi9iZXJiZXJpbmUtc3VwcGxlbWVudC13ZWlnaHQtbG9zcy8yNzMxNjg2OTIwNDM3L9IBXmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LnVwaS5jb20vYW1wL0hlYWx0aF9OZXdzLzIwMjMvMDYvMTYvYmVyYmVyaW5lLXN1cHBsZW1lbnQtd2VpZ2h0LWxvc3MvMjczMTY4NjkyMDQzNy8?oc=5" target="_blank">Experts share pros and cons of berberine for weight loss</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">UPI News</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2lNdU5uM0J4SGJlcGVPOE92d0hDZ0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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title: You really are a mosquito magnet. Here's what you can do about it. - National Geographic
link:
https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2pyaE8tQUNCRklURnRkZ2Y0WUN5Z0FQAQ?oc=5

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<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiT2h0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm5hdGlvbmFsZ2VvZ3JhcGhpYy5jb20vcHJlbWl1bS9hcnRpY2xlL21vc3F1aXRvLW1hZ25ldC1zbWVsbC1yZXBlbGzSAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">You really are a mosquito magnet. Here's what you can do about it.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">National Geographic</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiSmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmFhcnAub3JnL2hvbWUtZmFtaWx5L3lvdXItaG9tZS9pbmZvLTIwMjMvcmVwZWwtbW9zcXVpdG9lcy5odG1s0gEA?oc=5" target="_blank">What Does and Doesn't Help Repel Mosquitoes</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">AARP</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiWmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm5ld3NtYXguY29tL2hlYWx0aC9oZWFsdGgtbmV3cy9tb3NxdWl0b2VzLWF0dHJhY3QtcmVwZWwvMjAyMy8wNi8xNi9pZC8xMTIzODUzL9IBXmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm5ld3NtYXguY29tL2FtcC9oZWFsdGgvaGVhbHRoLW5ld3MvbW9zcXVpdG9lcy1hdHRyYWN0LXJlcGVsLzIwMjMvMDYvMTYvaWQvMTEyMzg1My8?oc=5" target="_blank">Don't Drink Beer: What Attracts and Repels Mosquitoes</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Newsmax</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMibGh0dHBzOi8vaW4tY3lwcnVzLnBoaWxlbmV3cy5jb20vbmV3cy9sb2NhbC93aGF0LW1ha2VzLXNvbWUtcGVvcGxlLW1vcmUtYXR0cmFjdGl2ZS10by1tb3NxdWl0b2VzLXRoYW4tb3RoZXJzL9IBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">What makes some people more attractive to mosquitoes than others?</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">in-cyprus</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiOmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LnVwd29ydGh5LmNvbS93aHktZG8tbW9zcXVpdG9lcy1saWtlLW1lLXNvLW11Y2jSAUlodHRwczovL3d3dy51cHdvcnRoeS5jb20vYW1wL3doeS1kby1tb3NxdWl0b2VzLWxpa2UtbWUtc28tbXVjaC0yNjYxMjc5OTgz?oc=5" target="_blank">Getting eaten alive by mosquitoes? It could be the soap you're using.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Upworthy</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2pyaE8tQUNCRklURnRkZ2Y0WUN5Z0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


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title:
It's 'a concern': Bavarian Nordic flags worrying COVID-19 vaccine result ahead of phase 3 data drop - FierceBiotech

content:
<ol><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMigAFodHRwczovL3d3dy5maWVyY2ViaW90ZWNoLmNvbS9iaW90ZWNoL2l0cy1jb25jZXJuLWJhdmFyaWFuLW5vcmRpYy1mbGFncy13b3JyeWluZy1jb3ZpZC0xOS12YWNjaW5lLXJlc3VsdC1haGVhZC1waGFzZS0zLWRhdGEtZHJvcNIBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">It's 'a concern': Bavarian Nordic flags worrying COVID-19 vaccine result ahead of phase 3 data drop</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">FierceBiotech</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMib2h0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmZhY3RjaGVjay5vcmcvMjAyMy8wNi9zY2ljaGVjay1jbGV2ZWxhbmQtY2xpbmljLXN0dWR5LWRpZC1ub3Qtc2hvdy12YWNjaW5lcy1pbmNyZWFzZS1jb3ZpZC0xOS1yaXNrL9IBAA?oc=5" target="_blank">Cleveland Clinic Study Did Not Show Vaccines Increase COVID-19 Risk</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">FactCheck.org</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMifWh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LnBvc3QtZ2F6ZXR0ZS5jb20vbmV3cy9oZWFsdGgvMjAyMy8wNi8xNS9jb3ZpZC0xOS12YWNjaW5lLWJpdmFsZW50LWJvb3N0ZXIteW91bmctY2hpbGRyZW4tY2RjL3N0b3JpZXMvMjAyMzA2MTQwMTIx0gEA?oc=5" target="_blank">A new CDC report says the latest COVID-19 booster shots are safe for young kids</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMic2h0dHBzOi8vaGVhbHRoZmVlZGJhY2sub3JnL2NsYWltcmV2aWV3L25vLWV2aWRlbmNlLWNvdmlkLTE5LXZhY2NpbmF0aW9ucy1jYXVzZS1pbmZlcnRpbGl0eS1wcmVnbmFuY3ktY29tcGxpY2F0aW9ucy_SAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">There is no evidence that COVID-19 vaccinations cause infertility or pregnancy complications</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Health Feedback</font></li><li><a href="https://news.google.com/atom/articles/CBMiK2h0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm1lZHNjYXBlLmNvbS92aWV3YXJ0aWNsZS85OTMyMzjSAQA?oc=5" target="_blank">Latest Data: COVID Vax in Inflammatory, Autoimmune Diseases</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#6f6f6f">Medscape</font></li><li><strong><a href="https://news.google.com/stories/CAAqNggKIjBDQklTSGpvSmMzUnZjbmt0TXpZd1NoRUtEd2lJMU5YN0J4RjRMRWRvdjR1UDl5Z0FQAQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en&oc=5" target="_blank">View Full Coverage on Google News</a></strong></li></ol>


link: https://itsfoss.com/newsletter/foss-weekly-23-24/
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title: FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]
description: It's FOSS is 11 years old now. Get a free Bash book to celebrate the occasion.
categories: Newsletter
content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/foss-weekly-23-24.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"><p>It&apos;s FOSS turns 11 &#x1F382;</p><p>Yes! It&apos;s been more than a decade of educating and promoting Linux. Seems so unreal &#x1F929;</p><p>I am giving away Bash it Out, an ebook of Bash puzzles, to celebrate this occasion.</p><p>Don&apos;t know Bash scripting? No worries. You can start learning it with our latest Bash Basics series.</p><p><strong><em>You could also <a href="https://itsfoss.com/11th-anniversary-offer">opt for Pro Subscription</a> on this occasion and get an 11% discount and two additional ebooks: <a href="https://linuxhandbook.gumroad.com/l/mEsrwA?ref=itsfoss.com">Learn Linux Quickly</a> and <a href="https://linuxhandbook.gumroad.com/l/ejfGu?ref=itsfoss.com">Learn Bash Quickly</a>.</em></strong></p><p>Pro members can download the books <a href="https://itsfoss.com/pro-resources/">from this page</a>.</p><p><strong>&#x1F4AC; Let&apos;s see what else you have in this edition of FOSS Weekly:</strong></p><ul><li>The new Bash Basics series begins.</li><li>Linus Torvalds was in the news for his comments yet again.</li><li>Debian 12 was released recently with many improvements.</li><li><a href="https://itsfoss.com/11th-anniversary-offer">11% celebratory discount on It&apos;s FOSS Pro subscription</a> (and two Linux and Bash books)</li><li>And other Linux news, videos, and, of course, memes!</li></ul><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%93%B0-linux-news">&#x1F4F0; Linux news</h2><p>Linus Torvalds recently reacted sternly to a comment on social.kernel.org.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://news.itsfoss.com/linus-torvalds-woke-communists/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">I am one of those &#x201C;woke communists&#x201D;: Linus Torvalds</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Linus Torvalds, another day, another firm stance, and a mini-rant reply to someone.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/08/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS News</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Ankush Das</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/torvalds-comment-controversy.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"></div></a></figure><p>Debian 12 &apos;Bookworm&apos; has landed with some pretty impressive improvements.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://news.itsfoss.com/debian-12-release/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Debian 12 &#x201C;Bookworm&#x201D; Has Landed</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Debian&#x2019;s next big release is here. Learn more about it.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/08/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS News</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Ankush Das</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/debian-12-release.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A7%A0-what-we%E2%80%99re-thinking-about">&#x1F9E0; What we&#x2019;re thinking about</h2><p>GitHub has been accused of altering its Copilot programming assistant&apos;s output to avoid being flagged as a copy of licensed software.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://www.theregister.com/2023/06/09/github_copilot_lawsuit/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">GitHub accused of varying Copilot output to avoid copyright</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Copilot code-cloning case clarifies claims</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://www.theregister.com/design_picker/13249a2e80709c7ff2e57dd3d49801cd534f2094/graphics/favicons/apple-touch-icon.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">The Register</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Thomas Claburn</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://regmedia.co.uk/2019/07/20/shutterstock_programmer.jpg" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A7%AE-tutorials">&#x1F9EE; Tutorials</h2><p>&#x1F195; As promised, the new Nash tutorial series has started! Here&apos;s the first chapter of the series.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/create-bash-script/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Bash Basics #1: Create and Run Your First Bash Shell Script</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Start learning bash scripting with this new series. Create and run your first bash shell script in the first chapter.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/Bash-script-hello-world.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.24: Free Book, Debian 12 Release, New Bash Series [Anniversary Special]"></div></a></figure><p>The terminal Tuesday continues and covers the head command.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/head-command/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Using head Command in Linux [5 Examples]</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">The head command is one of the several ways to display file contents or part of it. 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link: https://itsfoss.com/head-command/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: Using head Command in Linux
categories: Linux Commands
description:
The head command is one of the several ways to display file contents or part of it. You can also do more with it. Here are some common examples to explore.

content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/head-command-in-linux.png" alt="Using head Command in Linux"><p>The head command is one of the many ways to <a href="https://itsfoss.com/view-file-contents/">view the contents of a file</a> in Linux terminal.</p><p>But that can also be achieved by the cat command too! So why use another command? </p><p>I understand. But if there was no problem with how the cat command works, the head command won&apos;t even exist. So let&apos;s have a look at the problem with cat.</p><p>By default, the cat command prints all the text inside the file. But what if you have a file containing 1000 or more words? Your terminal will look bloated. Isn&apos;t it?</p><p>Whereas the head command can specify the number of lines to print. </p><p>In this guide, I will walk you through how you can use the head command with the help of some practical examples and additional practice exercises to brush up your command-line skills.</p><p><strong>Suggested Read &#x1F4D6;</strong></p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card kg-card-hascaption"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/basic-terminal-tips-ubuntu/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">19 Basic But Essential Linux Terminal Tips You Must Know</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Learn some small, basic but often ignored things about the terminal. With the small tips, you should be able to use the terminal with slightly more efficiency.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="Using head Command in Linux"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2021/12/ubuntu-terminal-basic-tips.png" alt="Using head Command in Linux"></div></a><figcaption><em>New to the terminal? Learn the terminology</em></figcaption></figure><h2 id="how-to-use-the-head-command-in-linux">How to use the head command in Linux</h2><p>To use any command in Linux, you will have to use the correct syntax; else, you will get an error. </p><p>So let&apos;s start with the syntax for the head command:</p><pre><code>head [options] [file]</code></pre><p>Here, </p><ul><li><code>options</code> are used to tweak the default behavior of the head command</li><li><code>file</code> is where you give the absolute path or filename of the file</li></ul><p>To make things easy, I will be using a simple text file named <code>Haruki.txt</code> with the following content:</p><pre><code>Hear the Wind Sing (1979)
Pinball, 1973 (1980)
A Wild Sheep Chase (1982)
Hard-Boiled Wonderland and the End of the World (1985)
Norwegian Wood (1987)
Dance Dance Dance (1990)
South of the Border, West of the Sun (1992)
The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle (1994)
Sputnik Sweetheart (1999)
Kafka on the Shore (2002)
After Dark (2004)
1Q84 (2009-2010)
Colorless Tsukuru Tazaki and His Years of Pilgrimage (2013)
Men Without Women (2014)
Killing Commendatore (2017)</code></pre><p>And when you use the head command without any options, it will print the first ten lines of the file:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/use-head-command-in-linux.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using head Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="837" height="349" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/05/use-head-command-in-linux.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/use-head-command-in-linux.png 837w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>As you can see, it skipped the last five lines!</p><div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-red"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F6A7;</div><div class="kg-callout-text">You&#x2019;ll see some command examples with text inside &lt;&gt;. This indicates that you need to replace the content with &lt; and &gt; with a suitable value.</div></div><h2 id="examples-of-the-head-command-in-linux">Examples of the head command in Linux</h2><p>In this section, I will walk you through some practical examples of the head command. So let&apos;s start with the most useful one.</p><h3 id="1-print-only-the-first-n-lines">1. Print only the first N lines</h3><p>So if you want to print first N lines, all you have to do is use the <code>-n</code> flag and append the number of the first N lines you want:</p><pre><code>head -n number-of-lines Filename</code></pre><p>So let&apos;s say I want to print the first five lines of <code>Haruki.txt</code> file, then you type the following:</p><pre><code>head -n 5 Haruki.txt</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/Print-only-the-first-N-lines-using-the-head-command-.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using head Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="837" height="239" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/04/Print-only-the-first-N-lines-using-the-head-command-.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/Print-only-the-first-N-lines-using-the-head-command-.png 837w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h3 id="2-print-everything-except-the-last-n-lines">2. Print everything except the last N lines</h3><p>So if you want to restrict the output by not including the last N lines, all you have to do is use the same <code>-n</code> flag but have to use the negative number (<code>-n</code>):</p><pre><code>head -n -&lt;number-of-lines&gt; &lt;File&gt;</code></pre><p>So let&apos;s say I want to exclude the last three lines and print everything else from the <code>Haruki.txt</code> then the command looks like this:</p><pre><code>head -n -3 Haruki.txt</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/exlcude-last-N-lines-and-print-everything-else-using-the-head-command-in-linux.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using head Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="837" height="384" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/04/exlcude-last-N-lines-and-print-everything-else-using-the-head-command-in-linux.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/exlcude-last-N-lines-and-print-everything-else-using-the-head-command-in-linux.png 837w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h3 id="3-display-the-name-of-the-file-being-used">3. Display the name of the file being used </h3><p>As you can see, the head command won&apos;t print the filename by default, so if you want to enable this behavior, all you have to do is use the <code>-v</code> flag for verbose output:</p><pre><code>head -v &lt;other-options&gt; &lt;File&gt;</code></pre><p>Yes, you can use more than one option at once!</p><p>So here, I printed the first five lines of the <code>Haruki.txt</code> file and enabled the verbose output to display the name of the file:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/Display-the-name-of-the-file-being-used.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using head Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="837" height="251" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/04/Display-the-name-of-the-file-being-used.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/Display-the-name-of-the-file-being-used.png 837w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h3 id="4-use-multiple-files-at-once">4. Use multiple files at once</h3><p>So if you want to use the different files, all you have to do is append them one by one, followed by space:</p><pre><code>head &lt;options&gt; &lt;File1&gt; &lt;File2&gt; &lt;File3&gt;</code></pre><p>For example, here, I used two files and printed the first five lines of each:</p><pre><code>head -n 5 Haruki.txt Premchand.txt</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/use-multiple-files-in-head-command.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using head Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="837" height="410" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/04/use-multiple-files-in-head-command.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/use-multiple-files-in-head-command.png 837w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>If you notice, it automatically prints the filename, especially when dealing with multiple files. </p><p>But in cases like <a href="https://linuxhandbook.com/redirect-dev-null/?ref=itsfoss.com">redirecting the essential output</a>, you may want to remove the filename. This can easily be done using the <code>-q</code> flag:</p><pre><code>head -q &lt;other-flags&gt; &lt;File1&gt; &lt;File2&gt; &lt;File3&gt;</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/remove-filenames-while-using-multiple-files-with-the-head-command.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using head Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="837" height="340" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/04/remove-filenames-while-using-multiple-files-with-the-head-command.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/remove-filenames-while-using-multiple-files-with-the-head-command.png 837w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h3 id="5-print-characters-as-per-the-given-number-of-bytes">5. Print characters as per the given number of bytes</h3><p>So if you want to print the lines based on the byte size, you can do that using the <code>-c</code> flag followed by the byte size.</p><p><strong>Remember, for almost every character, one character = 1 byte.</strong></p><p>To do so, you can use the following &#xA0;syntax:</p><pre><code>head -c &lt;byte-size&gt; &lt;File&gt;</code></pre><p>For example, here, I print characters worth 100 bytes:</p><pre><code>head -c 100 Haruki.txt</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/Print-characters-as-per-the-given-number-of-bytes.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using head Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="837" height="194" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/04/Print-characters-as-per-the-given-number-of-bytes.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/Print-characters-as-per-the-given-number-of-bytes.png 837w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>Similarly, if you want to skip the characters from the end of the file by specifying the bytes, all you have to do is use the negative numbers:</p><pre><code>head -c -&lt;byte-size&gt; &lt;File&gt;</code></pre><p>For example, here, I skipped the last characters of the file worth 100 bytes:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/skip-last-N-characters-on-the-basis-of-the-byte-size-using-the-head-command.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using head Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="837" height="389" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/04/skip-last-N-characters-on-the-basis-of-the-byte-size-using-the-head-command.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/skip-last-N-characters-on-the-basis-of-the-byte-size-using-the-head-command.png 837w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h2 id="summarizing-the-head-command">Summarizing the head command</h2><p>Here&apos;s the summary of the head command with different options:</p><!--kg-card-begin: html--><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Option</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>-n &lt;number&gt;</code></td>
<td>Specify how many lines to print from the beginning of the file.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>-n -&lt;number&gt;</code></td>
<td>Print everything except the last N lines.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>-v</code></td>
<td>Print the name of the file.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>-q</code></td>
<td>Remove the filename when working with multiple files.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>-c &lt;byte-size&gt;</code></td>
<td>Print characters as per the given number of bytes.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table><!--kg-card-end: html--><h2 id="get-better-with-a-simple-exercise">Get better with a simple exercise </h2><p>To perform the given exercises, you can use text files, and if you don&apos;t have any, you can <a href="https://github.com/itsfoss/text-files?ref=itsfoss.com">use our text files from GitHub</a>.</p><ol><li>Display the first ten lines of the file</li><li>Display everything except the last five lines of a file</li><li>Display the first five lines of multiple files</li></ol><h5 id="for-intermediate-users">For intermediate users:</h5><ol><li>Display the first five lines of multiple files, sorted alphabetically by file name (Hint: pipe to <a href="https://linuxhandbook.com/sort-command/?ref=itsfoss.com">sort command</a>)</li><li>Display the lines from 11 to 16 (Hint: combine it with the <a href="https://itsfoss.com/tail-command/">tail command</a>)</li><li>Count the occurrence of a specific word or character in the first five lines (Hint: pipe to grep with <a href="https://linuxhandbook.com/wc-command/?ref=itsfoss.com">wc command</a>)</li></ol><h2 id="just-getting-started-with-terminal-we-have-a-series-for-you">Just getting started with Terminal? We have a series for you!</h2><p>While the terminal looks scary, you can always <a href="https://itsfoss.com/customize-linux-terminal/">make the terminal look good</a>, but what about the learning curve it takes?</p><p>For new users, we came up with a dedicated series which covers the basic commands so you can <a href="https://itsfoss.com/love-thy-terminal/">embrace the terminal</a>:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/tag/terminal-basics/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Linux Command Tutorials for Absolute Beginners</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Never used Linux commands before? No worries. This tutorial series is for absolute beginners to the Linux terminal.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="Using head Command in Linux"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/03/terminal-basics-series-tag.png" alt="Using head Command in Linux"></div></a></figure><p>Furthermore, you can discuss the practice questions mentioned above in our community: </p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.community/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">It&#x2019;s FOSS Community</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">A place for desktop Linux users and It&#x2019;s FOSS readers</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.community/uploads/default/optimized/1X/f274f9749e3fd8b4d6fbae1cf90c5c186d2f699c_2_180x180.png" alt="Using head Command in Linux"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS Community</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.community/uploads/default/original/1X/f274f9749e3fd8b4d6fbae1cf90c5c186d2f699c.png" alt="Using head Command in Linux"></div></a></figure><p>I hope you now have a better understanding of the head command. </p><p><em>&#x1F5E8; We&apos;ll be sharing more Linux command examples every week. Stay tuned for more. And if you have questions or suggestions, the comment section is all yours.</em></p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/create-bash-script/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: Bash Basics Series #1: Create and Run Your First Bash Shell Script
categories: Bash Basics
description:
Start learning bash scripting with this new series. Create and run your first bash shell script in the first chapter.

content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/Bash-script-hello-world.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #1: Create and Run Your First Bash Shell Script"><p>This is the beginning of a new tutorial series on It&apos;s FOSS. In this one, you&apos;ll get familiar with bash scripting.</p>
<p>The series assumes that you are somewhat familiar with the Linux terminal. You don&apos;t have to be a master, but knowing the basics would be good. I advise going through Terminal Basics Series.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/tag/terminal-basics/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Linux Command Tutorials for Absolute Beginners</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Never used Linux commands before? No worries. This tutorial series is for absolute beginners to the Linux terminal.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #1: Create and Run Your First Bash Shell Script"><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">It&apos;s FOSS</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/03/terminal-basics-series-tag.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #1: Create and Run Your First Bash Shell Script"></div></a></figure>
<p><strong>Who is this series for?</strong></p>
<p>Anyone who wants to start learning bash shell scripting.</p>
<p>If you are a student with shell scripting as part of your course curriculum, this series is for you.</p>
<p>If you are a regular desktop Linux user, this series will help you understand most shell scripts you come across while exploring various software and fixes. You could also use it to automate some common, repetitive tasks.</p>
<p>By the end of this Bash Basics series, you should be able to write simple to moderate bash scripts. </p>
<p>All the chapters in the series have sample exercises so that you can learn it by doing it.</p>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-red"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F6A7;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>You&apos;ll learn bash shell scripting here. While there are other shells with mostly the same syntax, their behavior still differs at a few points. Bash is the most common and universal shell and hence start learning shell scripting with bash.</span></p></div></div>
<h2 id="your-first-shell-script-hello-world">Your first shell script: Hello World!</h2>
<p>Open a terminal. Now <a href="https://itsfoss.com/make-directories/">create a new directory</a> to save all the scripts you&apos;ll be creating in this series:</p>
<pre><code>mkdir bash_scripts</code></pre>
<p>Now <a href="https://itsfoss.com/change-directories/">switch to this newly created directory</a>:</p>
<pre><code>cd bash_scripts</code></pre>
<p>Let&apos;s <a href="https://itsfoss.com/create-files/">create a new file</a> here:</p>
<pre><code>touch hello_world.sh</code></pre>
<p>Now, <a href="https://itsfoss.com/edit-files-linux/">edit the file</a> and add <code>echo Hello World</code> line to it. You can do this with the append mode of the cat command (using &gt;):</p>
<pre><code>abhishek@itsfoss:~/bash_scripts$ cat &gt; hello_world.sh 
echo Hello World
^C
</code></pre>
<p>I prefer adding new lines while using the cat command for adding text.</p>
<p>Press Ctrl+C or Ctrl+D keys to come out of the append mode of the cat command. Now if you check the contents of the script <code>hellow_world.sh</code>, you should see just a single line.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/create-first-shell-script.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #1: Create and Run Your First Bash Shell Script" loading="lazy" width="874" height="403" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/create-first-shell-script.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/create-first-shell-script.png 874w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>The moment of truth has arrived. You have created your first shell script. It&apos;s time to <a href="https://itsfoss.com/run-shell-script-linux/">run the shell script</a>. </p>
<p>Do like this:</p>
<pre><code>bash hello_world.sh</code></pre>
<p>The echo command simply displays whatever was provided to it. In this case, the shell script should output Hello World on the screen.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/run-first-shell-script.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #1: Create and Run Your First Bash Shell Script" loading="lazy" width="822" height="303" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/run-first-shell-script.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/run-first-shell-script.png 822w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>Congratulations! You just successfully ran your first shell script. How cool is that!</p>
<p>Here&apos;s a replay of all the above commands for your reference.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/create-run-first-shell-script.svg" alt="Bash Basics Series #1: Create and Run Your First Bash Shell Script" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="386"></figure>
<h3 id="another-way-to-run-your-shell-scripts">Another way to run your shell scripts</h3>
<p>Most of the time, you&apos;ll be running the shell scripts in this manner:</p>
<pre><code>./hello_world.sh</code></pre>
<p>Which will result in an error because the file for you as the script doesn&apos;t have execute permission yet.</p>
<pre><code>bash: ./hello_world.sh: Permission denied</code></pre>
<p>Add execute permission for yourself to the script:</p>
<pre><code>chmod u+x hello-world.sh</code></pre>
<p>And now, you can run it like this:</p>
<pre><code>./hello_world.sh</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/running-shell-scripts.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #1: Create and Run Your First Bash Shell Script" loading="lazy" width="822" height="345" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/running-shell-scripts.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/running-shell-scripts.png 822w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<p>So, you learned two ways to run a shell script. It&apos;s time to focus on bash.</p>
<h2 id="turn-your-shell-script-into-a-bash-script">Turn your shell script into a bash script</h2>
<p>Confused? Actually, there are several shells available in Linux. Bash, ksh, csh, zsh and many more. Out of all these, bash is the most popular one and almost all distributions have it installed by default.</p>
<p>The shell is an interpreter. It accepts and runs Linux commands. While the syntax for most shell remains the same, their behavior may differ at certain points. For example, the handling of brackets in conditional logic.</p>
<p>This is why it is important to tell the system which shell to use to interpret the script.</p>
<p>When you used <code>bash hello_world.sh</code>, you explicitly used the bash interpreter.</p>
<p>But when you run the shell scripts in this manner:</p>
<pre><code>./hello_world.sh</code></pre>
<p>The system will use whichever shell you are currently using to run the script.</p>
<p>To avoid unwanted surprises due to different syntax handling, you should explicitly tell the system which shell script it is.</p>
<p>How to do that? Use the shebang (#!). Normally, # is used for comments in shell scripts. However, if #! is used as the first line of the program, it has the special purpose of telling the system which shell to use.</p>
<p>So, change the content of the hello_world.sh so that it looks like this:</p>
<pre><code>#!/bin/bash

echo Hello World</code></pre>
<p>And now, you can run the shell script as usual knowing that the system will use bash shell to run the script.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/run-bash-shell-script.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #1: Create and Run Your First Bash Shell Script" loading="lazy" width="822" height="345" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/run-bash-shell-script.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/run-bash-shell-script.png 822w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-green"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4A1;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>If you feel uncomfortable editing script files in the terminal, as a desktop Linux user, you can use Gedit or other GUI text editors for writing scripts and run them in the terminal.</span></p></div></div>
<h2 id="%F0%9F%8F%8B%EF%B8%8F-exercise-time">&#x1F3CB;&#xFE0F; Exercise time</h2>
<p>It is time to practice what you learned. Here are some basic practice exercises for this level:</p>
<ul><li>Write a bash script that prints &quot;Hello Everyone&quot;</li><li>Write a bash script that displays your current working directory (hint: use pwd command)</li><li>Write a shell script that prints your user name in the following manner: My name is XYZ (hint: use $USER)</li></ul>
<div class="sec-widget" data-widget="7e25bd4cd7ceb06222c972395e89f918"></div>

<p>The answers can be discussed in <a href="https://itsfoss.community/t/practice-exercise-in-bash-basics-series-1-create-and-run-your-first-bash-shell-script/10682?ref=itsfoss.com">this dedicated thread</a> in the Community forum.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.community/t/practice-exercise-in-bash-basics-series-1-create-and-run-your-first-bash-shell-script/10682?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Practice Exercise in Bash Basics Series #1: Create and Run Your First Bash Shell Script</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">If you are following the Bash Basics series on It&#x2019;s FOSS, you can submit and discuss the answers to the exercise at the end of the chapter: Fellow experienced members are encouraged to provide their feedback to new members. Do note that there could be more than one answer to a given problem.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.community/uploads/default/optimized/1X/f274f9749e3fd8b4d6fbae1cf90c5c186d2f699c_2_180x180.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #1: Create and Run Your First Bash Shell Script"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">abhishek</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">It&apos;s FOSS Community</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.community/uploads/default/original/1X/f274f9749e3fd8b4d6fbae1cf90c5c186d2f699c.png" alt="Bash Basics Series #1: Create and Run Your First Bash Shell Script"></div></a></figure>
<p>The last practice exercise uses <code>$USER</code>. That&apos;s a special variable that prints the user name. </p>
<p>And that brings me to the topic of the next chapter in the Bash Basics Series: Variables.</p>
<p>Stay tuned for that next week.</p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/fuzzy-file-search-linux/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: Fuzzy File Search in Linux
description: Modern tools like fzf and fzy take the file search in Linux terminal to the next level.
categories: Terminal
content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/fuzzy-file-search-linux.png" alt="Fuzzy File Search in Linux"><p>How do you <a href="https://learnubuntu.com/find-files/?ref=itsfoss.com">find files in the Linux command line</a>? You use the <a href="https://linuxhandbook.com/find-command-examples/?ref=itsfoss.com">find command</a>. That&apos;s the standard answer and there is nothing wrong with it.</p>
<p>Usually, you type the command with your search parameters, press enter and it displays the findings.</p>
<p>You can improve your file-finding experience in the terminal with fuzzy search.</p>
<p>Fuzzy search is an approximate search algorithm or technique. Here, files from a specified location are searched by name and the user will get real-time results.</p>
<p>Fuzzy search is popular in web search engines, where a user starts entering the term, and it starts showing results related to the term.</p>
<p>In this article, I am going to discuss two CLI tools that give you the ability to perform fuzzy searches in Linux:</p>
<ul><li>Fzf: Fuzzy finder</li><li>Fzy: Fuzzy selector</li></ul>
<h2 id="fzf-the-fuzzy-finder-in-linux">Fzf, the Fuzzy Finder in Linux</h2>
<p>Fzf is a fuzzy search tool available for Linux, where you can search for files interactively.</p>
<p>To install <code>fzf</code> in Ubuntu, open a terminal and run:</p>
<pre><code>sudo apt install fzf</code></pre>
<p>While <code>fzf</code> itself works properly, it is wise to use it in conjunction with other tools to make most out of it.</p>
<h3 id="using-fzf">Using fzf</h3>
<p>Open a terminal and run:</p>
<pre><code>fzf</code></pre>
<p>This will open a prompt of <code>fzf</code> where you can search for files in the current working directory.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/fzf-default.svg" alt="Fuzzy File Search in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="494"><figcaption><span>Default </span><code><span>fzf</span></code></figcaption></figure>
<h4 id="apply-a-border-to-fzf">Apply a border to fzf</h4>
<p>You can use the <code>--border</code> option of fzf. There are several options like rounded, sharp etc.</p>
<pre><code>fzf --border=rounded</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/fzf-border.svg" alt="Fuzzy File Search in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="494"><figcaption><code><span>fzf</span></code><span> with border</span></figcaption></figure>
<h4 id="apply-background-and-foreground-color">Apply background and foreground color</h4>
<p>Using the color property, you can set ANSI colors to <code>fzf</code> either as background, foreground or both.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/fzf-colored.svg" alt="Fuzzy File Search in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="494"><figcaption><span>fzf colored</span></figcaption></figure>
<pre><code>fzf --color=&quot;bg:black,fg:yellow&quot; </code></pre>
<p>You can concatenate the options to make <code>fzf</code> visually pleasing.</p>
<p>Now, let me show some practical usage of the fuzzy search with fzf.</p>
<h3 id="use-fzf-to-search-within-bash-history">Use fzf to search within bash history</h3>
<p>Of course, there is CTRL+R reverse search in the bash history. But if you want to use <code>fzf</code> to get a better look, run:</p>
<pre><code>history | fzf</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/search-within-bash-history.svg" alt="Fuzzy File Search in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="494"><figcaption><span>Use </span><code><span>fzf</span></code><span> to search within bash history</span></figcaption></figure>
<h3 id="use-fzf-with-tree-command">Use fzf with tree command</h3>
<p><a href="https://linuxhandbook.com/tree-command/?ref=itsfoss.com">Tree command</a> lists files and directories along with their hierarchical connection.</p>
<p>Using <code>fzf</code> with <code>tree</code> command can help you find the absolute path of a particular file.</p>
<pre><code>tree -afR /home/$USER | fzf</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/tree-afr.svg" alt="Fuzzy File Search in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="494"><figcaption><span>Tree and FZF command</span></figcaption></figure>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-green"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4A1;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>The above command will invoke </span><code><span>tree</span></code><span> and list all files (-a) including hidden ones in a recursive fashion (-R). Also, the </span><code><span>-f</span></code><span> option tells tree to list the full path.</span></p></div></div>
<h3 id="preview-files-in-fzf">Preview files in fzf</h3>
<p>Sometimes, it will be helpful if you get a small preview of the file you are searching.</p>
<p>Luckily, <code>fzf</code> provides a preview option. You can access it by using <code>--preview</code>. I am here using <code>find</code>command to make it even more useful.</p>
<pre><code>find /home/$USER -type f | fzf --preview &apos;less {}&apos;</code></pre>
<p>Here, while you scroll through the result, it will display the text files using less.</p>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-red"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F6A7;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>If you are using other commands like </span><code><span>ls</span></code><span>, etc. do not use options like </span><code><span>-l</span></code><span>, that will display added details (file permissions). These additional details will break the required format needed for </span><code><span>fzf</span></code><span> preview. the hile using preview feature, the input to </span><code><span>fzf</span></code><span> should only be the filename.</span></p></div></div>
<p>If you have <code>bat</code> installed, you can use it for previewing files as well. </p>
<pre><code>find /home/$USER -type f | fzf --preview &apos;bat --color always {}&apos;</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/bashrc-preview-in-fzf.png" alt="Fuzzy File Search in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1707" height="829" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/bashrc-preview-in-fzf.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/bashrc-preview-in-fzf.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/bashrc-preview-in-fzf.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/bashrc-preview-in-fzf.png 1707w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption><span>FZF file preview using bat editor</span></figcaption></figure>
<p>For Ubuntu users, bat is available as <code>batcat</code>. So run:</p>
<pre><code>find /home/$USER -type f | fzf --preview &apos;batcat --color always {}&apos;</code></pre>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-green"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4A1;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><a href="https://linuxhandbook.com/linux-alias-command/?ref=itsfoss.com" rel="noopener"><span>Create an alias</span></a><span> for these commands, so that you don&apos;t want to type these again and again.</span></p></div></div>
<h3 id="use-fzf-to-cd-into-any-directory-from-anywhere-advance">Use fzf to cd into any directory from anywhere (advance)</h3>
<p>This is a bit trickier than the previous. Here, you cannot just directly pipe <code>fzf</code> and <code>cd</code> together, because both are different processes.</p>
<p>You can create an alias use the command like:</p>
<pre><code>cd $(find /home/$USER -type d | fzf)</code></pre>
<p>Or, you can follow the method explained below.</p>
<p>To do this, you may need to add a function to your bashrc. Let me call this function as <code>finder</code>. Now add the following lines to your bashrc.</p>
<pre><code>finder() {
  local dir
  dir=$(find required/location/to/search/and/enter -type d | fzf)
  if [[ -n &quot;$dir&quot; ]]; then
    cd &quot;$dir&quot; || return
  fi
}</code></pre>
<p>Now, you should <a href="https://itsfoss.com/change-directories/">enter the location</a> where the directories you want to search and enter are present. </p>
<p>For example, I have replaced that part with <code>/home/$USER</code> to indicate that I have to <code>cd</code> into any directories in my Home from anywhere.</p>
<p>Once you saved your bashrc, either restart the terminal or run:</p>
<pre><code>source ~/.bashrc</code></pre>
<p>After this, you can run finder from the terminal and once you located the directory you want to enter, press Enter key.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/fzf-cd-combo.svg" alt="Fuzzy File Search in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="494"></figure>
<h3 id="copy-the-selection-to-clipboard">Copy the selection to Clipboard</h3>
<p>Till now, you have seen using <code>fzf</code> and in all cases, it gives either a search result or preview. </p>
<p>Now, if you want to copy the location of an item, you don&apos;t necessarily need to do it manually. There is a solution for that too.</p>
<p>First, make sure you have Xclip installed.</p>
<pre><code>sudo apt install xclip</code></pre>
<p>Now pipe it to xclip like this:</p>
<pre><code>fzf | xclip -selection clipboard</code></pre>
<p>This will copy whatever lines you have pressed the enter key, on to your clipboard.</p>
<h3 id="other-uses">Other Uses</h3>
<p>Like I said earlier, you can use any command that involves a significant amount of text, and you want to search for a particular thing interactively.</p>
<ul><li><code>cat ~/.bashrc | fzf</code> - Search Inside Bashrc</li><li><code>lsblk | fzf</code> - Search inside the list of lock devices</li><li><code>ps -aux | fzf</code> - Search inside process list</li></ul>
<h2 id="another-choice-fzy-the-fuzzy-selector">Another choice: Fzy, the Fuzzy Selector</h2>
<p>Unlike <code>fzf</code>, <code>fzy</code> is a fuzzy selector, where you will be provided a menu to select, depending on the input. </p>
<p>For example, if you are using <code>fzy</code> in conjunction with <code>ls</code> command, it will give you a menu like interface. </p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/fzy-ls.svg" alt="Fuzzy File Search in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="494"><figcaption><code><span>fzy</span></code><span> command</span></figcaption></figure>
<p>By default, it will show you ten entries in view.</p>
<h3 id="enter-into-a-directory-using-fzy"><strong>Enter into a directory using fzy</strong></h3>
<p>Similar to fzf, fzy can also be used to enter into a directory in the current working directory using:</p>
<pre><code>cd $(find -type d | fzy)</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/fzy-cd.svg" alt="Fuzzy File Search in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="494"></figure>
<h3 id="open-a-file-using-any-editor">Open a file using any editor</h3>
<p>Or open a file using your favorite editor by:</p>
<pre><code>nano $(find -type f | fzy)</code></pre>
<figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/fzy-nano.svg" alt="Fuzzy File Search in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="494"></figure>
<h2 id="bonus-a-customized-file-and-image-preview">Bonus: A Customized file and image preview</h2>
<p>The below command will open a dedicated customized prompt in <strong>Ubuntu </strong>for fuzzy search, where you can preview text files by scrolling through them.</p>
<pre><code>find /home/$USER -type f | fzf --color=&quot;bg:black,fg:yellow&quot; --preview &apos;batcat --color always {}&apos; --preview-window=bottom</code></pre>
<p>Create an alias for this in your bashrc for easy access.</p>
<p>Or preview an image in fzf while scrolling using <code>timg</code> command line image viewer. Install it using:</p>
<pre><code>sudo apt install timg</code></pre>
<div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-red"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F6A7;</div><div class="kg-callout-text"><p><span>Remember that the image viewer will not display a proper image, as that is not the primary purpose of fzf preview</span></p></div></div>
<pre><code>fzf --preview &apos;timg -g 200x100 {}&apos; --preview-window=right:90</code></pre>
<p>For those who are tinkerers, try to make this part by refining.</p>
<h2 id="modern-alternatives-to-rescue">Modern alternatives to rescue</h2>
<p>Most Linux commands have been inherited from UNIX-era. They are old but work as expected. But this doesn&apos;t mean they cannot be improved.</p>
<p>I mean, you don&apos;t need to reinvent the wheel but you can always work on improving the wheels.</p>
<p>Modern tools like fzf and fzy take the file search in Linux terminal to the next level. Here are some other such command line tools you may find interesting.</p>
<figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/legacy-linux-commands-alternatives/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Modern Alternatives to Some of the Classic Linux Commands</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Consider yourself a modern Linux user? Have you tried these modern replacements of the classic Linux commands yet?</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="Fuzzy File Search in Linux"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">Abhishek Prakash</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">It&apos;s FOSS</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2022/01/penguins.png" alt="Fuzzy File Search in Linux"></div></a></figure>
<p>I have tried giving some practical examples for these fuzzy search tools. I hope you find them inspiring enough for you. Let me know in the comments if you are going to use them.</p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/virtualization-software-linux/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: 10 Best Virtualization Software for Linux
categories: Software Recommendation
description:
We take a look at some of the best virtualization programs that make things easy for users creating/managing VMs.

content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/virtualization-software-for-linux.png" alt="10 Best Virtualization Software for Linux"><p>Virtualization software is prevalent because of its use cases and benefits. You get to experiment, test, or run software that requires a specific OS version.</p><p>Virtualization provides an abstract concept of computer hardware to help you create virtual machines (VMs), networks, storage, and more. The benefits include isolation, security, and the freedom to test things to your heart&apos;s extent. </p><p>Different types of virtualization software cater to desktop users, server administrators, and enterprises.</p><p>While I list all kinds of virtualization software, I mention who it is for. </p><h2 id="1-virtualbox">1. VirtualBox</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/virtualbox-7.png" class="kg-image" alt="10 Best Virtualization Software for Linux" loading="lazy" width="1440" height="810" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/virtualbox-7.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/virtualbox-7.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/virtualbox-7.png 1440w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p><a href="https://www.virtualbox.org/?ref=itsfoss.com">VirtualBox</a> is a top-rated open-source virtual machine program for Linux, Windows, and macOS.</p><p>It is suitable for all kinds of users, whether you are just someone who wants to <a href="https://itsfoss.com/why-linux-virtual-machine/">run Linux on a virtual machine</a>, a professional who wants to create a VM for testing or an enterprise that needs a VM solution.</p><p>You can consider it as an all-in-one solution for most users. Even though it is primarily fit for desktop usage, you can try its headless mode to run a virtual machine as a remote desktop server by exploring its <a href="https://www.virtualbox.org/manual/ch07.html?ref=itsfoss.com">documentation</a>.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>It supports a wide range of guest operating systems</li><li>Simple user interface and fast performance</li><li>Regularly updated</li><li>Feature-rich</li></ul><h2 id="2-openvz">2. OpenVZ</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/openvz.jpg" class="kg-image" alt="10 Best Virtualization Software for Linux" loading="lazy" width="996" height="276" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/openvz.jpg 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/openvz.jpg 996w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>Want to create isolated Linux containers on servers? <a href="https://openvz.org/?ref=itsfoss.com">OpenVZ</a> should help.</p><p>You can create containers that behave like a stand-alone server. The containers have all the essential functionalities to help you manage them efficiently.</p><p>The containers run on Linux only as OpenVZ is built and distributed as a Linux distribution.</p><p>OpenVZ is an excellent pick for new users learning to work with containers considering it is easy to configure and manage. Additionally, OpenVZ-powered VPS hosting is affordable compared to some others.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Efficient resource usage</li><li>Simple to use and manage</li></ul><h2 id="3-kvm">3. KVM</h2><p>Kernel-based Virtual Machine (<a href="https://www.linux-kvm.org/page/Main_Page?ref=itsfoss.com">KVM</a>) is built into Linux, which is its biggest advantage. You can run VMs out of the box on Linux with KVM. It is a <strong>type-1 hypervisor </strong>i.e. hardware-based.</p><p>KVM converts the Linux host to a hypervisor to run virtual machines with bear metal like performance.</p><p>Unlike OpenVZ, KVM is highly customizable and baked into the Linux system without needing to install separately. Considering KVM provides hardware-level virtualization with the help of a hypervisor, it needs more memory and other system resources comparatively.</p><p>You can create guest/virtual machines of different operating systems with KVM. To set it up, you can explore <a href="https://ubuntu.com/blog/kvm-hyphervisor?ref=itsfoss.com">Ubuntu&apos;s official blog post</a> on KVM installation.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Highly customizable and complex to setup</li><li>Baked in with Linux</li></ul><div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-green"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4A1;</div><div class="kg-callout-text">A <a href="https://linuxhandbook.com/what-is-hypervisor/?ref=itsfoss.com">Hypervisor</a> is software that creates and runs virtual machines (VMs)</div></div><h2 id="4-gnome-boxes">4. GNOME Boxes</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/boxes.png" class="kg-image" alt="10 Best Virtualization Software for Linux" loading="lazy" width="1504" height="846" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/boxes.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/boxes.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/boxes.png 1504w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Modern UX </li><li>Simple and easy to use</li></ul><p>GNOME Boxes is the simplest virtualization program for users looking to download test distros as quickly as possible.</p><p>Compared to some other solutions, GNOME Boxes may not feature all kinds of features but the essentials. The user experience is simple, and it is easy to use for newbies.</p><h2 id="5-vmware-workstation-not-foss">5. VMware Workstation (Not FOSS)</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/VMware-installer-finished.jpg" class="kg-image" alt="10 Best Virtualization Software for Linux" loading="lazy" width="1101" height="606" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/VMware-installer-finished.jpg 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/VMware-installer-finished.jpg 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/VMware-installer-finished.jpg 1101w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p><strong>Key Highlights</strong></p><ul><li>Personal and enterprise server offerings</li><li>Easy to use</li><li>Premium edition with more features</li></ul><p><a href="https://www.vmware.com/products/workstation-player.html?ref=itsfoss.com">VMware</a> is an incredibly popular virtual machine program for Linux, Windows, and macOS.</p><p>While it is a proprietary solution, it is one of the industry-leading options used by personal users and enterprises. There are several other offerings by VMware related to cloud computing. </p><p>So, if you want a desktop virtualization program, VMware Workstation Player can be a good pick for you. For others, there are plenty of other editions for server and cloud providers.</p><h2 id="6-xen">6. Xen</h2><p><a href="https://xenproject.org/?ref=itsfoss.com">Xen</a> is one of the oldest virtualization software used by Amazon And Red Hat. While most have switched to using KVM over Xen, it is still an option for cloud infrastructure.</p><p>Yes, Xen is tailored for more server usage than desktop virtualization. It supports Linux, Windows, and FreeBSD.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Tailored for server infrastructure</li><li>Supports para-virtualization (which most others don&apos;t)</li></ul><h2 id="7-ovirt">7. oVirt</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/ovirt.png" class="kg-image" alt="10 Best Virtualization Software for Linux" loading="lazy" width="708" height="398" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/ovirt.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/ovirt.png 708w"></figure><p><a href="https://www.ovirt.org/?ref=itsfoss.com">oVirt</a> is an excellent open-source solution for communities and enterprises looking for a tool to manage server architecture. It is a management tool that utilizes KVM.</p><p>You get a rich web-based user interface to manage everything in it, hosts, storage, and network configuration. It also supports live migration of virtual machines for convenience. </p><p>Considering it does not support the Windows platform, it is tailored to work with Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) and CentOS Linux.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Enterprise-focused</li><li>Uses KVM hypervisor</li><li>Distributed virtualization solution</li><li>Not suitable for beginners</li></ul><h2 id="8-proxmox">8. Proxmox</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/proxmox.png" class="kg-image" alt="10 Best Virtualization Software for Linux" loading="lazy" width="1920" height="1080" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/proxmox.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/proxmox.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/proxmox.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/proxmox.png 1920w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p><a href="proxmox.com/">Proxmox</a> is yet another open-source virtualization platform tailored for enterprises.</p><p>You need to get a subscription to receive software updates and technical help. As per your requirements, you can opt for one of them. Not just limited to virtual environment platforms, they also offer backup and email security solutions if you plan to explore for your enterprise infrastructure.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Easy to setup</li><li>Well documented</li></ul><h2 id="9-qemu">9. QEMU</h2><p></p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/qemu.png" class="kg-image" alt="10 Best Virtualization Software for Linux" loading="lazy" width="500" height="340"></figure><p><a href="https://www.qemu.org/?ref=itsfoss.com">QEMU</a> is a nice virtual machine program (and emulator) available across multiple platforms.</p><p>It supports a wide range of hardware architectures and guest operating systems. You can couple it with KVM to run VMs that perform well because KVM is a hardware-level virtualization tool, and QEMU is a software-level virtualization program.</p><p>Technically, QEMU is a <strong>type-2 hypervisor</strong>.</p><p>If you want a tool that utilizes QEMU at its core and makes it easy for beginners to create virtual machines, you can explore <a href="https://itsfoss.com/quickgui/">Quickgui</a>.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Wide range of operating system support</li><li>It provides flexibility without depending on your hardware</li></ul><h2 id="10-hyper-v">10. Hyper-V</h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/hyper-v-windows.jpg" class="kg-image" alt="10 Best Virtualization Software for Linux" loading="lazy" width="820" height="616" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/hyper-v-windows.jpg 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/hyper-v-windows.jpg 820w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p><a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/virtualization/hyper-v/hyper-v-technology-overview?ref=itsfoss.com">Hyper-V</a> is a hypervisor that comes baked in with the Microsoft Windows operating system. </p><p>While it is not for Linux, it supports running Linux as a guest operating system. You can run distros like Kali Linux and Ubuntu with Hyper-V on Windows.</p><p>There are some feature differences with Hyper-V on Windows desktop edition and server. So, you might want to review its <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/virtualization/hyper-v-on-windows/about/?ref=itsfoss.com">official documentation</a> per your use case.</p><p><strong>Key Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li>Available for Windows as a type 1 hypervisor</li><li>Fast performance</li><li>Supports Windows and Linux operating systems</li><li>Works for desktop and server users</li></ul><h2 id="virtualization-is-easy-because-of-these-tools">Virtualization is Easy Because of These Tools</h2><p>Virtualization was a concept starting to get ahead a decade back. Now almost everyone familiar with computing knows it.</p><p>The programs available to facilitate are easy to use and offer features that uncomplicate things for professionals and home users. For the most part, solutions like VirtualBox, GNOME Boxes, and VMware should be the pick for new users.</p><p>If you are an enterprise or a techie, you can look for other options per your requirements.</p><p><em>&#x1F4AC; What is your favorite virtualization software to run on Linux? Do you prefer using hypervisors instead of Linux or another host operating system? Share your thoughts in the comments below.</em></p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/newsletter/foss-weekly-23-23/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More
categories: Newsletter
description:
Get familiar with tail and cowsay commands. Learn new tips and tricks on GNOME desktop along with all the major Linux news this week.

content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/foss-weekly-23-23.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More"><p>The <a href="https://itsfoss.com/tag/terminal-basics/">Terminal Basics series</a> provided a good starting point for getting comfortable with the Linux command line.</p><p>A Linux command and its usage will be featured every Tuesday to take the learning further. For this week, you get the <a href="https://itsfoss.com/tail-command/">tail command</a>.</p><p>Apart from this, two new tutorial series are in the works; bash scripting and openSUSE.</p><p>The bash script series will start to mark the 11th birthday of It&apos;s FOSS on 14th June &#x1F382;</p><p>Yes! It&apos;s FOSS is helping and educating Linux users for more than a decade &#x1F4AA;</p><p>How long have you been reading and visiting It&apos;s FOSS?</p><p><strong>&#x1F4AC; Let&apos;s see what else you have in this edition of FOSS Weekly:</strong></p><ul><li>GNOME&apos;s upcoming UI updates are shaping up nicely.</li><li>Quick tip to prevent Ubuntu from sleeping.</li><li><a href="https://itsfoss.com/11th-anniversary-offer">11% celebratory discount on It&apos;s FOSS Pro subscription</a></li><li>And other Linux news, videos, puzzles and, of course, memes!</li></ul><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%93%B0-linux-news">&#x1F4F0; Linux news</h2><ul><li><a href="https://news.itsfoss.com/opensuse-15-5-leap/?ref=itsfoss.com">openSUSE Leap 15.5</a> is now available.</li><li>Kali Linux 2023.2 <a href="https://news.itsfoss.com/kali-linux-2023-2-release/?ref=itsfoss.com">was released</a> with a new Hyper-V image and PipeWire for XFCE.</li><li>GNOME 45 <a href="https://news.itsfoss.com/gnome-new-display-settings/?ref=itsfoss.com">to feature</a> redesigned display settings and it <a href="https://news.itsfoss.com/gnome-system-panel/?ref=itsfoss.com">will also have</a> a new &apos;System&apos; panel in the settings menu.</li><li>Secure email service <a href="https://news.itsfoss.com/tutanota-user-milestone-price-change/?ref=itsfoss.com">Tutanota has ten million users now</a> and offers discounts for Pro members.</li><li>Zulip 7.0 <a href="https://blog.zulip.com/2023/05/31/zulip-7-0-released/?ref=itsfoss.com">was released</a> with many new features and bug fixes.</li><li>NixOS 23.05 was introduced with a<a href="https://nixos.org/manual/nixos/unstable/release-notes.html?ref=itsfoss.com#sec-release-23.05"> number of updates</a> and additions.</li><li><a href="https://www.tuxedocomputers.com/en/TUXEDO-Gemini-15-Gen2?ref=itsfoss.com">TUXEDO</a> and <a href="https://junocomputers.com/us/product/gemini-15-v5/?mc_cid=1515470fe4&amp;mc_eid=7732ac763f&amp;ref=itsfoss.com">Juno</a> Computers refreshed their laptop lineup with new Intel 13th gen Raptor Lake processors and more goodies.</li></ul><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A7%A0-what-we%E2%80%99re-thinking-about">&#x1F9E0; What we&#x2019;re thinking about</h2><p>Red Hat decided to stop working on the RPM version of LibreOffice in favor of Flatpak. Here&apos;s an opinion that justifies this move.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://www.ypsidanger.com/the-distribution-model-is-changing/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">The distribution model is changing</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">One of the nice things about being on sabbatical is I get to say things like &#x201C;You should be happy that RHEL is dropping LibreOffice RPMs&#x201D; without the fear of being kicked out a room you didn&#x2019;t want to be in the first place. I have been talking for a</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://www.ypsidanger.com/favicon.ico" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">Jorge Castro</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Jorge Castro</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://www.ypsidanger.com/content/images/2021/03/1500x500.jpg" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A7%AE-tutorials">&#x1F9EE; Tutorials</h2><p>Improve your Linux command knowledge each week with a new command. This week, learn about the tail command.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/tail-command/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Using tail Command in Linux [5 Examples]</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">The tail command is one of the several ways to display file contents or part of it. You can also live monitor changes made to files with it. Here are some common examples.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Sagar Sharma</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/tail-command-in-linux.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More"></div></a></figure><p>Want to have some fun on the command line? Try this</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/cowsay/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">The cowsay is a fun little Linux command line utility that can be enjoyed in so many ways. Here are several examples.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Sreenath</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cowsay-linux-1.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More"></div></a></figure><p>Prevent Ubuntu (or should I say GNOME) from locking the screen or going into sleep mode after every few minutes of inactivity. </p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-prevent-sleep/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">How to Prevent Ubuntu from Going into Sleep Mode</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Leave the system for five minutes and it goes into sleep mode? Here&#x2019;s what you can do to get rid of this annoyance.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/prevent-ubuntu-from-sleep.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More"></div></a></figure><h2 id="%F0%9F%93%B9-what-we-are-watching">&#x1F4F9; What we are watching</h2><p>You read about <a href="https://itsfoss.com/using-neofetch/">Neofetch usage here</a> but now you also see it in action.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-embed-card"><iframe width="200" height="113" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Ecbn8DJICPA?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen title="10 Ways to Use the Neofetch Command in Linux"></iframe></figure><hr><h2 id="%E2%9C%A8-application-highlights">&#x2728; Application highlights</h2><p>Formerly known as PulseEffects,Easy Effects provides limiter, compressor, convolver, equalizer and auto volume and many other plugins for PipeWire applications</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://github.com/wwmm/easyeffects?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">GitHub - wwmm/easyeffects: Limiter, compressor, convolver, equalizer and auto volume and many other plugins for PipeWire applications</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Limiter, compressor, convolver, equalizer and auto volume and many other plugins for PipeWire applications - GitHub - wwmm/easyeffects: Limiter, compressor, convolver, equalizer and auto volume and&#x2026;</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://github.com/fluidicon.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">GitHub</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">wwmm</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://opengraph.githubassets.com/1680ec866b1c935fb5561daff84cda40f7d8527a65198843422bf32bdbe20910/wwmm/easyeffects" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%92%A1-quick-linux-tip">&#x1F4A1; Quick Linux tip</h2><p>Ubuntu and other Dash to Dock GNOME extension users can enable the &apos;<a href="https://itsfoss.com/click-to-minimize-ubuntu/">click to minimize</a>&apos; option using this command:</p><pre><code>gsettings set org.gnome.shell.extensions.dash-to-dock click-action &apos;minimize&apos;</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/click-to-minimise.webp" class="kg-image" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More" loading="lazy" width="1595" height="748" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/click-to-minimise.webp 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/click-to-minimise.webp 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/click-to-minimise.webp 1595w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A7%A9-puzzle-for-pro-members-only">&#x1F9E9; Puzzle (for Pro members only)</h2><p>Learn and play. Learn the Linux directory structures first and test your knowledge by playing the puzzle.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/puzzle/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Puzzle of The Week: Matching Pairs #1: Linux directory structure</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Exercise those &#x2018;little gray cells&#x2019; of yours and solve this puzzle.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/puzzle-of-the-week.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%9B%8D%EF%B8%8F-interesting-deals-for-you">&#x1F6CD;&#xFE0F; Interesting deals for you</h2><p>Learn an array of today&#x2019;s most popular coding languages with this bundle of DRM-free ebooks from O&#x2019;Reilly. <strong>Your purchase also supports Code for America.</strong></p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://www.humblebundle.com/books/popular-programming-languages-2023-oreilly-books?partner=itsfoss&amp;ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Humble Tech Book Bundle: Popular Programming Languages 2023 by O&#x2019;Reilly</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">We&#x2019;ve teamed up with O&#x2019;Reilly for our newest bundle. Get books on Rust, TypeScript, SQL, C, C#, C++, and more programming languages. Pay what you want &amp; support charity!</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://cdn.humblebundle.com/static/hashed/03df0490a53d595fd930f9fff52038366d60a05d.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">Humble Bundle</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://hb.imgix.net/aa920bf66450aaf7c970c1f26bcfb323a0f47a98.png?auto=compress,format&amp;h=630&amp;w=1200&amp;s=a1996968ee851fbd91b3cb0798b857d0" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More"></div></a></figure><p>Internxt is offering 2 TB cloud storage for a mere &#x20AC;10.79 a year as part of their summer sale.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://internxt.sjv.io/c/1995707/1296883/14378?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Internxt Pricing &#x2013; Get Up To 10GB Free!</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Sign up for an Internxt secure cloud storage subscription and get access to our monthly newsletter filled with the latest tech news and updates.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://internxt.sjv.io/favicon.ico" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More"></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://internxt.com/images/previewLink/PreviewGenericEN.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A4%A3-meme-of-the-week">&#x1F923; Meme of the week</h2><p>Oh, Windows, when will you stop?</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/memes4.png" class="kg-image" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More" loading="lazy" width="1080" height="1080" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/memes4.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/memes4.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/memes4.png 1080w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%97%93%EF%B8%8F-tech-trivia">&#x1F5D3;&#xFE0F; Tech Trivia</h2><p>Alexey Pajitnov first released the game Tetris in the USSR on June 6, 1984. Tetris is the most popular puzzle video game of all time.</p><p>There is a Tetris version available in the Linux terminal. It&apos;s called Bastet. You can install the <code>bastet</code> package and enjoy this legendary game:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/bastet-tetris-clone-ascii.jpg" class="kg-image" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More" loading="lazy" width="1042" height="606" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/bastet-tetris-clone-ascii.jpg 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/bastet-tetris-clone-ascii.jpg 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/bastet-tetris-clone-ascii.jpg 1042w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A7%91%E2%80%8D%F0%9F%A4%9D%E2%80%8D%F0%9F%A7%91-fossverse-corner">&#x1F9D1;&#x200D;&#x1F91D;&#x200D;&#x1F9D1; FOSSverse corner</h2><p>Community member Doron shared a quick troubleshooting tip for the pulseaudio issue he encountered in Arch Linux.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.community/t/arch-linux-pulseaudio-cutting-out-randomly-heres-what-you-do/10648?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Arch linux pulseaudio cutting out randomly? Here&#x2019;s what you do</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">So I just had an interesting issue where my audio would cut out randomly. No rhyme or reason to it, didn&#x2019;t matter what browser I was using. It would seem pulseaudio likes to idle on &#x2026;well &#x2026; idle, and suspend the audio sources. Here&#x2019;s what you can do about it : pactl list sinks there will be a who&#x2026;</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.community/uploads/default/optimized/1X/f274f9749e3fd8b4d6fbae1cf90c5c186d2f699c_2_180x180.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS Community</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Doron_Beit-Halahmi</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.community/uploads/default/original/1X/f274f9749e3fd8b4d6fbae1cf90c5c186d2f699c.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.23: openSUSE 15.5, GNOME 45 New Features, Tail Command and More"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%E2%9D%A4%EF%B8%8F-enjoying-foss-weekly">&#x2764;&#xFE0F; Enjoying FOSS Weekly?</h2><p><strong>Forward it to Linux-using friends</strong> and encourage them to subscribe (hint: <a href="https://itsfoss.com/signup/">it&apos;s here</a>).</p><p><a href="https://itsfoss.com/11th-anniversary-offer">Become a Pro member</a> and show your support &#x1F64F;</p><p><strong>Something else?</strong> Share it with me by pressing the reply button.</p><p>Don&apos;t stop loving It&apos;s FOSS :)</p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/tail-command/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: Using tail Command in Linux
categories: Linux Commands
description:
The tail command is one of the several ways to display file contents or part of it. You can also live monitor changes made to files with it. Here are some common examples.

content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/tail-command-in-linux.png" alt="Using tail Command in Linux"><p>There are several commands to <a href="https://itsfoss.com/view-file-contents/">view the contents of a file in Linux</a>. Tail command is one of them.</p><p>And as the name suggests, the tail command is used to print the end part of a file. This can be useful when dealing with config files where the new changes are made to the end of the file.</p><p>The tail command also allows you to view the changes made to a file live. This is extensively used for monitoring log files in real-time while troubleshooting issues.</p><p>In this tutorial, I will show how you can use the tail command by sharing some practical examples of it.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card kg-card-hascaption"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/basic-terminal-tips-ubuntu/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">19 Basic But Essential Linux Terminal Tips You Must Know</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Learn some small, basic but often ignored things about the terminal. With the small tips, you should be able to use the terminal with slightly more efficiency.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="Using tail Command in Linux"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2021/12/ubuntu-terminal-basic-tips.png" alt="Using tail Command in Linux"></div></a><figcaption>New to the terminal? Learn the terminology</figcaption></figure><h2 id="how-to-use-the-tail-command-in-linux">How to use the tail command in Linux</h2><p>To use any command in the terminal, execution of the command in the right syntax is compulsory, so let&apos;s start with its syntax first.</p><pre><code>tail [option] [file]</code></pre><p>Here,</p><ul><li><code>[option]</code> allows you to tweak the default behavior of the command.</li><li><code>[file]</code> is where you&apos;d enter the file name that you want to pair with the tail command.</li></ul><p>To make things easy to understand, I will be using the <code>Haruki.txt</code> text file containing the following line:</p><pre><code>Hear the Wind Sing (1979)
Pinball, 1973 (1980)
A Wild Sheep Chase (1982)
Hard-Boiled Wonderland and the End of the World (1985)
Norwegian Wood (1987)
Dance Dance Dance (1990)
South of the Border, West of the Sun (1992)
The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle (1994)
Sputnik Sweetheart (1999)
Kafka on the Shore (2002)
After Dark (2004)
1Q84 (2009-2010)
Colorless Tsukuru Tazaki and His Years of Pilgrimage (2013)
Men Without Women (2014)
Killing Commendatore (2017)</code></pre><p>And <strong>when the tail command is executed without any options, it prints the last 10 lines of the file:</strong></p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/The-default-behavior-of-the-tail-command.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using tail Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="837" height="342" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/04/The-default-behavior-of-the-tail-command.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/The-default-behavior-of-the-tail-command.png 837w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-green"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4A1;</div><div class="kg-callout-text">Quite obviously, if there are less than 10 lines, tail command will display all the lines by default.</div></div><p>But you can do more than just this! Let me tell you how.</p><h2 id="tail-command-examples">Tail command examples</h2><p>In this section, I will share different examples of the tail command, using its different options. </p><div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-red"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F6A7;</div><div class="kg-callout-text">You&#x2019;ll see some command examples with text inside &lt;&gt;. This indicates that you need to replace the content along with &lt; and &gt; with a suitable value.</div></div><h3 id="1-print-the-last-n-lines">1. Print the last N lines</h3><p>As I mentioned earlier, the tail command prints the last ten lines by default but you may not always want the same behavior.</p><p>To print the desired number of last N lines, all you have to do is use the <code>-n</code> flag and append the number of the last N lines you want to be printed:</p><pre><code>tail -n &lt;Number-of-last-N-Lines&gt; &lt;File&gt;</code></pre><p>For example, here, I printed the last three lines of my text file named <code>Haruki.txt</code>:</p><pre><code>tail -n 3 Haruki.txt</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/print-the-last-N-lines-using-the-tail-command.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using tail Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="837" height="192" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/04/print-the-last-N-lines-using-the-tail-command.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/print-the-last-N-lines-using-the-tail-command.png 837w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>You can also use a number higher than 10 here.</p><h3 id="2-print-everything-from-the-n-line">2. Print everything from the N line</h3><p>So if you want the output from a specific point, this can be very handy.</p><p>To do so, you&apos;d have to use the <code>-n</code> flag and append the line number from where you want to print the file with the <code>+</code> sign:</p><pre><code>tail -n +&lt;Line-number&gt; &lt;File&gt;</code></pre><p>So let&apos;s say I want to print everything from the 5th line in the text file <code>Haruki.txt</code> then, I will use the following command:</p><pre><code>tail -n +5 Haruki.txt</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/Print-everything-from-the-N-line-using-the-tail-command.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using tail Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="837" height="368" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/04/Print-everything-from-the-N-line-using-the-tail-command.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/Print-everything-from-the-N-line-using-the-tail-command.png 837w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h3 id="3-print-the-filename-with-the-output">3. Print the filename with the output</h3><p>You may find yourself in a situation where you want to print the filename with the output given by the tail command. </p><p>A good example will be while <a href="https://linuxhandbook.com/redirect-dev-null/?ref=itsfoss.com">redirecting the output of multiple files</a> with tail commands to a single file and you want to separate the output.</p><p>To do so, you&apos;d have to use the <code>-v</code> flag, which will get you a verbose output:</p><pre><code>tail -v [File]</code></pre><p>Here, I used the previous example, but this time, I added the option for the verbose output:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/use-the-verbose-output-with-the-tail-command.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using tail Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="837" height="397" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/04/use-the-verbose-output-with-the-tail-command.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/use-the-verbose-output-with-the-tail-command.png 837w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h3 id="4-use-multiple-files-with-the-tail-command">4. Use multiple files with the tail command</h3><p>Sometimes, you may want to use multiple files with the tail command, and it&apos;s pretty simple! All you have to do is use the multiple filenames and the tail command will take care of the rest:</p><pre><code>tail &lt;options&gt; &lt;File-1&gt; &lt;File-2&gt; &lt;File-n&gt; </code></pre><p>For example, here, printed the last three lines of the two different text files: <code>Haruki.txt</code> and <code>Premchand.txt</code>:</p><pre><code>tail -n 3 Haruki.txt Premchand.txt</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/use-multiple-files-with-the-tail-command.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using tail Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="837" height="325" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/04/use-multiple-files-with-the-tail-command.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/use-multiple-files-with-the-tail-command.png 837w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>And if you notice carefully, it prints the filename by default, which is nice. </p><p><strong>If you want to skip the filename from the output</strong>, use the <code>-q</code> flag (quiet mode):</p><pre><code>tail -q &lt;File-1&gt; &lt;File-2&gt; &lt;File-n&gt; </code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/use-quite-mode-in-the-tail-command-.png" class="kg-image" alt="Using tail Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="837" height="253" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/04/use-quite-mode-in-the-tail-command-.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/use-quite-mode-in-the-tail-command-.png 837w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h3 id="5-monitor-changes-made-to-file-live">5. Monitor changes made to file live</h3><p>This is an excellent feature of the tail command. Not only you can see the last few lines, but it can also display any new lines added to it. How cool is that!</p><p>To do so, use the <code>-f</code> (follow) flag with the tail command:</p><pre><code>tail -f &lt;File&gt;</code></pre><p>Here&apos;s an example where <a href="https://linuxhandbook.com/screen-command/?ref=itsfoss.com">I used multiple windows in a single terminal</a>. I executed the tail command in one and in the other one, I used the echo command to append the text in the file:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/Use-live-monitoring-of-file-in-linux-using-the-tail-command.gif" class="kg-image" alt="Using tail Command in Linux" loading="lazy" width="984" height="332" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/04/Use-live-monitoring-of-file-in-linux-using-the-tail-command.gif 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/Use-live-monitoring-of-file-in-linux-using-the-tail-command.gif 984w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>Sysadmins and developers <a href="https://linuxhandbook.com/watch-logs-real-time/?ref=itsfoss.com">use it to watch log files in real-time</a>. It helps in troubleshooting. </p><div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-green"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F3CB;&#xFE0F;</div><div class="kg-callout-text">The <code>tail -F</code> is lesser known but slightly better option. In some server configurations, the log files are rotated and created (with the same name again). The <code>tail -f</code> command will not track changes if the file was recreated. However, <code>tail -F</code> will wait for the file to be created and continue monitoring it.&#xA0;</div></div><p>Pretty cool! Isn&apos;t it?</p><h2 id="quick-summary-of-tail-command-options">Quick summary of tail command options</h2><p>Here&apos;s a brief summary covering everything I&apos;ve mentioned so far in this tutorial:</p><!--kg-card-begin: html--><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Option</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>-n &lt;number&gt;</code></td>
<td>Display N lines from the end of the file</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>-n +&lt;number&gt;</code></td>
<td>Print everything from the Nth line</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>-v</code></td>
<td>Include filename in the output header</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>-q</code></td>
<td>Removes the filenames from the output</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>-f</code></td>
<td>Monitor the changes made to the file in real-time</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>-F</code></td>
<td>Monitor changes in real-time, wait for file to be (re)created</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table><!--kg-card-end: html--><h2 id="%F0%9F%96%A5%EF%B8%8F-practice-what-you-learn">&#x1F5A5;&#xFE0F; Practice what you learn</h2><p>If you want to test your recently learned knowledge of the tail command, here&apos;s some exercise for you.</p><p><a href="https://github.com/itsfoss/text-files/blob/master/agatha.txt?ref=itsfoss.com">Download the agatha.txt file</a> from our GitHub repository.</p><p>Now do the following.</p><ol><li>Print the last 12 lines of the file</li><li>Print only the last line of the file</li><li>Add the filename to output while displaying the lines starting from line 15</li><li>Print only the 11th line (combine it with the head command)</li></ol><p>You can discuss the practice questions in the community:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.community/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">It&#x2019;s FOSS Community</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">A place for desktop Linux users and It&#x2019;s FOSS readers</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.community/uploads/default/optimized/1X/f274f9749e3fd8b4d6fbae1cf90c5c186d2f699c_2_180x180.png" alt="Using tail Command in Linux"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS Community</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.community/uploads/default/original/1X/f274f9749e3fd8b4d6fbae1cf90c5c186d2f699c.png" alt="Using tail Command in Linux"></div></a></figure><p>If you are absolutely new to the command line, we have a good starting point for you.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/tag/terminal-basics/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Linux Command Tutorials for Absolute Beginners</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Never used Linux commands before? No worries. This tutorial series is for absolute beginners to the Linux terminal.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="Using tail Command in Linux"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/03/terminal-basics-series-tag.png" alt="Using tail Command in Linux"></div></a></figure><p>&#x1F5E8; We&apos;ll be sharing more Linux command examples every week. Stay tuned for more. And if you have questions or suggestions, the comment section is all yours. </p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-prevent-sleep/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: How to Prevent Ubuntu from Going into Sleep Mode
categories: Ubuntu
description:
Leave the system for five minutes and it goes into sleep mode? Here's what you can do to get rid of this annoyance.

content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/prevent-ubuntu-from-sleep.png" alt="How to Prevent Ubuntu from Going into Sleep Mode"><p>You must have noticed it. You have installed Ubuntu and it seems all good. You leave the system inactive for five minutes or so and it is locked!</p><p>You enter your account password and log back in. So far, so good. But you leave it for a few minutes again and it gets locked again. </p><p>You have to enter your password again. And it goes on.</p><p>For laptops, it is even worse. The laptop goes into sleep mode, forcing you to use the power button to wake it from sleep.</p><p>This is annoying. It&apos;s frustrating to enter the password again and again because you left the system unattended. The good thing is that you don&apos;t have to live like this forever.</p><p>It is due to the default power-saving settings in Ubuntu and you can easily change it.</p><div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-blue"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4CB;</div><div class="kg-callout-text">I have noticed the same behavior in Fedora so it&apos;s not exclusive to Ubuntu. It is GNOME desktop&apos;s settings. And the steps mentioned here should be applicable to other distributions using the GNOME desktop environment.</div></div><p>Press the Super key (Windows key) and search for settings.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/gnome-system-settings.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Prevent Ubuntu from Going into Sleep Mode" loading="lazy" width="2000" height="545" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/gnome-system-settings.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/gnome-system-settings.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/gnome-system-settings.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w2400/2023/06/gnome-system-settings.png 2400w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h2 id="prevent-screen-locking">Prevent screen locking</h2><p>In the Settings application, go to Power settings. Under the Power Saving Options, you should see a few options of interest.</p><p>For example, you can change the screen blank settings from the default 5 minutes to up to 15 minutes. </p><p>You can also disable the screen dimming entirely by choosing Never. This way, the screen never dims and never locks.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/disable-auto-dim-screen-ubuntu.webp" class="kg-image" alt="How to Prevent Ubuntu from Going into Sleep Mode" loading="lazy" width="1920" height="1503" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/disable-auto-dim-screen-ubuntu.webp 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/disable-auto-dim-screen-ubuntu.webp 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/disable-auto-dim-screen-ubuntu.webp 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/disable-auto-dim-screen-ubuntu.webp 1920w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption>Click to enlarge</figcaption></figure><p>That takes care of screen dimming and locking. Let&apos;s handle the automatic suspend issue.</p><h2 id="prevent-automatic-sleep">Prevent automatic sleep </h2><div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-blue"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4CB;</div><div class="kg-callout-text">Suspend and sleep means the same in Ubuntu&apos;s context. More <a href="https://wiki.ubuntu.com/UnderstandingSuspend?ref=itsfoss.com">info here</a>.</div></div><p>Another setting you should change here is the Automatic Susepend. You can turn it off completely or change its time interval.</p><p>This way, Ubuntu will not go in sleep mode and you don&apos;t have to push the power button and then enter your password again to access the system.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/disable-automatic-suspend-ubuntu.webp" class="kg-image" alt="How to Prevent Ubuntu from Going into Sleep Mode" loading="lazy" width="1920" height="1381" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/disable-automatic-suspend-ubuntu.webp 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/disable-automatic-suspend-ubuntu.webp 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/disable-automatic-suspend-ubuntu.webp 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/disable-automatic-suspend-ubuntu.webp 1920w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption>Click to enlarge</figcaption></figure><p>If you don&apos;t want to change the power settings but also like the option to disable screen locking, there is a handy tool you could use.</p><h2 id="alternatively-use-the-caffeine-app">Alternatively, use the Caffeine app</h2><p>The idea is to give some caffeine (coffee) to your Linux system so that it does not sleep.</p><p>Let&apos;s see how to brew it. I mean how to use it.</p><p>First, install Caffeine on your Ubuntu system. You can look for it in the software center and install it from there.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/install-caffeine-ubuntu.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Prevent Ubuntu from Going into Sleep Mode" loading="lazy" width="1908" height="786" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/install-caffeine-ubuntu.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/install-caffeine-ubuntu.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/install-caffeine-ubuntu.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/install-caffeine-ubuntu.png 1908w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>Alternatively, you can use the following command in the terminal:</p><pre><code>sudo apt install caffeine</code></pre><p>Once installed, search for it in the activity area (press the Windows key and type caffeine).</p><p>Start the Caffeine Indicator as it comes with an applet indicator that sits on the top panel.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/start-caffeine-app.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Prevent Ubuntu from Going into Sleep Mode" loading="lazy" width="2000" height="710" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/start-caffeine-app.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/start-caffeine-app.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/start-caffeine-app.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w2400/2023/06/start-caffeine-app.png 2400w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>You&apos;ll now notice a coffee icon in the top panel. Click on it and click enable to activate the app.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/enable-caffeine-app-ubuntu.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Prevent Ubuntu from Going into Sleep Mode" loading="lazy" width="2000" height="710" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/enable-caffeine-app-ubuntu.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/enable-caffeine-app-ubuntu.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/06/enable-caffeine-app-ubuntu.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w2400/2023/06/enable-caffeine-app-ubuntu.png 2400w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>That&apos;s it. As long as your system is on caffeine, it won&apos;t sleep &#x1F609;</p><p>Once you want to go back to normal behavior, deactivate the Caffeine app the same way you activated it.</p><h2 id="more-power-settings-tweaks">More power settings tweaks</h2><p>If you want to keep the laptop lid closed while it is connected to external monitors, here&apos;s what you can do.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/laptop-lid-suspend-ubuntu/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Make Ubuntu Not Go in Suspend When Laptop Lid is Closed</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">If you use Ubuntu on a laptop, you might have noticed that the system is suspended when you close the lid. That&#x2019;s the expected behavior. It saves the battery as well as your work. You lift the lid, the system wakes up, and you can log in and continue</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="How to Prevent Ubuntu from Going into Sleep Mode"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2022/08/ubuntu-laptop-lid-closing-behavior.png" alt="How to Prevent Ubuntu from Going into Sleep Mode"></div></a></figure><p>I hope this quick little tutorial helped you prevent Ubuntu from going into sleep mode.</p><p>Let me know if you have questions or suggestions.</p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/cowsay/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal
categories: Terminal Fun
description:
The cowsay is a fun little Linux command line utility that can be enjoyed in so many ways. Here are several examples.

content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cowsay-linux-1.png" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal"><p>The Linux terminal can be a fun place if you want it to be.</p><p>Of course, it is used for serious work but you have <a href="https://itsfoss.com/funny-linux-commands/">funny Linux commands</a> to amuse yourself.</p><p>The cowsay is one such tool. It gives you a cow in the terminal.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cowsay-linux.png" class="kg-image" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal" loading="lazy" width="766" height="263" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/cowsay-linux.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cowsay-linux.png 766w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption>Yes, that&apos;s a cow in case you have difficulty recognizing it ;)</figcaption></figure><p>The thing about cowsay is that it could be used for &apos;serious work&apos; if combined with other commands. One such example is using it to display the &apos;message of the day&apos; on a shared Linux server with multiple users.</p><p>Sounds interesting? Time to &#x336;m&#x336;i&#x336;l&#x336;k&#x336; install it.</p><h2 id="install-cowsay">Install Cowsay</h2><p>Cowsay is a popular tool and it is available in the repositories of most Linux distributions.</p><p>To install cowsay in Debian and Ubuntu system, open a terminal and run:</p><pre><code>sudo apt install cowsay</code></pre><p>For Fedora, use:</p><pre><code>sudo dnf install cowsay</code></pre><p>And in Arch Linux based distros, use:</p><pre><code>sudo pacman -S cowsay</code></pre><h2 id="using-cowsay">Using Cowsay</h2><p>As the name suggests, this is an ASCII talking cow, that outputs text provided as its input. By default, cowsay provides several options to tweak the look and appearance of the ASCII cow.</p><h3 id="normal-cowsay">Normal Cowsay</h3><pre><code>cowsay &lt;Text&gt;</code></pre><p>This will print whatever text you provided in a speechbubble with the cow .</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/normal-cowsay.svg" class="kg-image" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="386"><figcaption>Cowsay</figcaption></figure><p>Or you can provide output of another command, say <code>echo</code> as input to cowsay using pipes redirection.</p><pre><code>echo &quot;Hello&quot; | cowsay</code></pre><h3 id="greedy-cow">Greedy Cow</h3><p>Here, cow appears to be greedy, with Dollar eyes.</p><pre><code>cowsay -g &lt;message&gt;</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/greedy-cowsay.svg" class="kg-image" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="386"><figcaption>Greedy Cowsay</figcaption></figure><h3 id="use-special-characters-as-eyes">Use Special Characters as eyes</h3><p>You can use the <code>-e</code> option, and then provide two characters that you want to appear as eyes. The default is &#x201C;OO&#x201D;.</p><pre><code>cowsay -e hh &lt;hello&gt;</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cowsay-special-eyes.svg" class="kg-image" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="386"><figcaption>Special Eyes</figcaption></figure><p>Here, in the above screenshots, two &#x201C;h&#x201D; will appear in place of eyes.</p><div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-red"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F6A7;</div><div class="kg-callout-text">If the characters entered by you has already been used by any of the default option, say $$, then it is lost.</div></div><h3 id="use-another-character-instead-of-the-cow">Use another character instead of the cow</h3><p>Cowsay provides many other ASCII images also, which you can use through the option <code>-f</code>. </p><p>List them with option <code>-l</code>:</p><pre><code>cowsay -l</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cowsay-files.png" class="kg-image" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal" loading="lazy" width="1351" height="529" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/cowsay-files.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/cowsay-files.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cowsay-files.png 1351w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption>Various default cowsay cow files</figcaption></figure><p>Now, to print one of the above images, use:</p><pre><code>cowsay -f &lt;cowfile name&gt; &lt;message&gt;</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cowsay-different-inbuilt-files.svg" class="kg-image" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="603"><figcaption>Different Images</figcaption></figure><p>Similarly, in newer versions, you can use <code>-r</code> option to randomly print one of the above images.</p><pre><code>cowsay -r Hello</code></pre><h3 id="other-options">Other options</h3><!--kg-card-begin: markdown--><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Option</th>
<th>Use</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>-b</td>
<td>Invokes Borg mode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>-d</td>
<td>Causes the cow to appear dead</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>-p</td>
<td>Causes a state of paranoia to come over the cow</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>-s</td>
<td>Makes the cow appear thoroughly stoned</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>-t</td>
<td>A tired cow</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>-y</td>
<td>Brings on the cow&#x2019;s youthful appearance</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<!--kg-card-end: markdown--><h2 id="using-cowthink">Using Cowthink</h2><p>Cowthink is an adjoint program that come with cowsay. Instead of the speach bubble, it displays the thought bubble. It will make more sense to you if you are familiar with comic book notations.</p><pre><code>cowthink Hello</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cowthink-normal.svg" class="kg-image" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="386"><figcaption>Cowthink</figcaption></figure><p>All the options that were mentioned with cowsay will work here as well.</p><h2 id="using-cowsay-with-fortune">Using Cowsay with Fortune</h2><p>With the help of pipe redirection, you can use cowsay along with another popular fun Linux command, the <code>fortune</code> command.</p><div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-green"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4A1;</div><div class="kg-callout-text">Install fortune and lolcat in Ubuntu using <code>sudo apt install fortune lolcat</code></div></div><p>For those of you, who don&#x2019;t know what <code>fortune</code>, it is a small program, that prints quotes from famous persons on a terminal. You can run it as a standalone command like:</p><pre><code>fortune</code></pre><p>To simply print what fortune says using cowsay, run:</p><pre><code>fortune | cowsay</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/fortune-cowsay.svg" class="kg-image" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="386"></figure><p>You can also add the cowsay options to make it better:</p><pre><code>fortune | cowsay -f dragon </code></pre><h2 id="using-a-colorful-cow-with-lolcat">Using a colorful cow with lolcat</h2><p>Many of you know lolcat and its rainbow effects on texts. So why not use it along with the above programs? All you have to do is to pipe the cowsay command to lolcat. </p><pre><code>cowsay Hello | lolcat</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cowsay-lolcat.svg" class="kg-image" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="386"><figcaption>Cowsay Lolcat</figcaption></figure><p>Now, if you want to add <code>fortune</code> and various <code>cowsay</code> options along with this, use all such options and pipe the entire thing to lolcat, like this:</p><pre><code>fortune | cowsay -f tux | lolcat
fortune | cowthink -f tux | lolcat</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/-cowsay-fortune-lolcat-tux.svg" class="kg-image" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="603"><figcaption>Cowsay, Tux, Fortune and Lolcat</figcaption></figure><h2 id="third-party-cow-files-for-advanced-users">Third-party cow files (for advanced users)</h2><p>Not interested in the default cowsay cow files? Do not worry, there are a huge number of different cowfiles out there, created by enthusiast developers. Two of them, I will mention here. <a href="https://github.com/bkendzior/cowfiles?ref=itsfoss.com">https://github.com/bkendzior/cowfiles</a> and <a href="https://github.com/paulkaefer/cowsay-files?ref=itsfoss.com">https://github.com/paulkaefer/cowsay-files</a></p><p>You can either install the cowfiles from these repositories as mentioned on their README, or just download the required cowfile (.cow) from the repository and paste them on <code>/usr/share/cowsay/site-cows/</code>. Now, you can access that cowfile using its name:</p><pre><code>cowsay -f &lt;new file name&gt; Hello</code></pre><p>You can see in the screenshot I have used a downloaded cow file, called C3PO.cow.</p><p>For those of you, who want to create your own images, you can visit <a href="https://charc0al.github.io/cowsay-files/converter/?ref=itsfoss.com">Charc0al&#x2019;s cowsay file</a>.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/charcoal-cowfiles.png" class="kg-image" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal" loading="lazy" width="1583" height="950" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/charcoal-cowfiles.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/charcoal-cowfiles.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/charcoal-cowfiles.png 1583w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption>Third Party Cowfiles</figcaption></figure><p>Here, you can either download the existing files, or convert some of your images (recommend no larger than 50 &#xD7; 50) for the purpose.</p><h2 id="other-funny-uses">Other funny uses</h2><p><strong>Use cowsay prompt to enter password in sudo commands:</strong></p><pre><code>sudo -p &quot;$(cowsay &apos;If you know the password, enter it here. Or just go away:&apos;)&quot; &lt;command&gt;</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cowsay-sudo-prompt.svg" class="kg-image" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal" loading="lazy" width="1240" height="603"><figcaption>Cowsay Sudo prompt</figcaption></figure><p><strong>Make cowsay as an entry to your bash config, so you are greeted every time you open the terminal.</strong></p><ul><li>For newer cowsay versions, like those in Fedora, add <code>fortune | cowsay -r | lolcat</code> to your <code>~/.bashrc</code>. Now, each time, you open the terminal, a new cowfile with a different quote will be printed.</li><li>For older versions of cowsay, where you cannot get the random (-r) option, you can get different files manually, and use <code>fortune | cowsay -f &lt;name of particular cowfile to use&gt; | lolcat</code>.</li></ul><p><strong>Make other commands show output using cowsay</strong></p><p>You can make commands like <code>lsblk</code> to print the output using cowsay. Just pipe those commands.</p><pre><code>lsblk | cowsay</code></pre><p><strong>Use cowsay-beefymiracle in Fedora</strong></p><p><code>beefymiracle</code> is a cowsay package available in Fedora. The cow is turned into beef here (my vegetarian heart cries &#x1F622;).</p><p>Use the below command to install it:</p><pre><code>sudo dnf install cowsay-beefymiracle</code></pre><p>Now, run:</p><pre><code>cowsay -f beefymiracle &lt;message&gt;</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cowsay-beefymiracle-fedora.png" class="kg-image" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal" loading="lazy" width="1428" height="655" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/cowsay-beefymiracle-fedora.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/cowsay-beefymiracle-fedora.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/cowsay-beefymiracle-fedora.png 1428w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption>Beef instead of cow but who killed the cow?</figcaption></figure><h2 id="bonus-xcowsay">Bonus: XCowsay</h2><p><code>xcowsay</code> is a graphical alternative to the normal cowsay. Here, the cow is no more ASCII, but a proper image. You can install it by:</p><pre><code>sudo apt install xcowsay</code></pre><p>Now run:</p><pre><code>xcowsay &lt;message&gt;</code></pre><p>This will display the graphical cow for a specific amount of time according to the length of the text, and then disappears. <strong>You can click on it to hide it immediately, though.</strong></p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/xcowsay-normal.png" class="kg-image" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal" loading="lazy" width="1144" height="422" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/xcowsay-normal.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/xcowsay-normal.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/xcowsay-normal.png 1144w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption><code>xcowsay</code> command</figcaption></figure><p>What is more interesting is the cow can &apos;dream&apos; images instead of texts. Or even the cow image can be changed to random images. </p><p>Use either:</p><pre><code>xcowsay --dream=file

OR

xcowsay --image=file --dream=file</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-gallery-card kg-width-wide kg-card-hascaption"><div class="kg-gallery-container"><div class="kg-gallery-row"><div class="kg-gallery-image"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/custom-image-in-xcowsay.png" width="1215" height="725" loading="lazy" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/custom-image-in-xcowsay.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/custom-image-in-xcowsay.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/custom-image-in-xcowsay.png 1215w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></div><div class="kg-gallery-image"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/xcowsay-random-image-both.png" width="1394" height="721" loading="lazy" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/xcowsay-random-image-both.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/06/xcowsay-random-image-both.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/xcowsay-random-image-both.png 1394w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></div></div></div><figcaption>Random Images in XCowsay</figcaption></figure><p>You can explore the man page of <code>xcowsay</code> for more options.</p><h2 id="more-ascii-fun-in-the-terminal">More ASCII fun in the terminal</h2><p>Love ASCII? How about displaying your distribution&apos;s logo in ASCII format with <a href="https://itsfoss.com/using-neofetch/">Neoftech</a>?</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/display-linux-logo-in-ascii/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Display Linux Distribution Logo in ASCII Art in Terminal</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Wondering how they display Linux logo in terminal? With these tools, you can display logo of your Linux distribution in ASCII art in the Linux terminal.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2015/10/display-linux-logo-ascii-terminal.jpeg" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal"></div></a></figure><p>Why restrict with logo? Here are more ASCII tools for Linux terminal.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/ascii-art-linux-terminal/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">10 Tools to Generate and Have Fun With ASCII Art in Linux Terminal</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Linux terminal is not as scary as you think. Of course, it could be intimidating in the beginning but once you know the terminal better, you start loving it. You are likely to use the terminal for serious work. But there are many fun stuff you can do in the</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2022/07/ascii-art-tools-linux.png" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal"></div></a></figure><p>Don&apos;t stop the fun in the terminal.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/funny-linux-commands/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">12 Linux Commands to Have Some Fun in the Terminal</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">So, you think Linux terminal is all work and no fun? These funny Linux commands will prove you wrong. The Linux terminal is the place to get serious work done. We have plenty of useful linux command tips and tricks to help you with that. But, did you know that</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Community</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2020/04/fun-linux-commands.png" alt="Moo! There is a Cow in My Linux Terminal"></div></a></figure><p>I hope you liked this tutorial on using cowsay in various formats. It&apos;s amazing that this little tool comes with so many options and there are so many ways to use it.</p><p>Which cowsay example did you like the most here? Don&apos;t say beef one &#x1F494;</p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/newsletter/foss-weekly-23-22/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: FOSS Weekly #23.22: Immutable Ubuntu Edition, Face Unlock and More Linux Stuff
categories: Newsletter
description:
Seems like Ubuntu is gearing up for an immutable desktop variant in 2024. Other than that, stream full HD with Netflix on Linux.

content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/foss-weekly-23-22.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.22: Immutable Ubuntu Edition, Face Unlock and More Linux Stuff"><p>Immutable is the new buzzword in the Linux world. Started with container-focused working environments, and it is also coming to desktop variants. </p><p>With Fedora already there, Ubuntu is also planning for a Snap-based immutable desktop edition in 2024.</p><p>Seems like <a href="https://itsfoss.com/immutable-linux-distros/#what-is-an-immutable-linux-distro">immutability</a> is the future of Linux. </p><p><strong>&#x1F4AC; Let&apos;s see what else you have in this edition of FOSS Weekly:</strong></p><ul><li>First look at Sniffnet, a Rust-based network monitoring tool</li><li>Using face unlocking in Linux</li><li>And other Linux news, videos, puzzles and, of course, memes!</li></ul><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%93%B0-linux-news">&#x1F4F0; Linux news</h2><ul><li>The Budgie-flavored Fedora Onyx is <a href="https://news.itsfoss.com/fedora-onyx-official/?ref=itsfoss.com">all set</a> to be a new immutable Fedora Variant.</li><li>PyPI recently had to <a href="https://news.itsfoss.com/pypi-subpoenaed/?ref=itsfoss.com">share user data</a> with the US Department of Justice.</li><li>Microsoft has made Azure Linux<a href="https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/azure-infrastructure-blog/introducing-the-azure-linux-container-host-for-aks/ba-p/3824101?ref=itsfoss.com"> generally available</a> as a container host for Azure Kubernetes.</li><li>Mozilla introduced a <a href="https://blog.thunderbird.net/2023/05/introducing-the-brand-new-thunderbird-logo/?ref=itsfoss.com">brand-new logo</a> for the Thunderbird email client.</li><li>MX Linux 23 Beta is <a href="https://mxlinux.org/blog/mx-23-libretto-beta-1-now-available-for-testing-purposes/?ref=itsfoss.com">now available</a> for testing.</li></ul><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://news.itsfoss.com/ubuntu-all-snap-desktop/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Snap-based Immutable Ubuntu Desktop to Come With 24.04 LTS!</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Ubuntu is likely to offer an immutable desktop option based on Snap with the release of Ubuntu 24.04 LTS.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/08/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.22: Immutable Ubuntu Edition, Face Unlock and More Linux Stuff"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS News</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Sourav Rudra</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/ubuntu-all-snap-desktop.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.22: Immutable Ubuntu Edition, Face Unlock and More Linux Stuff"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A7%A0-what-we%E2%80%99re-thinking-about">&#x1F9E0; What we&#x2019;re thinking about</h2><p>There is no cloud. It&apos;s just someone else&apos;s computer. Own your computer. Or should I say, own your servers?</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://puri.sm/posts/introducing-the-librem-server-v2/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Introducing the Librem Server v2 &#x2013; Purism</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Purism makes premium phones, laptops, mini PCs and servers running free software on PureOS. Purism products respect people&#x2019;s privacy and freedom while protecting their security.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://puri.sm/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/cropped-purism-logo-rectangle-1-270x270.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.22: Immutable Ubuntu Edition, Face Unlock and More Linux Stuff"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">Purism</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">see all</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://puri.sm/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/server-persp-800.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.22: Immutable Ubuntu Edition, Face Unlock and More Linux Stuff"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%9B%8D%EF%B8%8F-interesting-offers-for-linux-users">&#x1F6CD;&#xFE0F; Interesting offers for Linux users</h2><p>Unleash the creative power of Blender, the free and open-source software tool for 3D artists, with this bundle of books from Packt.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://www.humblebundle.com/books/blender-animation-and-games-packt-books?partner=itsfoss&amp;ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Humble Tech Book Bundle: Blender Animation and Games by Packt</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">We&#x2019;ve teamed up with Packt for our newest bundle. Get books like Game Development with Blender and Godot. Plus, pay what you want &amp; support charity!</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://cdn.humblebundle.com/static/hashed/03df0490a53d595fd930f9fff52038366d60a05d.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.22: Immutable Ubuntu Edition, Face Unlock and More Linux Stuff"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">Humble Bundle</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://hb.imgix.net/7f272b3fc868b9d190ad8e9da7031f7c69b960d3.jpg?auto=compress,format&amp;h=630&amp;w=1200&amp;s=1ea5184912b92c0fa0ffd93b722adbea" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.22: Immutable Ubuntu Edition, Face Unlock and More Linux Stuff"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A7%AE-tips-and-tutorials">&#x1F9EE; Tips and Tutorials</h2><p>Even though Snap packages are updated automatically, you can still control updates manually. Learn more on the update mechanism of Snap.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/snap-update/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">How to Update Snap Packages in Ubuntu</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Snap packages are automatically updated. But you can still control the updates manually. Learn all about Snap updates here.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.22: Immutable Ubuntu Edition, Face Unlock and More Linux Stuff"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/update-snap-packages-in-ubuntu.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.22: Immutable Ubuntu Edition, Face Unlock and More Linux Stuff"></div></a></figure><p>By default, Netflix only streams in 720p which is not even considered HD anymore. Here is what you can do to improve streaming quality on Firefox and Chrome.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/netflix-full-hd-firefox/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Watch Netflix in Full HD on Firefox</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Paying for full HD streaming to Netflix and yet it doesn&#x2019;t play in 1080p? Here&#x2019;s how you can make Netflix play full HD on Firefox browser.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.22: Immutable Ubuntu Edition, Face Unlock and More Linux Stuff"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2022/10/watch-netflix-in-hd-in-firefox.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.22: Immutable Ubuntu Edition, Face Unlock and More Linux Stuff"></div></a></figure><p>If you are in experimental mode, here&apos;s something you can try.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/face-unlock-ubuntu/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">How to Set Up Face Unlock on Ubuntu and Other Linux Distros</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Missing the Windows Hello kind of unlocking of your system on Linux? Learn how to set up face unlock on Ubuntu and other Linux distributions.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.22: Immutable Ubuntu Edition, Face Unlock and More Linux Stuff"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2020/08/Face-Unlock-in-Linux.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.22: Immutable Ubuntu Edition, Face Unlock and More Linux Stuff"></div></a></figure><h2 id="%F0%9F%93%B9-what-we-are-watching">&#x1F4F9; What we are watching</h2><p>Three videos in three weeks! Is there a reward for such a streak? &#x1F609;</p><figure class="kg-card kg-embed-card"><iframe width="200" height="113" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/iFbYf9dL0I4?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen title="CachyOS Overview: Blazingly Fast &amp; Customizable New Linux Distribution"></iframe></figure><hr><h2 id="%E2%9C%A8-application-highlights">&#x2728; Application highlights</h2><p>Sniffnet is a pretty neat tool for monitoring the network activity on your system.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://news.itsfoss.com/sniffnet/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Sniffnet: An Interesting Open-Source Network Monitoring Tool Anyone Can Use</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Take a glance at your network connection with this handy app.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/08/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.22: Immutable Ubuntu Edition, Face Unlock and More Linux Stuff"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS News</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Sourav Rudra</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/sniffnet-first-look.jpg" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.22: Immutable Ubuntu Edition, Face Unlock and More Linux Stuff"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%92%A1quick-linux-tip">&#x1F4A1;Quick Linux tip</h2><p>Nautilus has the feature to show recently visited folders. On the top left, <strong>right-click on the back arrow</strong> to get the list of previously visited folders.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/image.png" class="kg-image" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.22: Immutable Ubuntu Edition, Face Unlock and More Linux Stuff" loading="lazy" width="776" height="392" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/06/image.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/06/image.png 776w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A4%A3-meme-of-the-week">&#x1F923; Meme of the week</h2><p>Ubuntu is embracing Snap. The users might not ;)</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/memes3.png" class="kg-image" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.22: Immutable Ubuntu Edition, Face Unlock and More Linux Stuff" loading="lazy" width="1080" height="1080" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/05/memes3.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/05/memes3.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/memes3.png 1080w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%97%93%EF%B8%8F-tech-trivia">&#x1F5D3;&#xFE0F; Tech trivia</h2><p>File sharing service Napster was released on June 1, 1999. The service provided a simple way for users to copy and distribute MP3 music files. It became an instant hit among young internet users. Napster was sued by the Recording Industry Association of America a few months later and as a result, it was shut down in 2002.</p><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A7%A9-puzzle-for-pro-members-only">&#x1F9E9; Puzzle (for Pro members only)</h2><p>This week&apos;s puzzle is slightly like crosswords, but it&apos;s not exactly the same.</p><p>When you answer all the questions correctly, it reveals a hidden word. Can you do that?</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/puzzle/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Puzzle of The Week: Acrostic #1: Reveal the hidden word</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Exercise those &#x2018;little gray cells&#x2019; of yours and solve this puzzle.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.22: Immutable Ubuntu Edition, Face Unlock and More Linux Stuff"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/puzzle-of-the-week.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.22: Immutable Ubuntu Edition, Face Unlock and More Linux Stuff"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A7%91%E2%80%8D%F0%9F%A4%9D%E2%80%8D%F0%9F%A7%91-fossverse-corner">&#x1F9D1;&#x200D;&#x1F91D;&#x200D;&#x1F9D1; FOSSverse corner</h2><p>A long-time It&apos;s FOSS reader, Ernie, shared his experience finding the perfect distro for his older laptop.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.community/t/i-think-ive-found-the-right-distro-for-my-aging-older-laptop/10590?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">I think I&#x2019;ve found the right distro for my aging (older) laptop!</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Windows 10 reaches end of life next year. When my wife passed away, I &#x2018;inherited&#x2019; her laptop, so I named it charpc. It is a Dell Experion 5000 series UEFI based device with TPM2, but the CPU will never pass the Windows 11 hardware requirements, so for about the past year (I like to be proactive), I&#x2026;</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.community/uploads/default/optimized/1X/f274f9749e3fd8b4d6fbae1cf90c5c186d2f699c_2_180x180.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.22: Immutable Ubuntu Edition, Face Unlock and More Linux Stuff"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS Community</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">ernie</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.community/uploads/default/original/1X/f274f9749e3fd8b4d6fbae1cf90c5c186d2f699c.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.22: Immutable Ubuntu Edition, Face Unlock and More Linux Stuff"></div></a></figure><p>&#x1F389; We reached 21,000 members on It&apos;s FOSS. Thanks for being part of this journey.</p><hr><h2 id="%E2%9D%A4%EF%B8%8F-enjoying-foss-weekly">&#x2764;&#xFE0F; Enjoying FOSS Weekly?</h2><p><strong>Forward it to Linux-using friends</strong> and encourage them to subscribe (hint: <a href="https://itsfoss.com/signup/">it&apos;s here</a>).</p><p>Become a Pro member and show your support &#x1F64F;</p><p>Share the newsletter and the articles in Linux communities on Reddit and other platforms.</p><p><strong>Native French or Deutsch speaker? </strong>Like the <a href="https://itsfoss.com/es/">Spanish section</a>, I am looking to expand It&apos;s FOSS in French and Deutsch languages. And I need help with the translation. Want to help me out? Press the reply button :)</p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/install-pipx-ubuntu/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: Install and Use pipx in Linux
description: Pipx addresses the shortcomings of the popular pip tool. Learn to install and use Pipx in Linux.
categories: Installation
content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/install-pipx-ubuntu.png" alt="Install and Use pipx in Linux"><p>Pip is a popular tool for installing Python packages and modules from <a href="https://pypi.org/?ref=itsfoss.com">Python Package Index</a>.</p><p>However, in recent distribution versions, pip users are encountering an <a href="https://itsfoss.com/externally-managed-environment/">externally-managed-environment error</a>.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/error--externally-managed-environment.png" class="kg-image" alt="Install and Use pipx in Linux" loading="lazy" width="922" height="631" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/05/error--externally-managed-environment.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/error--externally-managed-environment.png 922w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>That&apos;s a &apos;feature&apos; added to avoid conflicts between Python packages installed via <a href="https://itsfoss.com/install-pip-ubuntu/">Pip</a> and the native package manager. Python wants you to use separate virtual environments instead of installing the package at the global level via Pip.</p><p><strong>This is where pipx comes into the picture</strong>. It creates a new virtual environment for each application you install and then creates links to local binary in the /bin at the global level. All this is automatic. It saves time and effort for you.</p><p>Let&apos;s see how to install and use Pipx on Ubuntu and other Linux distributions.</p><h2 id="install-pipx-on-ubuntu-and-other-linux">Install pipx on Ubuntu and other Linux</h2><p>The installation is straightforward and can be installed using the following command on Ubuntu and Debian:</p><pre><code>sudo apt update &amp;&amp; sudo apt install pipx</code></pre><p>For other distributions, please use your package manager and install it.</p><p>Once you are done with the installation, <a href="https://itsfoss.com/add-directory-to-path-linux/">add it to the $PATH</a> so it can be accessed from everywhere:</p><pre><code>pipx ensurepath</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/install-pipx-in-ubuntu.png" class="kg-image" alt="Install and Use pipx in Linux" loading="lazy" width="922" height="336" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/05/install-pipx-in-ubuntu.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/install-pipx-in-ubuntu.png 922w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p><strong>Close the terminal and start it again</strong>. That&apos;s it! Now, let&apos;s have a look at how to use it.</p><h2 id="using-pipx">Using pipx</h2><p>What is the primary use of a package manager? Package installation, updation, and removal.</p><p>Let me show how you can do the following with pipx:</p><ul><li>Search packages </li><li>Package installation </li><li>Upgradation </li><li>Package removal</li></ul><p>Let&apos;s start with the installation.</p><h3 id="how-to-install-packages-using-pipx">How to install packages using pipx</h3><p>To install packages using pipx, you&apos;d have to follow a simple command syntax:</p><pre><code>pipx install &lt;package_name&gt;</code></pre><p>For example, here, I installed a very useful program Cowsay:</p><pre><code>pipx install cowsay</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/install-python-packages-in-isolation-using-pipx-in-ubuntu.png" class="kg-image" alt="Install and Use pipx in Linux" loading="lazy" width="922" height="220" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/05/install-python-packages-in-isolation-using-pipx-in-ubuntu.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/install-python-packages-in-isolation-using-pipx-in-ubuntu.png 922w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>Similarly, if you want to install a specific version of the package, you&apos;d have to insert the version number followed by <code>==</code> as shown:</p><pre><code>pipx install package==version</code></pre><p>For example, here, I installed numpy version 1.24.1:</p><pre><code>pipx install numpy==1.24.1</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/install-specific-version-of-python-package-in-ubuntu-using-pipx.png" class="kg-image" alt="Install and Use pipx in Linux" loading="lazy" width="922" height="267" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/05/install-specific-version-of-python-package-in-ubuntu-using-pipx.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/install-specific-version-of-python-package-in-ubuntu-using-pipx.png 922w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h3 id="how-to-search-packages">How to search packages</h3><p>The pipx utility does not have a search feature (because of limited API use of PyPI) but that doesn&apos;t mean you can&apos;t search Python packages.</p><p>To search packages, you&apos;d have to install <code>pypisearch</code>:</p><pre><code>pipx install pypisearch</code></pre><p>Once you do that, you can search the packages using the <code>pypisearch</code> command: </p><pre><code>pypisearch python_package_name</code></pre><p>Here, I searched for neofetch:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/search-python-packages-in-Ubuntu.png" class="kg-image" alt="Install and Use pipx in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1201" height="364" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/05/search-python-packages-in-Ubuntu.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/05/search-python-packages-in-Ubuntu.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/search-python-packages-in-Ubuntu.png 1201w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h3 id="how-to-upgrade-packages-using-pipx">How to upgrade packages using pipx</h3><p>Like any other modern package manager, you can upgrade all packages at once or you can upgrade one package at a time.</p><p>To upgrade all the packages at once, all you have to do is execute the following command:</p><pre><code>pipx upgrade-all</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/upgrade-all-the-python-packages-at-once-in-ubuntu.png" class="kg-image" alt="Install and Use pipx in Linux" loading="lazy" width="922" height="176" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/05/upgrade-all-the-python-packages-at-once-in-ubuntu.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/upgrade-all-the-python-packages-at-once-in-ubuntu.png 922w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>As you can see, it upgraded numpy to the latest version.</p><p>But if you want to upgrade a specific package, here&apos;s how you do it:</p><pre><code>pipx upgrade package-name</code></pre><p>Let&apos;s say I want to upgrade <code>cowsay</code> package to the latest version, then, I will be using the following:</p><pre><code>pipx upgrade cowsay</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/upgrade-specific-python-package-using-pipx-in-ubuntu.png" class="kg-image" alt="Install and Use pipx in Linux" loading="lazy" width="922" height="175" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/05/upgrade-specific-python-package-using-pipx-in-ubuntu.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/upgrade-specific-python-package-using-pipx-in-ubuntu.png 922w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h3 id="how-to-uninstall-packages-using-pipx">How to uninstall packages using pipx</h3><p>To remove packages, you&apos;d have to use the <code>uninstall</code> flag as shown:</p><pre><code>pipx uninstall package_name</code></pre><p>For your reference, here, I removed <code>numpy</code> from my system:</p><pre><code>pipx uninstall numpy</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/remove-python-packages-using-pipx-in-ubuntu.png" class="kg-image" alt="Install and Use pipx in Linux" loading="lazy" width="922" height="156" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/05/remove-python-packages-using-pipx-in-ubuntu.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/remove-python-packages-using-pipx-in-ubuntu.png 922w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h2 id="pip-or-pipx">Pip or Pipx?</h2><p>The restrictions put on Pip have limited its use by the end users. Thankfully, Pipx provides the much-needed alternative. It meets the Python guidelines of using virtual environments and, at the same time, allows installed applications to be available at the global level.</p><p>For end users, who are not Python application developers, this gives the option to use Python applications unavailable in distribution repositories.</p><p>I hope you find this tutorial helpful. Let me know if you have questions or suggestions.</p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/snap-update/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: How to Update Snap Packages in Ubuntu
categories: Ubuntu
description:
Snap packages are automatically updated. But you can still control the updates manually. Learn all about Snap updates here.

content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/update-snap-packages-in-ubuntu.png" alt="How to Update Snap Packages in Ubuntu"><p>The snap packages are now an integral part of Ubuntu.</p><p>I mean, you can <a href="https://itsfoss.com/remove-snap/">remove Snap</a> from Ubuntu but they are still at the core of Ubuntu.</p><p>When it comes to <a href="https://itsfoss.com/update-ubuntu/">updating Ubuntu</a>, you&apos;ll come across <a href="https://itsfoss.com/apt-update-vs-upgrade/">apt update and apt upgrade commands</a>. No one really talks about snap update command.</p><p>That&apos;s because Snap updates are automatically updated to newer versions. It&apos;s built-in to the Snap mechanism. Your system checks for the updates multiple times daily and updates Snap applications automatically.</p><p>But this does not mean you cannot update Snap packages manually. Knowing about Snap updates also help you understand some of the underlying mechanism.</p><p>Let me show you how Snap update works and how you can control various parameters.</p><div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-blue"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4CB;</div><div class="kg-callout-text">The <code>snap refresh</code> command is used for updating Snap packages.</div></div><h2 id="check-snap-update-schedule">Check Snap update schedule</h2><p>As I mentioned earlier, the snapd daemon checks for updates on installed Snap packages multiple times a day. &#xA0;By default, it checks for updates four times a day.</p><p>You can see all these details using this command:</p><pre><code>snap refresh --time</code></pre><p>It gives me the following output:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/snap-update-schedule.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Update Snap Packages in Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="789" height="319" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/05/snap-update-schedule.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/snap-update-schedule.png 789w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>In here, <code>timer: 00:00~24:00/4</code> tells you that the refresh check takes place 4 times in the span of 24 hours.</p><p>It also shows that the last Snap update check took place at 09:19 and the next one is scheduled at 15:33.</p><div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-green"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F3CB;&#xFE0F;</div><div class="kg-callout-text">You can change the refresh schedule for snaps using <code>refresh.timer</code> option. For example, <code>sudo snap set system refresh.timer=6:00-8:00,20:00-22:00</code> will make the Snap update check to happen between 6 and 8 in the morning and 8 and 10 at night.</div></div><h2 id="see-which-snap-applications-can-be-updated">See which Snap applications can be updated</h2><p>You can check which Snap packages have updates available with the following command:</p><pre><code>snap refresh --list</code></pre><p>If no Snap package has updates, you&apos;ll see this message.</p><pre><code>All snaps up to date.</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/image-17.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Update Snap Packages in Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="1548" height="720" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/05/image-17.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/05/image-17.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/image-17.png 1548w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h2 id="update-all-snap-packages-manually">Update all Snap packages manually</h2><p>If you don&apos;t want to wait till the next Snap refresh, you can surely manually update all the Snap packages that can be updated.</p><p>All you have to do is to run this command:</p><pre><code>sudo snap refresh</code></pre><p>And see the updates take place.</p><h2 id="update-specific-snap-packages">Update specific Snap packages</h2><p>If you only want to update a specific Snap package, use:</p><pre><code>sudo snap refresh package_name</code></pre><p>You&apos;ll need to be precise with the package name, of course. You can also provide multiple packages to be updated.</p><pre><code>sudo snap refresh package_1 package_2</code></pre><p>Please note that some Snap applications (that are usually installed in classic mode) are not updated in the background. You have to close the running Snap applications and then update them. </p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/pending-update-firefox-ubuntu/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">[Solved] &#x201C;Pending Update of Firefox&#x201D; Error in Ubuntu</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Seeing a persistent &#x201C;pending update of Firefox snap&#x201D; message that doesn&#x2019;t go away even if you restart the browser or the Ubuntu system? Here&#x2019;s what to do.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="How to Update Snap Packages in Ubuntu"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2022/07/pending-update-of-firefox-snap-error-ubuntu.png" alt="How to Update Snap Packages in Ubuntu"></div></a></figure><h2 id="check-changes-made-by-snap-updates">Check changes made by Snap updates</h2><p>Since Snap updates mostly work in the background, you may wonder what changes were made </p><pre><code>snap changes</code></pre><p>It should show what changes Snap made in the last refresh. </p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/snap-update-changes.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Update Snap Packages in Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="985" height="356" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/05/snap-update-changes.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/snap-update-changes.png 985w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>You can see the details of each change by using the ID it shows.</p><pre><code>snap change change_ID</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/snap-update-change-details.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Update Snap Packages in Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="1313" height="761" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/05/snap-update-change-details.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/05/snap-update-change-details.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/snap-update-change-details.png 1313w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h2 id="revert-the-updated-snap-application">Revert the updated Snap application</h2><p>By default, Snap saves one older version of the Snap packages. If you do not like the newly updated version, you can go back to the previous one with the <code>revert</code> option.</p><pre><code>sudo snap revert package_name</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/snap-revert.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Update Snap Packages in Ubuntu" loading="lazy" width="1028" height="327" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/05/snap-revert.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/05/snap-revert.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/snap-revert.png 1028w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><h2 id="prevent-a-package-from-updates">Prevent a package from updates</h2><p>If you would like to stay on the current version for a particular package, you can hold it to prevent it from automatic updates.</p><pre><code>sudo snap refresh --hold package_name</code></pre><p><strong>You can stop the automatic update for all snap packages</strong>:</p><pre><code>sudo snap refresh --hold</code></pre><p>When you are ready to accept updates on the package, you can unhold it.</p><pre><code>sudo snap refresh --unhold package_name</code></pre><p>You may also unhold all the held packages in one go:</p><pre><code>sudo snap refresh --unhold</code></pre><div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-green"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F3CB;&#xFE0F;</div><div class="kg-callout-text">You can hold a package for a specific time only with <code>sudo snap refresh --hold=duration package_name</code>. The duration can be in hours, minutes or even seconds.</div></div><h2 id="in-the-end">In the end...</h2><p>If you use mobile data from time to time and do not want Snap auto-updates to eat away all your precious data, here&apos;s a trick for that.</p><p>The command below will prevent Snap updates on metered connections. In network settings, you can set your mobile network as metered.</p><pre><code>sudo snap set system refresh.metered=hold</code></pre><p>More about Snap updates can be found in the official documentation.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://snapcraft.io/docs/keeping-snaps-up-to-date?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Managing updates | Snapcraft documentation</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Snaps are containerised software packages that are simple to create and install. They auto-update and are safe to run. And because they bundle their dependencies, they work on all major Linux systems without modification.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://assets.ubuntu.com/v1/841d0bcf-favicon_32px.png" alt="How to Update Snap Packages in Ubuntu"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">Snapcraft</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://assets.ubuntu.com/v1/4726d040-Snap+logo+white+bg.jpg" alt="How to Update Snap Packages in Ubuntu"></div></a></figure><p>And that&apos;s it. I guess you know a lot more about Snap updates than you did earlier. Let me know what new stuff you learned in the comments. Any other question or suggestion is also weclome.</p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/newsletter/foss-weekly-23-21/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: FOSS Weekly #23.21: Pip Issue, CPU Stress Testing and More Linux Stuff
categories: Newsletter
description:
Changes to Pip mechanism, stress testing CPU and other Linux tips and tutorials in this edition of FOSS Weekly.

content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/FOSS-WEEKLY-23-21.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.21: Pip Issue, CPU Stress Testing and More Linux Stuff"><p>It seems like Pip is changing its behavior to avoid conflicts with native Linux packages. The change is now present in Ubuntu 23.10 and Fedora 38, where you&apos;ll <a href="https://itsfoss.com/externally-managed-environment/">run into an error while using Pip</a>.</p><p>And we have new badges for Pro members &#x1F918;</p><p><strong>&#x1F4AC; Let&apos;s see what else you have in this edition of FOSS Weekly:</strong></p><ul><li>Addressing the Pip issue in Ubuntu 23.10</li><li>Stress testing CPU</li><li>And other Linux news, videos, puzzles and, of course, memes!</li></ul><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%93%B0-linux-news">&#x1F4F0; Linux news</h2><ul><li>Lightweight distro Bodhi Linux <a href="https://www.bodhilinux.com/release/7-0-0/?ref=itsfoss.com">released version 7.0 beta</a>.</li><li>Fedora 36 has reached end of life. Existing users should <a href="https://itsfoss.com/upgrade-fedora-version/">upgrade to a newer version</a>.</li><li>Cloudflare has launched a <a href="https://news.itsfoss.com/cloudflare-open-source-sponsorship/?ref=itsfoss.com">new sponsorship program for OSS projects</a>.</li></ul><p>Twitter&apos;s original co-founder Jack Dorsey&apos;s Bluesky recently open-sourced their Web, Android, and iOS applications.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://news.itsfoss.com/bluesky-social-open-source/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Bluesky Social: A Decentralized Twitter Alternative Takes an Open-Source Approach</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">A Twitter replacement in the works with better fundamentals and approach in place?</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/08/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.21: Pip Issue, CPU Stress Testing and More Linux Stuff"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS News</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Sourav Rudra</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/bluesky-open-source-twitter-alternative.jpg" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.21: Pip Issue, CPU Stress Testing and More Linux Stuff"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A7%A0-what-we%E2%80%99re-thinking-about">&#x1F9E0; What we&#x2019;re thinking about</h2><p>This is going to resonate with many long-time Ubuntu users.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://hackaday.com/2023/05/22/dear-ubuntu/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Dear Ubuntu&#x2026;</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Dear Ubuntu, I hope this letter finds you well. I want to start by saying that our time together has been one of creativity and entertainment, a time in which you gave me the tools to develop a new&#x2026;</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://hackaday.com/wp-content/themes/hackaday-2/img/hackaday-logo_1024x1024.png?v=3" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.21: Pip Issue, CPU Stress Testing and More Linux Stuff"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">Hackaday</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Jenny List</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://hackaday.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/dear-ubuntu-featured-e1684772890716.jpg" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.21: Pip Issue, CPU Stress Testing and More Linux Stuff"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A7%AE-tutorials">&#x1F9EE; Tutorials</h2><p>You cannot use Pip for installing Python packages in Ubuntu 23.10. At least not directly. Here&apos;s why and what you can do about it.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/externally-managed-environment/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Externally Managed Environment Error With Pip in Ubuntu 23.10</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Seeing an &#x201C;externally managed environment&#x201D; error while using Pip in Ubuntu 23.10? Here&#x2019;s what you can do about this error.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.21: Pip Issue, CPU Stress Testing and More Linux Stuff"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/handling-externally-managed-env-pip.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.21: Pip Issue, CPU Stress Testing and More Linux Stuff"></div></a></figure><p>When building a new system, stress testing the CPU is a way to check your processor&apos;s performance capabilities under heavy load.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/stress-test-cpu-linux/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">How to Stress Test CPU in Linux</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Want to stress test your CPU in Linux? Here&#x2019;s how you can do it effortlessly.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.21: Pip Issue, CPU Stress Testing and More Linux Stuff"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Sagar Sharma</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/cpu-stress-test.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.21: Pip Issue, CPU Stress Testing and More Linux Stuff"></div></a></figure><p>Brave has the picture-in-picture mode. It&apos;s just not obvious like Firefox. Here&apos;s how to use it.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/picture-in-picture-brave/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">How to Use Picture in Picture Mode in Brave Browser</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Brave has picture-in-picture mode but it&#x2019;s so hidden that you feel like there is no PIP support at all. Here&#x2019;s how to enable and use it.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.21: Pip Issue, CPU Stress Testing and More Linux Stuff"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2022/09/enable-pip-mode-in-brave.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.21: Pip Issue, CPU Stress Testing and More Linux Stuff"></div></a></figure><h2 id="%F0%9F%93%B9-what-we-are-watching">&#x1F4F9; What we are watching</h2><p>2 videos in 2 weeks... now we are rolling &#x26F9;&#xFE0F;</p><figure class="kg-card kg-embed-card"><iframe width="200" height="113" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/lZ_0NSJHa0k?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen title="10 ASCII Games You Can Play in Linux Terminal [For Retro Arcade Game Lovers]"></iframe></figure><hr><h2 id="%E2%9C%A8-application-highlights">&#x2728; Application highlights</h2><p>VidCutter is a nifty tool for trimming and merging videos on Linux. That&apos;s it. No fancy video editing features here.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/vidcutter-video-editor-linux/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Easily Trim Videos With VidCutter in Linux</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Learn how to install and use VidCutter, a simple open source tool for trimming and merging videos in Linux.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.21: Pip Issue, CPU Stress Testing and More Linux Stuff"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/vidcutter-video-trimmer-linux-app.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.21: Pip Issue, CPU Stress Testing and More Linux Stuff"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%92%A1quick-linux-tip">&#x1F4A1;Quick Linux tip</h2><p>The usual way of hiding files from normal view is to add dot (.) before the filenames.</p><p>In Nautilus and perhaps some other file managers, you can <a href="https://itsfoss.com/hide-files-folders-linux/">hide multiple files and folders without renaming them</a>.</p><p>All you have to do is to create a text file named <code>.hidden</code> and add the names of the folders and files you want to hide to this file.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/image-13.png" class="kg-image" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.21: Pip Issue, CPU Stress Testing and More Linux Stuff" loading="lazy" width="795" height="417" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/05/image-13.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/image-13.png 795w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>Now, <strong>close your file explorer and start it again</strong>. The files and directories mentioned in the <code>.hidden</code> file will be hidden and can only be viewed with Ctrl+H keys.</p><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A7%A9-puzzle-for-pro-members-only">&#x1F9E9; Puzzle (for Pro members only)</h2><p>This week you have scrambled e&#x336;g&#x336;g&#x336;s&#x336; words. The puzzle is composed of various Linux-related terms and applications.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/puzzle/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Puzzle of The Week: Scrambled Words Puzzle #1</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Exercise those &#x2018;little gray cells&#x2019; of yours and solve this puzzle.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.21: Pip Issue, CPU Stress Testing and More Linux Stuff"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/puzzle-of-the-week.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.21: Pip Issue, CPU Stress Testing and More Linux Stuff"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%9B%8D%EF%B8%8F-interesting-offer">&#x1F6CD;&#xFE0F; Interesting offer</h2><p>Unleash the creative power of Blender, the free and open-source software tool for 3D artists, with this bundle of books from Packt.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://www.humblebundle.com/books/blender-animation-and-games-packt-books?partner=itsfoss&amp;ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Humble Tech Book Bundle: Blender Animation and Games by Packt</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">We&#x2019;ve teamed up with Packt for our newest bundle. Get books like Game Development with Blender and Godot. Plus, pay what you want &amp; support charity!</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://cdn.humblebundle.com/static/hashed/03df0490a53d595fd930f9fff52038366d60a05d.png" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.21: Pip Issue, CPU Stress Testing and More Linux Stuff"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">Humble Bundle</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://hb.imgix.net/7f272b3fc868b9d190ad8e9da7031f7c69b960d3.jpg?auto=compress,format&amp;h=630&amp;w=1200&amp;s=1ea5184912b92c0fa0ffd93b722adbea" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.21: Pip Issue, CPU Stress Testing and More Linux Stuff"></div></a></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%A4%A3-meme-of-the-week">&#x1F923; Meme of the week</h2><p>Linux can be very welcoming to new users!</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/wholesomm.png" class="kg-image" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.21: Pip Issue, CPU Stress Testing and More Linux Stuff" loading="lazy" width="1080" height="1080" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/05/wholesomm.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/05/wholesomm.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/wholesomm.png 1080w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%97%93%EF%B8%8F-tech-trivia">&#x1F5D3;&#xFE0F; Tech Trivia</h2><p>On May 24, 1844, Samuel Morse sent the first telegraph over a line from Washington, D.C. to Baltimore. He sent &apos;What hath God wrought&apos; to his partner Alfred Vail, who retransmitted the same message back to Morse. </p><p>The famous Morse code is named after Samuel Morse.</p><hr><h2 id="%F0%9F%86%95-fossverse-updates">&#x1F195; FOSSverse updates</h2><p>Now the Pro members get honor badges displayed with their names in both Community and the Comments sections.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-gallery-card kg-width-wide kg-card-hascaption"><div class="kg-gallery-container"><div class="kg-gallery-row"><div class="kg-gallery-image"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/itsfoss-pro-member-badge.png" width="515" height="117" loading="lazy" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.21: Pip Issue, CPU Stress Testing and More Linux Stuff"></div><div class="kg-gallery-image"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/itsfoss-pro-member-badges.png" width="421" height="114" loading="lazy" alt="FOSS Weekly #23.21: Pip Issue, CPU Stress Testing and More Linux Stuff"></div></div></div><figcaption>Pro members get special badges in comments and community</figcaption></figure><p>I guess that gives you one more reason to <a href="https://itsfoss.com/signup/">upgrade to It&apos;s FOSS Pro membership</a> &#x1F609; </p><hr><h2 id="%E2%9D%A4%EF%B8%8F-enjoying-foss-weekly">&#x2764;&#xFE0F; Enjoying FOSS Weekly?</h2><p><strong>Forward it to Linux-using friends</strong> and encourage them to subscribe (hint: <a href="https://itsfoss.com/signup/">it&apos;s here</a>).</p><p><a href="https://itsfoss.com/#/portal/signup">Become a Pro member</a> and show your support &#x1F64F;</p><p><strong>Something else?</strong> Share it with me by pressing the reply button.</p><p>Keep on Linux-ing with It&apos;s FOSS :)</p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/stress-test-cpu-linux/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cHM6Ly9pdHNmb3NzLmNvbS9mZWVk
read: False
type: Rss
title: How to Stress Test CPU in Linux
description: Want to stress test your CPU in Linux? Here's how you can do it effortlessly.
categories: Tutorial
content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/cpu-stress-test.png" alt="How to Stress Test CPU in Linux"><p>Stress testing your CPU is one of the best ways to check your processor&apos;s performance capabilities under heavy load and the system&apos;s temperature when that happens.</p><p>When you stress test the CPU, you can monitor the system&apos;s resources to see how they behave with the CPU at its peak workload. While the performance will not change compared to what the processor is capable of, the temperature may affect its operation if it is not well-equipped.</p><p><strong>Stress testing is essential for enthusiasts when building a new system</strong>, especially if you plan to overclock the CPU later.</p><p>For instance, if your CPU gets too hot too quickly during the stress test. You need a better cooling solution by changing the CPU cooler, using a better airflow cabinet, etc.</p><p>Now that you have an idea about the benefits, I will walk you through the following ways to stress test the CPU in Linux:</p><ul><li><strong>Using GtkStressTesting (GUI method)</strong></li><li><strong>Using stress and s-tui utility (CLI method)</strong></li></ul><p>So let&apos;s start with the first one.</p><h2 id="stress-test-linux-cpu-using-gui-method-%F0%9F%96%A5%EF%B8%8F">Stress test Linux CPU using GUI method &#x1F5A5;&#xFE0F;</h2><p>If you prefer using a GUI solution over the terminal, I have just the easiest method for you to stress-test your system. &#xA0; </p><p>There is a GUI utility <strong>GtkStressTesting, </strong>which helps you stress test and monitor temperature simultaneously. It provides various presets to stress-test the system and provides an ability to choose how many cores you want to work with during the test.</p><div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-red"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F6A7;</div><div class="kg-callout-text">This tool is no more actively maintained on <a href="https://gitlab.com/leinardi/gst?ref=itsfoss.com">GitLab</a>. But it works as expected.</div></div><p>GtkStressTesting is available as a Flatpak, so if you haven&apos;t already enabled Flatpak support, refer to our <a href="https://itsfoss.com/flatpak-guide/">Flatpak setup guide</a>.</p><p>Once you have enabled Flatpak support, the GtkStressTesting utility can be installed using the following via the terminal (if not software center)</p><pre><code>flatpak install flathub com.leinardi.gst</code></pre><p>After the installation, you can start the GtkStressTesting utility from the system menu. </p><p>Here, I would recommend you click on the <code>Read all</code> button and enter the sudo password so the utility can fetch all the information of your system:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/Allow-read-all-premissions-for-GtkStressTesting.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Stress Test CPU in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1423" height="815" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/05/Allow-read-all-premissions-for-GtkStressTesting.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/05/Allow-read-all-premissions-for-GtkStressTesting.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/Allow-read-all-premissions-for-GtkStressTesting.png 1423w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>From here, you can choose how long you want to stress test your system (you can always stop the process if the temp gets too high) and choose the max number available in the <code>Workers: Auto</code>.</p><p>I went for <strong>12 cores and 5 mins of stress testing</strong>:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/choose-time-and-cores-to-stress-test-the-CPU-in-linux.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Stress Test CPU in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1173" height="670" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/05/choose-time-and-cores-to-stress-test-the-CPU-in-linux.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/05/choose-time-and-cores-to-stress-test-the-CPU-in-linux.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/choose-time-and-cores-to-stress-test-the-CPU-in-linux.png 1173w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption>(Click to enlarge image)</figcaption></figure><p>Once you are done, click on the start button and monitor the temperatures, and if they reach beyond 90, stop the stress testing.</p><p>My system went to 85 max during stress testing:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/stress-test-Linux-CPU-usng-GUI-1.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Stress Test CPU in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1308" height="1052" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/05/stress-test-Linux-CPU-usng-GUI-1.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/05/stress-test-Linux-CPU-usng-GUI-1.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/stress-test-Linux-CPU-usng-GUI-1.png 1308w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>Pretty easy way to stress test the CPU. Isn&apos;t it? &#x1F609;</p><h2 id="stress-test-linux-cpu-using-the-terminal">Stress test Linux CPU using the Terminal </h2><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/stress-test.gif" class="kg-image" alt="How to Stress Test CPU in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1042" height="642" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/05/stress-test.gif 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/05/stress-test.gif 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/stress-test.gif 1042w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>You&apos;d need two utilities to stress test using a terminal: <strong><a href="https://itsfoss.com/stress-terminal-ui/">s-tui</a></strong> and <strong>stress</strong>. </p><p>You can get these tools installed from the default repositories or <a href="https://itsfoss.com/install-pip-ubuntu/">using pip</a>. It is easier with default repositories if you are okay with using an older version of the tool (a tad bit).</p><p>Here are the commands that will help you install them on popular Linux distros:</p><p><strong>For Ubuntu/Debian base:</strong></p><pre><code>sudo apt install s-tui stress </code></pre><p><strong>For Arch Linux:</strong></p><pre><code>sudo pacman -S s-tui stress</code></pre><p><strong>For Fedora/RHEL:</strong></p><pre><code>sudo dnf install s-tui stress</code></pre><p><strong>If you want to use pip </strong>for the latest version, here is the command:</p><pre><code>pip install s-tui --user</code></pre><p>Once you are done with the installation, launch the s-tui utility in the terminal:</p><pre><code>s-tui</code></pre><p>And you would be met with the following:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/monitor-clock-speed--load-and-CPU-utilization-in-Linux.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Stress Test CPU in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1803" height="1006" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/05/monitor-clock-speed--load-and-CPU-utilization-in-Linux.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/05/monitor-clock-speed--load-and-CPU-utilization-in-Linux.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/05/monitor-clock-speed--load-and-CPU-utilization-in-Linux.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/monitor-clock-speed--load-and-CPU-utilization-in-Linux.png 1803w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>You can use the mouse or keyboard arrow keys to navigate through the menu, so click on the <code>Stres options</code> and choose how long you want to stress test the system<strong> (in seconds):</strong></p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/set-time-for-how-long-to-stress-test-CPU-in-Linux.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Stress Test CPU in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1683" height="886" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/05/set-time-for-how-long-to-stress-test-CPU-in-Linux.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/05/set-time-for-how-long-to-stress-test-CPU-in-Linux.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1600/2023/05/set-time-for-how-long-to-stress-test-CPU-in-Linux.png 1600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/set-time-for-how-long-to-stress-test-CPU-in-Linux.png 1683w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption>(Click to enlarge image)</figcaption></figure><p>And finally, select the <code>Stress</code> option, and it will start the stress testing for a specified period:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/stress-test-Linux-CPU-using-terminal.png" class="kg-image" alt="How to Stress Test CPU in Linux" loading="lazy" width="1578" height="983" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/05/stress-test-Linux-CPU-using-terminal.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/05/stress-test-Linux-CPU-using-terminal.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/stress-test-Linux-CPU-using-terminal.png 1578w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"><figcaption>(Click to enlarge image)</figcaption></figure><p>And if the temperature gets out of control, you can click on the <code>Quit</code> button to stop the stress test manually. Additionally, if you want to store the data in the <code>.csv</code> format, the tool gives you the feature.</p><p>To store the data, all you have to do is append the <code>-c</code> flag while starting the s-tui utility as shown:</p><pre><code>s-tui -c</code></pre><p>And if you want to save the file with a name to your liking, you&apos;d have to use the <code>--csv-file</code> flag as shown:</p><pre><code>s-tui --csv-file &lt;name of file&gt;.csv</code></pre><p>For example, here, I named the file <code>Hello.scv</code>:</p><pre><code>s-tui --csv-file Hello.scv</code></pre><p>You can explore more about the tool on its <a href="https://github.com/amanusk/s-tui?ref=itsfoss.com">GitHub page</a>.</p><p><strong>Suggested Read &#x1F4D6;</strong></p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/linux-system-monitoring-tools/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">7 System Monitoring Tools for Linux That are Better Than Top</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Top command is good but there are better alternatives. Take a look at these system monitoring tools that are similar to top, but better than it.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="How to Stress Test CPU in Linux"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Ankush Das</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2020/08/system-monitoring-tools-linux.jpg" alt="How to Stress Test CPU in Linux"></div></a></figure><h2 id="happy-system-happy-life-%F0%9F%98%81">Happy System, Happy Life &#x1F601;</h2><p>Not every user realizes the benefits of a stress test. Sometimes it scares them off with the idea of their system reaching its limits for no reason.</p><p>However, the test will help you quickly evaluate and monitor your system&apos;s condition. Things like <strong>abnormal temperature spikes</strong> and CPU being unable to handle what it is should help you identify hardware issues early on.</p><p>In either case, you can refer to our temperature monitoring resource if you want to <a href="https://itsfoss.com/check-laptop-cpu-temperature-ubuntu/">keep your CPU monitor in check</a> without performing stress tests.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/check-laptop-cpu-temperature-ubuntu/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">How To Check CPU Temperature in Ubuntu Linux</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">This quick tutorial shows you how to check the CPU temperature on Ubuntu and other Linux distributions with a help of a tool called Psensor. Overheating of laptops is a common issue one faces these days. Monitoring hardware temperature&#xA0;may help you diagnose why your laptop is getting overh&#x2026;</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="How to Stress Test CPU in Linux"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Abhishek Prakash</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2015/05/check-cpu-temp.jpeg" alt="How to Stress Test CPU in Linux"></div></a></figure><p>You can also check out some of the <a href="https://itsfoss.com/linux-system-monitoring-tools/">system monitoring tools</a> or <a href="https://itsfoss.com/htop-alternatives/">htop alternatives</a> for Linux to keep an eye on your system resources.</p><p>&#x1F4AC; <em>What do you think about stress testing your CPU in Linux? Do you think we should do it? Share your thoughts on it in the comments below.</em></p>


link: https://itsfoss.com/externally-managed-environment/
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title: Handling Externally Managed Environment Error With Pip in Ubuntu 23.04
categories: Troubleshoot
description:
Seeing an "externally managed environment" error while using Pip in Ubuntu 23.04? Here's what you can do about this error.

content:
<img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/handling-externally-managed-env-pip.png" alt="Handling Externally Managed Environment Error With Pip in Ubuntu 23.04"><p>I recently upgraded to Ubuntu 23.04. Things are mostly smooth. However, recently I encountered an issue that was not present in the previous version.</p><p>I was trying to install a package using Pip, a command line based Python package manager. It works great usually but it threw an error this time:</p><p><strong>error: externally-managed-environment</strong></p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/externally-managed-environment.png" class="kg-image" alt="Handling Externally Managed Environment Error With Pip in Ubuntu 23.04" loading="lazy" width="928" height="679" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/05/externally-managed-environment.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/externally-managed-environment.png 928w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>Here&apos;s the complete error message if you want to read it:</p><pre><code>&#xD7; This environment is externally managed
&#x2570;&#x2500;&gt; To install Python packages system-wide, try apt install
    python3-xyz, where xyz is the package you are trying to
    install.
    
    If you wish to install a non-Debian-packaged Python package,
    create a virtual environment using python3 -m venv path/to/venv.
    Then use path/to/venv/bin/python and path/to/venv/bin/pip. Make
    sure you have python3-full installed.
    
    If you wish to install a non-Debian packaged Python application,
    it may be easiest to use pipx install xyz, which will manage a
    virtual environment for you. Make sure you have pipx installed.
    
    See /usr/share/doc/python3.11/README.venv for more information.

note: If you believe this is a mistake, please contact your Python installation or OS distribution provider. You can override this, at the risk of breaking your Python installation or OS, by passing --break-system-packages.
hint: See PEP 668 for the detailed specification.
</code></pre><p>And if you read the details, you&apos;ll understand why you see this error.</p><h2 id="reason-behind-the-externally-managed-environment-error">Reason behind the &apos;Externally Managed Environment&apos; Error</h2><p>Ubuntu 23.04, Fedora 38 and probably other recent distribution versions are implementing this enhancement on the use of Python packages.</p><p>The change has been done to avoid the &quot;conflict between OS package managers and Python-specific package management tools like pip. These conflicts include both Python-level API incompatibilities and conflicts over file ownership.&quot;</p><p>More details can be find on <a href="https://peps.python.org/pep-0668?ref=itsfoss.com">this page</a>. </p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://peps.python.org/pep-0668?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">PEP 668 &#x2013; Marking Python base environments as &#x201C;externally managed&#x201D; | peps.python.org</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Python Enhancement Proposals (PEPs)</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://peps.python.org/_static/py.png" alt="Handling Externally Managed Environment Error With Pip in Ubuntu 23.04"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">peps.python.org</span></div></div></a></figure><h2 id="what-are-your-options">What are your options?</h2><p>You can do three things when you try to install a Python package and see this error. </p><ol><li>Install the native package</li><li>Create virtual environments in Python</li><li><a href="https://itsfoss.com/install-pipx-ubuntu/">Use Pipx</a> (recommended)</li></ol><p>Before you see those methods, let me share a quick and dirty hack shared by an It&apos;s FOSS reader.</p><div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-red"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x270B;</div><div class="kg-callout-text">You could also just delete the element responsible for this warning. If you are comfortable with the command line, just delete the file <code>/usr/lib/python3.x/EXTERNALLY-MANAGED</code>. You have to replace x with the python version(s), of course.&#xA0;</div></div><h3 id="option-1-go-for-native-package">Option 1: Go for native package</h3><p>I understand that Pip gives a comfortable way of installing Python packages. However, some Python applications are also packaged as APT or other native packages. Search for it in your distribution&apos;s repositories and install it from there if it is available.</p><p>For example, I was trying to install WoeUSB-ng. If I was using Arch Linux, the same package is available from AUR.</p><h3 id="option-2-use-python-virtual-environment">Option 2: Use Python virtual environment</h3><p>If you must use a Python package, you have to isolate it in <a href="https://itsfoss.com/python-setup-linux/">Python virtual environment</a>.</p><p>With the help of virtual environments, you can use different versions of package dependencies and Python. This way, you avoid any conflicts between the packages.</p><div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-blue"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4CB;</div><div class="kg-callout-text">This method is suitable for software developers and programmers working on Python projects.</div></div><p>Let&apos;s quickly see how you do it. Usually, Python should already have the tool for creating virtual environments.</p><p>Use the command below to create a virtual environment for your project. Replace <code>project_name</code> with your project&apos;s name, of course.</p><pre><code>python3 -m venv .venv/project_name</code></pre><p><strong>If you see venv errors related</strong>, you may have to install it.</p><pre><code>sudo apt install python3-venv
</code></pre><p>Now, you&apos;ll see a directory named <code>.env</code> in your home directory and inside the .env, you&apos;ll have the project directory. &#xA0;</p><p>Here&apos;s the exciting part. Each project directory will have its own copy of Python and Pip in it. </p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/python-virtual-env-example.png" class="kg-image" alt="Handling Externally Managed Environment Error With Pip in Ubuntu 23.04" loading="lazy" width="872" height="366" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/05/python-virtual-env-example.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/python-virtual-env-example.png 872w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>That&apos;s your virtual Python environment. You can use this &apos;local binary&apos; for installing Python packages using Pip inside this virtual environment like this:</p><pre><code>.venv/project_name/bin/pip install package_name</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/use-pip-in-python-virtual-environment.png" class="kg-image" alt="Handling Externally Managed Environment Error With Pip in Ubuntu 23.04" loading="lazy" width="872" height="462" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/05/use-pip-in-python-virtual-environment.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/use-pip-in-python-virtual-environment.png 872w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>Remember that the installed Python package won&apos;t be available system wide. </p><p>This was only a brief example of virtual environments in Python. Here&apos;s a detailed guide if you want to learn more on it.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://realpython.com/python-virtual-environments-a-primer/?ref=itsfoss.com"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Python Virtual Environments: A Primer &#x2013; Real Python</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">In this tutorial, you&#x2019;ll learn how to use a Python virtual environment to manage your Python projects. You&#x2019;ll also dive deep into the structure of virtual environments built using the venv module, as well as the reasoning behind using virtual environments.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://realpython.com/static/favicon.68cbf4197b0c.png" alt="Handling Externally Managed Environment Error With Pip in Ubuntu 23.04"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">Real Python</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Real Python</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://files.realpython.com/media/Python-Virtual-Environments_Watermarked.4c787192d42f.jpg" alt="Handling Externally Managed Environment Error With Pip in Ubuntu 23.04"></div></a></figure><h3 id="3-use-pipx-tool-recommended">3. Use Pipx tool (recommended)</h3><p>What you saw above involves manual work. Pipx automates it. </p><p>It automatically creates a new virtual environment for each app you install. Not only that. It also creates a link to it in <code>.local/bin</code>. This way, the user who installed the package can run it from anywhere in the command line.</p><p>I guess that&apos;s what most desktop Linux users want here.</p><p>Install pipx on Ubuntu using this command:</p><pre><code>sudo apt install pipx</code></pre><p>It will probably install a huge number of dependencies:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/install-pipx.png" class="kg-image" alt="Handling Externally Managed Environment Error With Pip in Ubuntu 23.04" loading="lazy" width="1198" height="763" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/05/install-pipx.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w1000/2023/05/install-pipx.png 1000w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/install-pipx.png 1198w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><p>Now <a href="https://itsfoss.com/add-directory-to-path-linux/">add it to the PATH</a> so that you can run from anywhere.</p><pre><code>pipx ensurepath
</code></pre><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/pipx-ensurepath.png" class="kg-image" alt="Handling Externally Managed Environment Error With Pip in Ubuntu 23.04" loading="lazy" width="996" height="409" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/05/pipx-ensurepath.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/pipx-ensurepath.png 996w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-red"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x270B;</div><div class="kg-callout-text">You must close the terminal and log back in for the changes to occur.</div></div><p>Great! Now you can install Python packages using Pipx instead of Pip:</p><pre><code>pipx install package_name</code></pre><p>Here&apos;s an example.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/pipx-install-example.png" class="kg-image" alt="Handling Externally Managed Environment Error With Pip in Ubuntu 23.04" loading="lazy" width="858" height="330" srcset="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w600/2023/05/pipx-install-example.png 600w, https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/pipx-install-example.png 858w" sizes="(min-width: 720px) 720px"></figure><div class="kg-card kg-callout-card kg-callout-card-green"><div class="kg-callout-emoji">&#x1F4A1;</div><div class="kg-callout-text">To remove a package installed with pipx, use <code>pipx uninstall package_name</code> command.</div></div><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://itsfoss.com/install-pipx-ubuntu/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">Install and Use pipx in Ubuntu &amp; Other Linux</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">Pipx addresses the shortcomings of the popular pip tool. Learn to install and use Pipx in Linux.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png" alt="Handling Externally Managed Environment Error With Pip in Ubuntu 23.04"><span class="kg-bookmark-author">It&apos;s FOSS</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">Sagar Sharma</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img src="https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/05/install-pipx-ubuntu.png" alt="Handling Externally Managed Environment Error With Pip in Ubuntu 23.04"></div></a></figure><h2 id="conclusion">Conclusion</h2><p>Pip is a good tool for getting Python packages on the system. I think it was always meant for Python programmers, not for the end users. Clearly, it cannot be used as a replacement for the native distribution packages and the Python devs have made it clear.</p><p>The good thing is that alternatives exist for both programmers and end users.</p><p>I hope this tutorial helped you understand and overcome the externally-managed-environment error with Pip in Linux.</p><p>Please let me know if you have questions or suggestions.</p>


link: https://fedoramagazine.org/using-postfix-dns-srv-record-resolution-feature/
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read: False
type: Rss
title: Using Postfix DNS SRV record resolution feature
description: Use Postfix's DNS SRV record resolution feature to locate email services.
categories: For System Administrators|DNS|Postfix|SRV
comments_url: https://fedoramagazine.org/using-postfix-dns-srv-record-resolution-feature/feed/
content:
<p>In March 2011 Apple Inc. proposed <a href="https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc6186.txt" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RFC 6186</a> that describes how domain name system service (DNS SRV) records should be used for locating email submission and accessing services. The design presented in the RFC is now supported by Postfix since version 3.8.0. With the new functionality, you can now use DNS SRV records for load distribution and auto-configuration.</p>



<span id="more-38466"></span>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What does the DNS SRV record look like</h2>



<p>The DNS SRV records were defined in <a href="https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2782.txt" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RFC 2782</a> and are specified in zone files and contain the service name, transport protocol specification, priority, weight, port, and the host that provides the service.</p>



<p>_submission._tcp SRV 5 10 50 bruce.my-domain.com.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-table"><table><tbody><tr><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center"><strong>Field</strong></td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center"><strong>Value</strong></td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center"><strong>Meaning</strong></td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">service name</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">submission</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">service is named submission</td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">transport protocol specification</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">tcp</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">service is using TCP</td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">priority</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">5</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">servers priority is 5 (lower gets tried first)</td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">weight</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">10</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">portion of load the server should handle</td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">port</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">50</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">port where server listens for connections</td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">target</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">bruce.my-domain.com.</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">name of server providing this service</td></tr></tbody></table><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Record explanation</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Server selection algorithm</h2>



<p>Clients should implement the resolution of SRV records as described in <a href="https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2782.txt" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RFC 2782</a>. That means, first contact the server with the lowest priority. If the server does not respond, try to contact the next server with either the same or lower priority. If there are multiple servers with the same priority, choose one randomly, but ensure the probability of choosing records conforms to the equation:</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img decoding="async" width="163" height="48" src="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/probability_equation.png" alt="" class="wp-image-38468"/></figure>



<p>where <em>i</em>  is the identification of SRV record and <em>k</em> is the count of SRV records with the same priority.</p>



<p>In practice, this means that if you have two servers and one is 3 times as powerful as the other one, then you should give the first weight a value 3 times higher than the other one. This ensures the more powerful server will receive ~75% of client requests and the other one ~25%.</p>



<p>These principles allow SRV records to work as tools to both autoconfigure clients and distribute the workload among servers.</p>



<p>Consider the following example of such a set of records:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">_submission._tcp 	SRV 0 0 2525 server-one
_submission._tcp 	SRV 1 75 2625 server-two
_submission._tcp 	SRV 1 25 2625 server-three</pre>



<p>Here <strong>server-one</strong> would always be contacted first. If <strong>server-one</strong> does not respond, the client will shuffle the two remaining records with priority 1, generate a random number from 0 to 100 and if the running sum of the first record is greater or equal, then try to contact it. Otherwise, the client contacts the servers in reverse order. Note that the client submits the request to the first server it successfully connects to.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Configuration example</h2>



<p>Consider the following situation. You want to configure Postfix to relay outgoing emails through a company mail server by using SRV records for a large number of computers. To achieve this, you can configure the <strong>relayhost</strong> parameter in Postfix, which acts as a Mail User Agent (MUA) for each computer. If you set the value of the <strong>relayhost</strong> parameter to <strong>$mydomain</strong>, your machines start to look up MX records for your domain and attempt to submit mail in the order based on their priorities. While this approach works, you can encounter a problem with load balancing. Postfix uses the server with the highest priority until it becomes unresponsive and only then contacts any secondary servers. Additionally, if your environment uses dynamically assigned ports, you are not able to notify the clients what port is a particular server using. With SRV records, you can address these challenges and keep the servers running smoothly without peaks while changing the server&#8217;s port as needed.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Zone file</h3>



<p>To configure a DNS server to provide information to clients, see the following example zone file with servers one, two and three configured as relays and server four for receiving test mail.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">$TTL  3600
@  	IN SOA  example-domain.com. root.example-domain.com. (
                1571655122 ; Serial number of zone file
                1200       ; Refresh time
                180        ; Retry time in case of problem
                1209600    ; Expiry time
                10800 )    ; Maximum caching time in case of failed lookups
;
   	IN NS   ns1
   	IN A    192.168.2.0
;
ns1	IN A    192.168.2.2
server-one           IN A   192.168.2.4
server-two           IN A   192.168.2.5
server-three         IN A   192.168.2.6
server-four          IN A   192.168.2.7
_submission._tcp     SRV 0 0 2525  server-one
_submission._tcp     SRV 1 50 2625 server-two
_submission._tcp     SRV 1 50 2625 server-three
@ MX 0 server-four</pre>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Postfix MUA configuration</h3>



<p>Configure client machines to look for SRV records:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">use_srv_lookup = submission
relayhost = example-domain.com:submission</pre>



<p>With this configuration, Postfix instances on your client machines contact the DNS server for the <strong>example-domain</strong> and request the SRV records for mail submission. In this example, <strong>server-one</strong> has the highest priority and Postfix tries it first. Postfix then randomly selects one of the two remaining servers to try. The configuration ensures that server one will be contacted first approximately 50% of the time. Note that the weight value in the SRV records does not correspond with the percentage. You can achieve the same goal with the values 1 and 1.</p>



<p>Postfix also has the information that <strong>server-one</strong> listens on port 2525 and <strong>server-two</strong> on port 2625. If you are caching retrieved DNS records and you change the SRV records dynamically, it is important to set a low time to live (TTL) for your records.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Complete setup</h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="519" height="355" src="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/srv_article.png" alt="" class="wp-image-38467" srcset="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/srv_article.png 519w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/srv_article-300x205.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 519px) 100vw, 519px" /></figure>



<p>You can try this configuration with podman and compose file included here:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">$ git clone https://github.com/TomasKorbar/srv_article
$ cd srv_article/environment
$ podman-compose up
$ podman exec -it article_client /bin/bash
root@client # ./senddummy.sh
root@client # exit</pre>



<p>After completing the configuration steps, you can check the logs to monitor, that the mail passes server one and is delivered to server four.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">$ podman stop article_server1
$ podman exec -it article_client /bin/bash
root@client # ./senddummy.sh
root@client # ./senddummy.sh
root@client # ./senddummy.sh
root@client # ./senddummy.sh
root@client # ./senddummy.sh
root@client # ./senddummy.sh
root@client # exit</pre>



<p>Now that the first server is down, these six mails will be relayed by either server two or three.</p>



<p>Take a closer look at the Dockerfiles to understand the configuration more deeply.</p>



<p>Finish working with the example by executing: <kbd>$ podman-compose down</kbd></p>


link: https://fedoramagazine.org/use-systemd-cryptenroll-with-fido-u2f-or-tpm2-to-decrypt-your-disk/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cDovL2ZlZG9yYW1hZ2F6aW5lLm9yZy9mZWVkLw==
read: False
type: Rss
title: Use systemd-cryptenroll with FIDO U2F or TPM2 to decrypt your disk
categories: FAQs and Guides|FIDO|FIDO2|TPM|TPM2|U2F
comments_url: https://fedoramagazine.org/use-systemd-cryptenroll-with-fido-u2f-or-tpm2-to-decrypt-your-disk/feed/
description:
Find out how to use systemd-cryptenroll with a TPM2 chip or a FIDO U2F security key to unlock your LUKS partitions.

content:
<p>Fedora Workstation includes <a href="https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-cryptenroll.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">systemd-cryptenroll</a> by default which makes adding alternative methods for unlocking <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Unified_Key_Setup" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUKS</a> partitions fairly straight forward. This article shows how to use either a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TPM2</a> chip or a FIDO U2F security key as an alternative factor to the passphrase when unlocking your LUKS partitions.</p>



<span id="more-38339"></span>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Previous articles</h2>



<p>A TPM2 chip is a little piece of storage with secure APIs where you can store secrets protected by Secure Boot. Secure Boot establishes a chain of trust by computing hashes based on, for example, hardware or software components. This way you can store a LUKS decryption key which is only accessible if the system is in a non-tampered state (in theory). Unfortunately, this means you&#8217;ll want to measure things like your initramfs and kernel into this state which means invalidating this factor every time you do a system upgrade. FIDO U2F keys do not suffer from this problem as they are not tied to the hardware platform.</p>



<p>Check out my previous article about using an integrated TPM2 secure storage device to learn more in-depth specifics about how TPM2-based unlocking works and its security implications.</p>



<p>The previous article, however, uses clevis which adds additional dependencies and has a more complex interface than using the already present systemd-cryptenroll.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-fedora-magazine wp-block-embed-fedora-magazine"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
<blockquote class="wp-embedded-content" data-secret="8uDgq5W1NG"><a href="https://fedoramagazine.org/automatically-decrypt-your-disk-using-tpm2/">Automatically decrypt your disk using TPM2</a></blockquote><iframe class="wp-embedded-content" sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" title="&#8220;Automatically decrypt your disk using TPM2&#8221; &#8212; Fedora Magazine" src="https://fedoramagazine.org/automatically-decrypt-your-disk-using-tpm2/embed/#?secret=FAmKMGef6s#?secret=8uDgq5W1NG" data-secret="8uDgq5W1NG" width="600" height="338" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no"></iframe>
</div></figure>



<p>A FIDO2 or FIDO U2F compliant key is an external storage device with secure APIs for storing and retrieving secrets. These keys can be used as a second- or sole-factor in authentication flows. Secrets never leave the device and verification is done on the client. So attack scenarios like fishing are mitigated by design as compared to other MFA (multi-factor authentication) technologies like TOTP (time-based one time passwords).</p>



<p>A previous post about FIDO U2F / FIDO2 keys here on Fedora Magazine showed how to set up those keys for Linux PAM authentication &#8211; primarily <em>sudo</em> and GNOME login.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-fedora-magazine wp-block-embed-fedora-magazine"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
<blockquote class="wp-embedded-content" data-secret="O7bVmxWEYQ"><a href="https://fedoramagazine.org/use-fido-u2f-security-keys-with-fedora-linux/">Use FIDO U2F security keys with Fedora Linux</a></blockquote><iframe class="wp-embedded-content" sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" title="&#8220;Use FIDO U2F security keys with Fedora Linux&#8221; &#8212; Fedora Magazine" src="https://fedoramagazine.org/use-fido-u2f-security-keys-with-fedora-linux/embed/#?secret=1t6Ua8Hw8i#?secret=O7bVmxWEYQ" data-secret="O7bVmxWEYQ" width="600" height="338" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no"></iframe>
</div></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Find your encrypted LUKS disks</h2>



<p>For the following sections you need the filesystem path(s) to your LUKS encrypted partition(s). Use <em>lsblk</em> to find them.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted" style="font-size: 0.75em">$> lsblk
NAME                  MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE  MOUNTPOINTS
sda                     8:0    1     0B  0 disk
sdb                     8:16   1     0B  0 disk
zram0                 252:0    0     8G  0 disk  [SWAP]
nvme0n1               259:0    0 476.9G  0 disk
├─nvme0n1p1           259:1    0   600M  0 part  /boot/efi
├─nvme0n1p2           259:2    0     1G  0 part  /boot
└─nvme0n1p3           259:3    0 475.4G  0 part
  └─luks-fdb98c38-... 253:0    0 475.3G  0 crypt /home
                                                 /
</pre>



<p>Find the partition number(s) hosting the <em>luks-</em> partition of type <em>crypt</em>. In this case that&#8217;d be <em>/dev/nvme0n1p3</em>. Use this path as target for the following sections.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">(Maybe) Get rid of clevis</h2>



<p>Assuming you followed the previous post on using TPM2 you might want to unbind and remove clevis before proceeding with systemd-cryptenroll. Otherwise just skip this section.</p>



<p>First, remove any TPM2 binding from the LUKS secrets slots. Beware: do not remove slot 0 as it contains the passphrase binding!</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">$ sudo clevis luks list -d /dev/nvme0n1p3
... Slot 1 (or whichever is your TPM2 binding) ...
$ sudo clevis luks unbind -d /dev/nvme0n1p3 -s 1</pre>



<p>Now remove the clevis packages.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">sudo dnf remove -y clevis clevis-luks clevis-dracut clevis-udisks2 clevis-systemd</pre>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Choose TPM2 or FIDO as an alternative decryption method</h2>



<p>The following steps are required for both methods. Choose one to your liking.</p>



<ul>
<li>Add the corresponding dracut module so support is available in the initramfs at boot</li>



<li>Enroll / bind a LUKS secret slot tied to either the TPM2 or the FIDO key</li>



<li>Update /etc/crypttab with the new configuration</li>



<li>Rebuild the initramfs to apply the changes</li>
</ul>



<p>It is important to run dracut last to not only include new dependencies but also your updated <em>crypttab</em> in the <em>initramfs</em>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Use systemd-cryptenroll with a FIDO U2F key</h2>



<p>Add the <em>fido2</em> dracut module to your dracut configuration.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">$ echo "add_dracutmodules+=\" fido2 \"" | sudo tee /etc/dracut.conf.d/fido2.conf
add_dracutmodules+=" fido2 "</pre>



<p>Now enroll the FIDO key with your LUKS partition as an alternative decryption factor. See <a href="https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/systemd-cryptenroll.1.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">systemd-cryptenroll(1)</a> for options to control features like touch or pin prompt. By default presence and pin are requested for enrollment and use.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">sudo systemd-cryptenroll --fido2-device auto /dev/nvmen1p3</pre>



<p>Update <em>/etc/crypttab</em> and append <em>fido2-device=auto</em> to the appropriate line&#8217;s options. A line in <em>crypttab</em> consists of four fields with the last one being a comma separated list.</p>



<p>Finally, rebuild your initramfs using dracut. The following command will rebuild your currently-booted initramfs slot.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">sudo dracut -f</pre>



<p>Don&#8217;t worry about the FIDO key not working or about losing it since the passphrase is still available as a fallback.</p>



<p>You&#8217;ll now be prompted at boot to enter the PIN of your FIDO key. Be aware that the PIN entry prompt looks exactly the same as the passphrase prompt. You will notice a difference only when using the terminal (which you can view by hitting the <strong>ESC</strong> key). After entering the correct PIN the hardware token will prompt you to touch it which (also) is not indicated on the prompt. If it does not prompt for a touch, then <em>systemd-cryptenroll</em> was not able to find a hardware token corresponding to the entered PIN.</p>



<p><strong>Note</strong>: <em>systemd-cryptenroll does not currently work with multiple connected hardware tokens.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Use systemd-cryptenroll with a TPM2 chip</h2>



<p>Add the <em>tpm2-tss</em> module to your dracut configuration.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">$ echo "add_dracutmodules+=\" tpm2-tss \"" | sudo tee /etc/dracut.conf.d/tpm2.conf
add_dracutmodules+=" tpm2-tss "</pre>



<p>Enroll the TPM2 chip as alternative decryption factor for your LUKS partition(s). The <em>‐‐wipe-slot tpm2 </em>option ensures that after successful enrollment any previous bindings are removed. Use this command every time you need to update the binding.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">sudo systemd-cryptenroll --wipe-slot tpm2 --tpm2-device auto --tpm2-pcrs "0+1+2+3+4+5+7+9" /dev/nvme0n1p3</pre>



<p>Update /etc/crypttab and append <em>tpm2-device=auto,tpm2-pcrs=0+1+2+3+4+5+7+9</em> to the appropriate line&#8217;s options, depending on the PCRs used. A line in crypttab consists of four fields with the last one being a plus separated list.</p>



<p>Last but not least, rebuild your <em>initramfs</em> using <em>dracut</em>. The following command will rebuild your currently booted <em>initramfs</em> slot.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">sudo dracut -f</pre>


link: https://fedoramagazine.org/4-cool-new-projects-to-try-in-copr-for-june-2023/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cDovL2ZlZG9yYW1hZ2F6aW5lLm9yZy9mZWVkLw==
read: False
type: Rss
title: 4 cool new projects to try in COPR for June 2023
categories: Fedora Project community|Copr|free software|software|unsupported
comments_url: https://fedoramagazine.org/4-cool-new-projects-to-try-in-copr-for-june-2023/feed/
description:
Copr&#160;is a build-system for anyone in the Fedora community. It hosts thousands of projects for various purposes and audiences. Some of them should never be installed by anyone, some are already being transitioned to the official Fedora Linux repositories, and the rest is somewhere in between. Copr gives you the opportunity to install 3rd party [&#8230;]

content:
<p><a href="https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Copr</a>&nbsp;is a build-system for anyone in the Fedora community. It hosts thousands of projects for various purposes and audiences. Some of them should never be installed by anyone, some are already being transitioned to the official Fedora Linux repositories, and the rest is somewhere in between. Copr gives you the opportunity to install 3rd party software that is not available in Fedora Linux repositories, try nightly versions of your dependencies, use patched builds of your favorite tools to support some non-standard use-cases, and just experiment freely.</p>



<p>If you don&#8217;t know&nbsp;<a href="https://docs.pagure.org/copr.copr/how_to_enable_repo.html#how-to-enable-repo" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">how to enable a repository</a>&nbsp;or if you are concerned about whether&nbsp;<a href="https://docs.pagure.org/copr.copr/user_documentation.html#is-it-safe-to-use-copr" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">is it safe to use Copr</a>, please consult the&nbsp;<a href="https://docs.pagure.org/copr.copr/user_documentation.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">project documentation</a>.</p>



<p>This article takes a closer look at interesting projects that recently landed in Copr.</p>



<span id="more-38402"></span>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><a href="https://github.com/frostyx/fedora-magazine/blob/main/2023-june.md#chatgpt-shell-cli"></a>chatGPT-shell-cli</h2>



<p>This year it seems that anywhere you look,&nbsp;<a href="https://openai.com/product/chatgpt" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ChatGPT</a>&nbsp;is there. This time we have a lightweight ChatGPT and&nbsp;<a href="https://openai.com/product/dall-e-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DALL-E</a>&nbsp;client, written in Bash, called&nbsp;<a href="https://github.com/0xacx/chatGPT-shell-cli" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chatGPT-shell-cli</a>. Look for the &#8220;Commands&#8221; section at <a href="http://github.com/0xacx/chatGPT-shell-cli" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chatGPT-shell-cli </a> for usage. This Bash script can be especially useful for systems without standard dependencies such as Python or Node.js.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="770" height="339" src="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/chatgpt.png" alt="" class="wp-image-38403" srcset="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/chatgpt.png 770w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/chatgpt-300x132.png 300w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/chatgpt-768x338.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 770px) 100vw, 770px" /></figure>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><a href="https://github.com/frostyx/fedora-magazine/blob/main/2023-june.md#installation-instructions"></a>Installation instructions</h3>



<p>The&nbsp;<a href="https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/kylegospo/chatGPT-shell-cli/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">repo</a>&nbsp;currently provides&nbsp;<em>chatgpt-shell-cli</em>&nbsp;for Fedora 37, 38, Fedora Rawhide, RHEL8, RHEL9, and others. To install it, use these commands:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">sudo dnf copr enable kylegospo/chatGPT-shell-cli
sudo dnf install chatgpt-shell-cli</pre>



<p>Note that an OpenAI API key is required to use this script. You may create an account and get a free API Key at <a href="https://beta.openai.com/account/api-keys" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OpenAI</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><a href="https://github.com/frostyx/fedora-magazine/blob/main/2023-june.md#hyprland"></a>Hyprland</h2>



<p><a href="https://hyprland.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hyprland</a> is a beautiful looking compositor for Wayland. It provides dynamic tiling with multiple layouts, smooth animations, and endless customization options. Similarly to&nbsp;<a href="https://swaywm.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sway</a>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<a href="https://i3wm.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">i3</a>, it has a simple configuration file that doesn&#8217;t require you to know the programming language it was written in.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="2515" height="1415" src="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/hyprland.png" alt="" class="wp-image-38404" srcset="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/hyprland.png 2515w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/hyprland-300x169.png 300w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/hyprland-1024x576.png 1024w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/hyprland-768x432.png 768w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/hyprland-1536x864.png 1536w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/hyprland-2048x1152.png 2048w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/hyprland-816x459.png 816w" sizes="(max-width: 2515px) 100vw, 2515px" /></figure>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><a href="https://github.com/frostyx/fedora-magazine/blob/main/2023-june.md#installation-instructions-1"></a>Installation instructions</h3>



<p>The&nbsp;<a href="https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/carlwgeorge/hyprland/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">repo</a>&nbsp;currently provides Hyprland for Fedora 37, 38, and Fedora Rawhide. To install it, use these commands:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">sudo dnf copr enable carlwgeorge/hyprland
sudo dnf install hyprland</pre>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><a href="https://github.com/frostyx/fedora-magazine/blob/main/2023-june.md#wezterm"></a>Wezterm</h2>



<p><a href="https://wezfurlong.org/wezterm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wezterm</a>&nbsp;is a modern terminal emulator that runs on all the major operating systems. It has built-in support for terminal multiplexing, rendering images, emojis, GPU acceleration, and many more features.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="771" height="344" src="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/wezterm.png" alt="" class="wp-image-38405" srcset="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/wezterm.png 771w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/wezterm-300x134.png 300w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/wezterm-768x343.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 771px) 100vw, 771px" /></figure>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><a href="https://github.com/frostyx/fedora-magazine/blob/main/2023-june.md#installation-instructions-2"></a>Installation instructions</h3>



<p>The&nbsp;<a href="https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/zjlin/majesty-dubbed-skyline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">repo</a>&nbsp;currently provides Wezterm for Fedora 37, 38, and Fedora Rawhide. To install it, use these commands:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">sudo dnf copr enable zjlin/majesty-dubbed-skyline
sudo dnf install wezterm</pre>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><a href="https://github.com/frostyx/fedora-magazine/blob/main/2023-june.md#htpdate"></a>htpdate</h2>



<p><a href="http://www.vervest.org/htp/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">htpdate</a>&nbsp;is a time synchronization client for the HTTP Time Protocol (HTP). Is it better than Network Time Protocol (NTP) which is used in Fedora by default? It is not!&nbsp;<a href="https://www.vervest.org/htp/?FAQ" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">You should use NTP if you can</a>. However, NTP sometimes doesn&#8217;t work because of proxy or firewall restrictions. That&#8217;s when HTP and&nbsp;<em>htpdate</em>&nbsp;become very useful.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="770" height="339" src="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/htpdate.png" alt="" class="wp-image-38406" srcset="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/htpdate.png 770w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/htpdate-300x132.png 300w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/htpdate-768x338.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 770px) 100vw, 770px" /></figure>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><a href="https://github.com/frostyx/fedora-magazine/blob/main/2023-june.md#installation-instructions-3"></a>Installation instructions</h3>



<p>The&nbsp;<a href="https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/whitehara/htpdate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">repo</a>&nbsp;currently provides&nbsp;<em>htpdate</em>&nbsp;for Fedora 37, 38, Fedora Rawhide, Fedora ELN, RHEL8, RHEL9, and others. To install it, use these commands:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">sudo dnf copr enable whitehara/htpdate
sudo dnf install htpdate</pre>


link: https://fedoramagazine.org/youre-invited-to-the-fedora-linux-38-release-party/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cDovL2ZlZG9yYW1hZ2F6aW5lLm9yZy9mZWVkLw==
read: False
type: Rss
title: You’re invited to the Fedora Linux 38 Release Party!
categories: Events|Release Party
comments_url: https://fedoramagazine.org/youre-invited-to-the-fedora-linux-38-release-party/feed/
description:
Join the Fedora community this weekend on Friday, June 2nd and Saturday, June 3rd to celebrate the final release of Fedora Linux 38!

content:
<p>Join the Fedora community this weekend on Friday, June 2nd and Saturday, June 3rd to celebrate the final release of Fedora Linux 38 with a virtual <a href="https://communityblog.fedoraproject.org/tag/release-parties/">Release Party</a>. Please&nbsp;<a href="https://hopin.com/events/fedora-linux-38-release-party" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>register on Hopin</strong></a>&nbsp;and join us on June 2nd &amp; 3rd for a short program of informational sessions and social activities. Make sure to save the dates, share the registration, and show up to celebrate with Fedora Friends, old and new!</p>



<span id="more-38431"></span>



<p>The <a href="https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Fedora_Linux_38_Release_Party_Schedule" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">schedule for the Release Party</a> features informational sessions about the <a href="https://notifications.fedoraproject.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rewritten Fedora Notifications service</a>, a <a href="https://creativefreedomsummit.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Creative Freedom Summit retrospective</a>, <a href="https://fedoraproject.org/coreos/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fedora CoreOS</a>, updates from the <a href="https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/epel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EPEL</a> and <a href="https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/docs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fedora Docs</a> teams, and more community activities. Last, but certainly not least, we will be hanging out in the&nbsp;<a href="https://play.workadventu.re/@/mindshare-committee/nestwithfedora/fedoramuseum">Fedora Museum WorkAdventure</a>&nbsp;for our Hallway track. Thanks to our amazing community for all your contributions to the latest release of Fedora Linux. Let’s party!</p>


link: https://fedoramagazine.org/the-community-platform-engineering-f2f-2023-experience-part-ii/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cDovL2ZlZG9yYW1hZ2F6aW5lLm9yZy9mZWVkLw==
read: False
type: Rss
title: The Community Platform Engineering F2F 2023 Experience – Part II
categories: Fedora Project community|CPE
comments_url: https://fedoramagazine.org/the-community-platform-engineering-f2f-2023-experience-part-ii/feed/
description:
20 Mar 2023 &#8211; 23 Mar 2023 &#8211; Barcelona, Spain Intro If you have not already &#8211; now is the best time to read through the first part of the event report before getting into the second part here. Day 2Wednesday, 22nd March 2023The team members decided to start a bit late on the second [&#8230;]

content:
<blockquote class="wp-block-quote">
<p>20 Mar 2023 &#8211; 23 Mar 2023</p>
<cite>&#8211; Barcelona, Spain</cite></blockquote>



<span id="more-38357"></span>



<p><strong>Intro</strong></p>



<p>If you have not already &#8211; now is the best time to read through the <a href="https://fedoramagazine.org/the-community-platform-engineering-f2f-2023-experience-part-i/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">first part</a> of the event report before getting into the second part here. </p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20230323_115842-scaled.jpg"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="511" src="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20230323_115842-1024x511.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-38362" srcset="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20230323_115842-1024x511.jpg 1024w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20230323_115842-300x150.jpg 300w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20230323_115842-768x383.jpg 768w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20230323_115842-1536x766.jpg 1536w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20230323_115842-2048x1021.jpg 2048w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20230323_115842-816x407.jpg 816w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20230323_115842-400x200.jpg 400w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><strong>From left to right</strong> &#8211; Actually, never mind &#8211; there are too many people there.</figcaption></figure>



<p><strong>Day 2</strong><br /><strong><em>Wednesday, 22nd March 2023<br /></em></strong>The team members decided to start a bit late on the second day to ensure that everyone gets enough rest after the adventurous first day. Once the joint breakfast was completed in the hotel restaurant, the members started heading off to the office by 10 in the morning. They were were gracefully served Catalonian snacks by <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/lenkaseg/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lenka Segura</a>, Japanese souvenirs by <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/dkirwan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">David Kirwan</a>, and German sweets by <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/jbley/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Julia Bley</a> for the duration of the meeting. <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/mattdm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Matthew Miller</a> started the second day with his talk about the Fedora Project strategy and how <a href="https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/cpe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Community Platform Engineering</a> fits into the picture. This talk was followed by the one by <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/humaton/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tomas Hrcka</a> about how the <a href="https://docs.pagure.org/releng/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fedora Release Engineering team</a> addresses its responsibilities. The team took a short break after the first couple of sessions, before heading into the next set.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/IMG_1723-scaled.jpg"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="768" src="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/IMG_1723-1024x768.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-38359" srcset="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/IMG_1723-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/IMG_1723-300x225.jpg 300w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/IMG_1723-768x576.jpg 768w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/IMG_1723-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/IMG_1723-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/IMG_1723-816x612.jpg 816w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><strong>From left to right</strong> &#8211; <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/lenkaseg/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lenka Segura</a>  <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/mattdm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Matthew Miller</a>  <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/asamalik/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Adam Samalik</a>  <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/tdawson/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Troy Dawson</a></figcaption></figure>



<p>After a short break, the team continued with three lightning talks delivered about <a href="https://www.redhat.com/en/technologies/cloud-computing/openshift" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OpenShift</a> operators by <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/dkirwan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">David Kirwan</a>, <a href="https://packit.dev/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Packit</a> by <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/lachmanfrantisek/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frantisek Lachman</a> and <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/lbarczio/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Laura Barcziova</a>, and <a href="https://pulpproject.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pulp</a> by <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/msuchy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Miroslav</a><a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/msuchy/"> Suchy</a>. Miroslav Suchy delivered a thought-provoking talk about the scope of tooling for the Community Platform Engineering team, and how it contributes to <a href="https://fedoraproject.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fedora Linux</a>. With that, the folks dispersed into small groups for lunch. Once they were back in the office, <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/csomh/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hunor Csomortáni</a> delivered a talk about revisiting source-git and the plans for unifying package sources in the pipeline. This was followed by a talk by <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/carlwgeorge/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Carl George</a> about the <a href="https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/epel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EPEL</a> 10 plans for improvements that would be coming very soon. The final interesting talk of the day was delivered by <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/bstinson/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Brian Stinson</a> about the expectations of <a href="https://www.redhat.com/en/technologies/linux-platforms/enterprise-linux" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RHEL</a> from Fedora Linux and <a href="http://centosproject.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CentOS</a><a href="http://centosproject.org/"> Stream</a>.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/IMG20230321190020_01-scaled.jpg"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="576" src="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/IMG20230321190020_01-1024x576.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-38360" srcset="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/IMG20230321190020_01-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/IMG20230321190020_01-300x169.jpg 300w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/IMG20230321190020_01-768x432.jpg 768w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/IMG20230321190020_01-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/IMG20230321190020_01-2048x1152.jpg 2048w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/IMG20230321190020_01-816x459.jpg 816w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><strong>From left to right</strong> &#8211; <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/ekidney" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Emma Kidney</a>  <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/dfan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">David Fan</a>  <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/zlopez/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Michal Konecny</a>  <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/t0xic0der/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Akashdeep Dhar</a>  <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/jnsamyak/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Samyak Jain</a>  <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/dkirwan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">David Kirwan</a></figcaption></figure>



<p>In the evening, at around 19:00, the team members left for a regional burger restaurant, <a href="https://www.tripadvisor.com/Restaurant_Review-g187497-d7223439-Reviews-Tio_Joe-Barcelona_Catalonia.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tio Joe’s</a>. This had been booked in advance and was near the hotel premises . With toasts made to the team members that were now united after a long time, they not only enjoyed the appetizing food that was served but also the company of the friends that they had bonded with over the course of the last couple days. </p>



<p>Once the dinner was over, at around 21:30, some folks headed back to the hotel for a respite. The remainder went to the <a href="https://trompokaraokebar.com/">Trompos </a><a href="https://trompokaraokebar.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Karaoke</a><a href="https://trompokaraokebar.com/"> Bar</a> to participate in the fun karaoke night session organized by <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/abompard/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aurelien Bompard</a>. People queued up their songs and soon began to collaborate in performing their favorite songs in duos and in choirs.  This was a fitting end to the night, as late as 02:00, and a fun look at their singing preferences.</p>



<p><strong>Day 3</strong><strong><br /></strong><strong><em>Thursday, 23rd March 2023</em></strong></p>



<p>This was the day of departure for a lot of people. Since they would miss out on the sessions on this third day, it was incredibly light in terms of the agenda and activities. Many of the team members checked out of their hotel rooms after breakfast at 09:00 and left their luggage with the hotel before leaving for the office.</p>



<p> <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/smattejiet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stefan Mattejiet</a> started off the last day with his discussion session about CPE Futurespective, and understanding what direction the team should head in the coming times. The interesting discussion felt a lot inspired by the established logic model planning structure used for <a href="https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/council/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fedora Council</a> community initiatives. This structure starts off with planning the general objectives first and then going back to the implementation details later.&nbsp;</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20230323_104914-scaled.jpg"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="768" src="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20230323_104914-1024x768.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-38358" srcset="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20230323_104914-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20230323_104914-300x225.jpg 300w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20230323_104914-768x576.jpg 768w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20230323_104914-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20230323_104914-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20230323_104914-816x612.jpg 816w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><strong>From left to right</strong> &#8211; <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/arrfab" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fabian Arrotin</a>  <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/james/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Antill</a>  <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/asaleh/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Adam Saleh</a>  <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/carlwgeorge/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Carl George</a>  <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/humaton/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tomas Hrcka</a></figcaption></figure>



<p>The next session was hosted by <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/amoloney/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aoife Moloney</a> who kicked off an interesting discussion about the limited-scope projects that the team undertakes and the maintainers for the applications that the team takes care of. The members participated in pointing out the things that currently work great and those that could use some improvements. This was the last planned session for the day and the group assembled to be a part of the “Community Platform Engineering family picture”. After that, they dispersed into small groups to have their lunches in their preferred places. </p>



<p>With no more planned talks after lunchtime, the team members were divided into smaller groups for breakout rooms to participate in more detailed discussions. <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/zlopez" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Michal Konecny</a> lead the one for the infrastructure and release engineering team.&nbsp;</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Group-Stories.jpeg"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="653" src="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Group-Stories-1024x653.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-38361" srcset="https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Group-Stories-1024x653.jpeg 1024w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Group-Stories-300x191.jpeg 300w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Group-Stories-768x490.jpeg 768w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Group-Stories-816x520.jpeg 816w, https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Group-Stories.jpeg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><strong>From left to right</strong> &#8211; <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/zlopez/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Michal Konecny</a>  <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/carlwgeorge/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Carl George</a>  <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/t0xic0der/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Akashdeep Dhar</a>  <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/dkirwan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">David Kirwan</a>  <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/nphilipp/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nils Philippsen</a>  <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/arrfab/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fabian Arrotin</a>  <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/tdawson/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Troy Dawson</a>  <a href="https://accounts.fedoraproject.org/user/dherrera/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Diego Herrera</a></figcaption></figure>



<p>The team started slowly thinning down even more in the late afternoon, with the members bidding farewell to each other in the office and returning to the hotel. Some members decided to stay longer to explore Barcelona a bit more. Others began collecting their luggage from the hotel and leaving for the airport. With “goodbyes” waved to teammates and “resolves” about the next thing, the members departed from the face-to-face meeting with a new zeal and energy to contribute in an even better way to the community. </p>



<p>Even with minor hiccups and some teammates not being able to join the event, the meeting event turned out to be a grand success &#8211; both in uniting the members and in strategizing the team&#8217;s efforts. The members of the team surely look forward to the next time they get together.&nbsp;</p>


link: https://fedoramagazine.org/make-use-of-btrfs-snapshots-to-upgrade-fedora-linux-with-easy-fallback/
encoded_syndication_url: aHR0cDovL2ZlZG9yYW1hZ2F6aW5lLm9yZy9mZWVkLw==
read: False
type: Rss
title: Make use of Btrfs snapshots to upgrade Fedora Linux with easy fallback
categories: FAQs and Guides|btrfs|snapshot|system-upgrade
description:
Use a Btrfs snapshot as a fallback in case of any problems with a system upgrade. Think of it as a "save game" for your computer!

content:
<p>Back in 2018, a <a href="https://fedoramagazine.org/use-lvm-upgrade-fedora/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">previous article</a> demonstrated how to use LVM to clone the root filesystem before upgrading Fedora Linux so as to have a fallback in the unlikely event that something goes wrong. Today, the default Fedora Workstation install uses Btrfs. Now you can use a Btrfs snapshot to make creating a bootable fallback much easier. Note that converting or migrating a system to Btrfs from another filesystem is outside the scope of this article.</p>



<span id="more-38259"></span>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Check that root filesystem is Btrfs</h2>



<p>This example uses a Pinebook aarch64 laptop. Before proceeding, first make sure that Btrfs is being used for the root (system) filesystem. Not every spin or image uses Btrfs by default.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">$ df -T
Filesystem     Type     1K-blocks     Used Available Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs       devtmpfs      4096        0      4096   0% /dev
tmpfs          tmpfs       998992        0    998992   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs          tmpfs       399600     6360    393240   2% /run
/dev/mmcblk2p3 btrfs     56929280 39796116  15058348  73% /
tmpfs          tmpfs       998996       24    998972   1% /tmp
tmpfs          tmpfs      5242880        0   5242880   0% /var/lib/mock
/dev/mmcblk2p3 btrfs     56929280 39796116  15058348  73% /f34
/dev/mmcblk2p3 btrfs     56929280 39796116  15058348  73% /home
/dev/mmcblk2p2 ext4        996780   551888    376080  60% /boot
/dev/mmcblk2p1 vfat        194348    31648    162700  17% /boot/efi
tmpfs          tmpfs       199796      100    199696   1% /run/user/1000
tmpfs          tmpfs       199796       84    199712   1% /run/user/0</pre>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">List the existing Btrfs subvolumes</h2>



<p>The above example output shows that the file system mounted on &#8220;root&#8221; (&#8220;/&#8221;) is type Btrfs. Notice that three mountpoints show the same backing device and the same <em>Used</em> and <em>Available</em> blocks. This is because they are parts (subvolumes) mounted from a single Btrfs filesystem. The <em>/f34</em> subvolume is my bootable snapshot from last year.</p>



<p>A default Fedora Btrfs install creates one Btrfs filesystem with two subvolumes &#8212; <em>root</em> and <em>home</em> &#8212; mounted on / and /home respectively. Let&#8217;s see what other subvolumes I&#8217;ve added:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">$ sudo btrfs subvol list /
ID 272 gen 110428 top level 5 path root
ID 273 gen 110426 top level 5 path home
ID 300 gen 109923 top level 5 path f34
ID 301 gen 95852 top level 5 path home.22Jul26
ID 302 gen 95854 top level 5 path f36.22Jul26</pre>



<p>There is an <em>f34</em> subvol from the last system-upgrade and two readonly snapshots of <em>home</em> and <em>f36</em>. The easiest way to add and delete snapshots is to mount the Btrfs root. I will update the system and create a new snapshot of the current f36 <em>root</em> subvolume. If you have renamed your <em>root</em> subvolume, then you presumably know enough to adjust the following example accordingly for your system.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Create the Btrfs fallback snapshot</h2>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">$ sudo dnf update --refresh
... lots of stuff updated (reboot if kernel updated)
$ sudo mkdir -p /mnt/root
$ sudo mount /dev/mmcblk2p3 /mnt/root
$ cd /mnt/root
$ ls
f34  f36.22Jul26  home  home.22Jul26  root
$ sudo btrfs subvol snapshot root f36
Create a snapshot of 'root' in './f36'</pre>



<p>Because Btrfs snapshots are filesystem based, it is not necessary to &#8220;sync&#8221; before the snapshot, as I recommended for LVM. To boot from the new subvol as a fallback, you will need to edit /mnt/root/f36/etc/fstab with your favorite editor. If you are a beginner, nano is a dirt simple text editor with minimal features. Here are some lines from my <em>fstab</em> file:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">LABEL=PINE		/    btrfs   subvol=root,compress=zstd:1        1 1
UUID=e31667fb-5b6f-48d9-aa90-f2fd6aa5f005 /boot ext4    defaults        1 2
UUID=75DB-5832          /boot/efi               vfat    umask=0077,shortname=winnt 0 2
LABEL=PINE		/home    btrfs   subvol=home,compress=zstd:1    1 1
LABEL=SWAP swap			swap	discard=once	0 0</pre>



<p>Change <em>subvol=root</em> to <em>subvol=f36</em>. This change is to the file in the snapshot, not your production <em>fstab</em>. You can compare them with <kbd>diff /etc/fstab /mnt/root/f36/etc/fstab</kbd>. In my case, I also deleted my <em>f34</em> snapshot from last year with <kbd>sudo btrfs subvol delete f34</kbd>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Test the Btrfs fallback snapshot</h2>



<p>Now you are ready to test the fallback. You could use <a href="https://fedoramagazine.org/setting-kernel-command-line-arguments-with-fedora-30/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">grubby</a> or edit an entry in /boot/loader/entries to change <em>subvol=root</em> to <em>subvol=f36</em>. But in the interest of safety for beginners, I will have you edit the GRUB entry at boot time instead. Check out  <a href="https://fedoramagazine.org/boot-earlier-kernel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">this article on GRUB</a> for tips on getting to the GRUB menu.  Once you are there, press the <strong>e</strong> key to edit the default kernel entry. Don&#8217;t worry &#8212; your changes are in volatile memory only. If you mess up, reboot to start over. Just like with fstab, find <em>subvol=root</em> and change it to <em>subvol=f36</em>. Press <strong>F10</strong> or <strong>Ctrl</strong>+<strong>X</strong> to boot your modified entry. With these changes, the system should boot into your new snapshot. Look at /etc/fstab to make sure you are booting from the right subvol, or enter <kbd>mount | grep subvol</kbd> to see what subvolume is mounted on &#8220;/&#8221;. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Do the Fedora Linux system upgrade</h2>



<p>If your fallback is working, reboot back to your normal root filesystem (and confirm as above). Then proceed with the standard system-upgrade outlined on the <a href="https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/quick-docs/dnf-system-upgrade/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wiki page</a>. TIP: Before running <kbd>dnf system-upgrade reboot</kbd>, make another snapshot of root. Call it something like <em>root.dl</em>. That way, you don&#8217;t have to download five gigabytes of packages again should you discover that there wasn&#8217;t enough free space. The snapshot will not take up any additional space because all but the downloaded packages are shared with <em>root</em> and <em>f36</em>. About that sharing of disk blocks … <br /><br /><kbd>dnf system-upgrade</kbd> gets confused about free space as reported by Btrfs because the f36 files in the <em>root</em> subvolume use the same disk locations as the same files in the <em>f36</em> subvolume. So removing them from the <em>root</em> subvolume during the upgrade process doesn&#8217;t actually free up any space. If you run out of space, and you reboot &#8212; the graphical user interface (GUI) won&#8217;t start. Use <strong>Ctrl</strong>+<strong>Alt</strong>+<strong>F2</strong> to login on a text console and practice your command line interface skills. Figuring out what to remove to free up space or how to expand the root filesystem is beyond the scope of this article (mine is often on an LVM volume and can be expanded). Having more than 50% free for the upgrade is a safe bet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Recovery</h2>



<p>Should something go wrong, you can reboot and edit the GRUB entry to boot the fallback. If you are a beginner, you&#8217;ll want some hand holding if you do end up needing to change the GRUB entry on disk (so you don&#8217;t have to edit at each boot). It is straight forward to delete or rename the broken <em>root</em> subvol.  Snapshot the <em>f36</em> subvol (or the <em>root.dl</em> snapshot) to try the system-upgrade process again. Here is an example of starting over after booting into the fallback system on subvol f36:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-preformatted">$ mount | grep subvol
$ sudo mount /dev/mmcblk2p3 /mnt/root
$ cd /mnt/root
$ sudo mv root root.failed
$ sudo btrfs subvol snapshot f36 root
Create a snapshot of 'f36' in './root'

Don't forget to edit /mnt/root/root/etc/fstab to change the subvol mounted on "/" to "root".</pre>



<p>As it turns out, the new kernel-6.2.11 for f38 did not boot on my Pinebook after the system-upgrade!  (Don&#8217;t worry, ARM is an alternative CPU architecture for Fedora Linux &#8212; this is very unlikely to happen to you on a mainstream device.) I was indeed able to boot back to f36 by editing the GRUB entry for kernel-6.2.10 at boot time as described above. I am now using f38 again &#8212; but with kernel-6.2.10 from f36. </p>



<p><strong>Update</strong>: <em>kernel-6.2.12 is out and it works on the Pinebook.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Expiration</h2>



<p>As you update the f38 system, it will eventually want to delete the last f36 kernel from /boot. That is normally not a problem, as by that time you have settled into f38, and the f36 snapshot is just an archive.  If you want to keep your fork (f36 snapshot) bootable indefinitely, you should preserve a working f36 kernel under /boot. The simplest way to do so is to set <em>installonly_limit=0</em> in /etc/dnf/dnf.conf and manually remove old kernels. It is simple and safe (but annoying).<br /><br />Outline of a more complex solution (not for beginners): Run <kbd>find /boot -name "*fc36*"</kbd> to list all the kernel and GRUB files for your f36 subvolume snapshot that are under /boot (which is not in the snapshot). Copy them to a backup location (I would mount the f36 subvolume and copy to a backup directory there). While booted from f38, for each f36 kernel version, use dnf to remove that specific kernel version (for example, <kbd>dnf remove kernel-core-5.19.11-200.fc36</kbd>).  Do not remove the f38 kernels! Now restore the f36 kernels you saved to /boot. The f38 system doesn&#8217;t know about f36 kernels anymore, and it will not remove them from /boot.<br /><br />The problem with that method is the danger of accidentally removing the running f38 kernel. If anyone has a better method, let me know in the comments.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Future directions</h2>



<p>Those comfortable with modifying GRUB entries might consider creating a snapshot subvolume named <em>f38</em>, modifying the current GRUB entry to boot into that, rebooting, and running the system-upgrade in that subvolume. Then always name the subvol for the root filesystem after the Fedora Linux release it contains. I did not do that for this article for two reasons.</p>



<ol>
<li>Naming the current active subvolume <em>root</em> matches the Fedora Linux default.</li>



<li>Sticking with <em>root</em> for the current subvol does not require any permanent changes outside of the normal system-upgrade procedure.</li>
</ol>



<p>As this article has demonstrated, readonly snapsnots are useful as local restore points in case things go wrong when making significant system changes (such as a system release upgrade). These snapshots can also be sent to a remote backup using Btrfs&#8217; <em>send</em> subcommand. (And if the remote backup device already contains previous backups, Btrfs can do an incremental send that only transmits changed files to save time and space.) If you intend to archive these snapshots long term, the key to not getting confused about which ones are which and what order to restore them is to use a consistent naming convention. See the article on <a href="https://fedoramagazine.org/btrfs-snapshots-backup-incremental/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Btrfs snapshots for backup</a> for more information about using Btrfs&#8217; <em>send</em> command to create backups.</p>

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